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In this study, a moderate method for efficient zero-waste utilization and reforming from shrimp shell waste was developed by means of mechanochemistry. The method enables the conversion of shrimp shell waste into astaxanthin, chitin, small peptides, amino acids, and lipids for zero waste; the method uses green mechano-enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical solid organic acid treatment of shrimp shell waste to achieve zero consumption of strong acids alkali, and organic solvent. The underlying mechanism was revealed by thermodynamic determination, spectroscopic analysis, and electron microscopy observation of the extraction process. In the research, a green economic reuse approach for crustacean waste is proposed to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6, 12 and 14 with the concept of circular economy(Sutherland et al., 2021), and this study proposes a green economic reuse method of crustacean waste. [Display omitted] • A moderate method for efficient zero-waste utilization and reforming from shrimp shell waste. • The method to achieve zero consumption of strong acids, alkali and organic solvent. • The method is low-energy input and mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, a state of the art review of model predictive control (MPC) for smart buildings to provide demand side flexibility with the purpose of enhancing a high penetration of renewables into the integrated energy systems is carried, including MPC current development status, pros and cons, implementation feasibility and practice barriers. A two-layer hierarchical MPC-based controller is proposed in a case study for a newly-built multi-family building in Copenhagen. The simulation results show that buildings, as a flexible load to the multi-carrier energy system, whose thermal mass is a heat buffer with a large storage potential, can contribute to the grid ancillary services (load shifting or flexibility), based on the economic incentives that the energy/flexibility market offers to end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic and hazardous air pollutant that widely exists in atmosphere. Insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of surface HCHO measurements is limiting studies on surface HCHO-related air quality management and health risk assessment. This study develops a method to derive global ground-level HCHO concentrations from satellite-based tropospheric HCHO columns using TM5-simulated surface-to-column conversion factor with coarse spatial resolution. The method improves the factor more representative in finer grids by constraining TM5-simulated vertical profile shapes with satellite HCHO columns. The surface HCHO concentrations derived by the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) show good correlation with in situ HCHO measurements (R = 0.59) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency surface network. We investigated how surface HCHO relates to urbanization and population aggregation over seven regions with high HCHO pollution. The results show urban HCHO increases as a power function with population size in China, India, and West Asia. HCHO concentrations in rural aeras also present strong log–log relationship with population aggregation in China, India, the United States, and Europe. Moreover, OMPS-derived ground-level HCHO concentrations were used to estimate global cancer burden caused by long-term outdoor HCHO exposure. The results show that up to 418188 more people worldwide will develop this cancer during the human life cycle. The global cancer burden is mainly from the South-East Asia region (33.11 %) and the Western Pacific region (22.95 %). This cancer occurrence in India and China is ranked 1st and 2nd in the world due to the large population size and serious HCHO pollution. Besides, global surface HCHO concentrations and cancer burden derived from the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument which is China's first hyperspectral space-based spectrometer are found similar patterns with that from OMPS. Our results provide new insight into the impact of population urbanization on HCHO pollution and global outdoor HCHO-caused health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite remote sensing is an important technique providing long-term and large-scale information of formaldehyde (HCHO), which plays a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Low signal-to-noise ratio and poor stability of the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument (EMI) On board Gaofen-5 satellite, the first Chinese space-borne spectrometer, make HCHO retrieval extremely difficult. Here we firstly retrieved HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) from EMI through in-flight spectral calibration, retrieval setting optimization and stripe correction. Retrieved EMI HCHO VCDs correlate well with those measured by Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) with normalize mean bias (NMB) below 25%. EMI HCHO VCDs are comparable with those observed by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). This study reveals that HCHO can be observed successfully by algorithm optimization despite of poor performance of space-borne spectrometer. The retrieved EMI HCHO VCDs are applied to locate emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). • First retrieval of HCHO from Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument (EMI). • Algorithm optimization is proposed suitable for EMI HCHO retrieval. • HCHO vertical column density (VCD) correlates well with ground-based measurements. • EMI HCHO measurements are improved to a comparable level with OMI measurements. • HCHO hotspots and source of volatile organic compounds are captured successfully by EMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Chinese megacity Wuhan has taken emergent lockdown measures starting on January 23, 2020. This provided a natural experiment to investigate the response of air quality to such emission reductions. Here, we decoupled the influence of meteorological and non-meteorological factors on main air pollutants using generalized additive models (GAMs), driven by data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) network. During the lockdown period (Jan. 23 – Apr. 8, 2020), PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 , and CO concentrations decreased significantly by 45 %, 49 %, 56 %, 39 %, and 18 % compared with the corresponding period in 2015–2019, with contributions by S(meteos) of 15 %, 17 %, 13 %, 10 %, and 6 %. This indicates an emission reduction of NO x at least 43 %. However, O 3 increased by 43 % with a contribution by S(meteos) of 6 %. In spite of the reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by 30 % during the strict lockdown period (Jan. 23 – Feb. 14, 2020), which likely reduced the production of O 3 , O 3 concentrations increased due to a weakening of the titration effect of NO. Our results suggest that conventional emission reduction (NO x reduction only) measures may not be sufficient to reduce (or even lead to an increase of) surface O 3 concentrations, even if reaching the limit, and VOC-specific measures should also be taken. [Display omitted] • COVID-19 lockdown caused a significant reduction in pollutant, except ozone. • GAMs model can explain nonlinear relationship between pollutants and meteorology. • Increasing of ozone mainly due to weakening of titration effect. • Ozone pollution needs to be controlled by a variety of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms that enable immune evasion at metastatic sites are poorly understood. We show that the Polycomb Repressor Complex 1 (PRC1) drives colonization of the bones and visceral organs in double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC). In vivo genetic screening identifies CCL 2 as the top prometastatic gene induced by PRC1. CCL2 governs self-renewal and induces the recruitment of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells, thus coordinating metastasis initiation with immune suppression and neoangiogenesis. A catalytic inhibitor of PRC1 cooperates with immune checkpoint therapy to reverse these processes and suppress metastasis in genetically engineered mouse transplantation models of DNPC. These results reveal that PRC1 coordinates stemness with immune evasion and neoangiogenesis and point to the potential clinical utility of targeting PRC1 in DNPC. • PRC1 promotes metastatic outgrowth by inducing expression of CCL2 • CCL2 promotes self-renewal by binding to CCR4 on prostate cancer cells • CCL2 recruits M2-like TAMs and Tregs, inducing immune suppression and angiogenesis • PRC1 inhibitor cooperates with checkpoint immunotherapy to suppress metastasis Su et al. show that PRC1 drives metastasis of androgen receptor and neuroendocrine double-negative prostate cancers by regulating CCL2 expression. CCL2 governs self-renewal and recruitment of TAM and Treg. PRC1 inhibition combined with immune checkpoint blockade reverses these processes and suppresses metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Calculate ecological quality using the Ensemble Learning method. • Gridding the regional space and proposing an Ecological Information State Layer (EISL). • Semi-supervised learning has better portability in ecological computing. • Analyze the weight of ecological factor characteristics to provide recommendations for ecological conservation. Habitat quality is an indicator of the ecological evolution of a region, and evaluating habitat quality utilizing Machine Learning approaches can reflect the ecological status of a region more objectively. Gridded statistical ecological factors in the study region were utilized to build the Ecological Information State Layer (EISL) in the grid space. Calculate the Environmental Quality Index (EQI) of the sampled grid to evaluate the performance index of the models on the sampled grid. The model with the optimal performance index is selected for the task of habitat quality classification in the research region, and then especially decision-making advice is offered by inverting the degree of influence of ecological elements on habitat quality. The results show that: (1) The Semi-supervised Ensemble Learning model (Tri-training) Accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and F1-score are 0.93, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively, as the optimal model for the habitat quality classification task. (2) Based on the results of the ecological categories calculation, the current ecosystem quality of the southwestern section of the Daxia River Basin is maintained as a positive indicator. the ecosystem quality inside the living space centered on the cities of Linxia and Hezuo shows negative indicator changes. (3) The calculation results of the inverse importance of ecological factors show that vegetation index and human population density are the key factors impacting the habitat quality of the Daxia River Basin. In the ecological management of Daxia River Basin, the degree of spatial aggregation of people's settlements should be reduced while preserving and expanding vegetation cover. Using Tri-training's comprehensive analysis of multiple ecological factors, regional habitat quality can be accurately assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) in the lower marine atmosphere, mainly emitted by maritime shipping, plays a crucial role in air pollution formation and global human health. However, few measurements of marine atmospheric NO 2 hinder knowledge of trace gas trends and atmospheric chemistry evolution due to shipping emissions. In this study, we use long-term satellite observations of tropospheric NO 2 column from the European TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Chinese Environmental trace gases Monitoring Instrument (EMI) to analyze marine atmospheric NO 2 variations, especially during the global COVID-19 pandemic and escalating geopolitical crises. First, we demonstrate the detection of NO 2 enhancements along shipping routes, including the North Atlantic route, the North Pacific route, and the Cape route, indicating significant emissions of atmospheric NO 2 from on-ocean shipping. Second, we observe and quantify the response of marine atmospheric NO 2 concentrations to major shipping events, such as the Suez Canal blockage, the Los Angeles-Long Beach port congestion, and the Russia-Ukraine war, resulting in local NO 2 concentration variations of approximately 40% decrease to 70% increase. Long-term analysis reveals reduced NO 2 concentrations in most coastal ports and maritime shipping routes during the COVID-19 lockdown, with reductions exceeding 50% or durations lasting up to 200 days. However, some rapidly developing ports, such as Beibu Gulf (China) and Dakar (Senegal), did not experience a decrease in NO 2 concentrations, suggesting that local authorities need to pay more attention to these fast-growing yet underestimated emission sources. In addition, by excluding the impact of meteorology using statistical models, we find that the current Emission Control Area (ECA) policies have effectively reduced NO 2 concentrations in Chinese coastal ports. These results contribute to understanding spatiotemporal characteristics of marine atmospheric NO 2 , including ports and open-sea shipping routes, and guide further ECA policies to control marine NO 2 pollution. • New-generation satellites including TROPOMI and EMI can detect enhanced NO 2 pollution over maritime shipping routes. • Major shipping events have led to from −40% to 70% variations in local marine atmospheric NO 2 concentrations. • The COVID-19 pandemic reduced NO 2 pollution by > 50%, for a maximum of 200 days in the world's top ports. • Shipping emission control policies have effectively improved NO 2 pollution in Chinese ports since January 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, we present a quantitative determination of the NO x emission in Hefei using mobile Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements. The measurements were carried out during winter time from December 2016 to February 2017. The measured NO 2 vertical column densities (VCDs) show a strong spatial gradient with higher values within the city center, indicating the majority of NO x emission sources are located at the city center. A significant "holiday effect" was found by comparing measurements taken during weekdays and weekend. The weekend reduction is more significant in the suburban (∼28%) compared to the city center (∼13%). Mobile measurements of NO 2 vertical column densities (VCDs) were analyzed together with meteorological data to determine the NO x emission by applying the loop-integral method. Detailed error analysis of the NO x emission shows the variation of wind field and large measurement gap dominated the total error of NO x emission calculation. The result shows the NO x emission in Hefei during winter time varies in a wide range from 10 × 1024 to 40 × 1024molecs−1 with an average of 18.44 × 1024molecs−1. Our estimation is about 43% lower than the number reported in the previous emission inventory in 2012. The reduction of NO x emission reflects the successful implementation of emission control measures in recent years. Our result also shows about 73% of the total NO x in the city were transported from outside of the city during winter. The impacts of transported NO x are especially large when air masses originated from heavily polluted regions, i.e. North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. The result presented provides a better understanding of the impacts of local emissions and transportation of pollutants on the local air quality of Hefei. Highlights • NO x emission in Hefei was determined using mobile MAX-DOAS measurements in 2017. • NO x emission in Hefei varies from 10 to 40 × 1024 molec/s during winter. • Our estimation is ∼43% lower compared to previous emission inventory in 2012. • About 73% of NO x measured in the city were transported from outside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution of the NO 2 and SO 2 Vertical Columns Densities (VCDs) in the North China Plain (NCP) region was measured by long-distance mobile measurements using a mobile Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument. The mobile observations were performed in both summer (July 2017) and winter (January and February 2018) and the total driving mileage exceeded 3000 km. The concentrations of NO 2 and SO 2 in different seasons and areas were significantly different. During winter, serious NO 2 and SO 2 pollution was observed in northern Anhui Province, central Shandong Province, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. The evolution and transportation processes of three typical heavy pollution cases were discussed in detail. Combined with the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model simulated wind field information, the NO 2 transportation flux from northern Jiangsu Province to northern Anhui Province is quantified as 7.12 kg s−1. Finally, we estimated the NO 2 and SO 2 emissions from the Dezhou and Hengshui power plants by plume cross section scanning and encircled observations, respectively. The NO 2 and SO 2 emission fluxes of the Dezhou Power Plant are 0.79 kg s−1 and 1.11 kg s−1, respectively, while the NO 2 and SO 2 emission fluxes of the Hengshui Power Plant are 0.12 kg s−1 and 0.36 kg s−1, respectively. This study quantitatively analyzed the transportation of atmospheric pollutants and power plant emissions, which is helpful for understanding the occurrence and evolution of pollution and is also useful for the government to introduce policies to protect and control the atmospheric environment. • Large-scale and long-distance mobile MAX-DOAS measurements were performed. • The spatiotemporal patterns of the NO 2 and SO 2 VCDs in NCP was measured. • A transportation calculation method was used to estimate the pollutant transportation. • Pollutant emission reduction measures significantly reduce emissions of power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]