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There is a lack of studies on assessing long-term impacts of different sectors on shrinking global carbon budget. Present study focuses on assessing contribution of electric vehicles (EVs) with improving electricity grids' efficiency (EGs) and minimizing 'transmission and distribution' (T&D) losses in reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and fulfilling emission targets for 2030 and 2050. Eleven different scenarios are articulated with estimated uncertainties for Mumbai Metropolitan Regions' (MMRs') passenger transportation using data extracted from MMR's Comprehensive Mobility Plan's transportation model. A novel methodology is developed to estimate local carbon budget targets from global targets between 2018 and 2050. The estimations indicate that carbon emissions in 'business as usual' scenario are 252%, 505%, and 55% above the targets for 2 °C, 1.5 °C, and Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), respectively. Study also shows that introducing EVs in MMR without simultaneously improving EGs will generate more net CO 2 emissions than BAU. EVs with EG and T&D improvements are not enough to meet the estimated targets. However, their combined contribution significantly reduces CO 2 emission by half and reaches peak emission by 2025 from post-half-century. • Developed a novel methodology to estimate local carbon budget. • Transport emissions assessment with electric vehicle, electricity grid (EG), and T&D losses. • Interventions are unable to achieve carbon budget targets of 2 °C, 1.5 °C, and INDC. • Electric vehicles are not suitable without improving EG efficiency, and T&D losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon footprint (CF) has emerged as an important yardstick to understand the total contribution of countries, sectors and individuals to climate change. In contrast to conventional emissions accounting which captures only territorial or local production activities, the CF includes the emissions imposed by consumption across global supply chains for goods and services. Recent interest has grown in the application of CF assessment for municipalities owing to their large contribution to global carbon emissions and the limited coverage of existing data to monitor their climate pledges. By linking household-level consumer surveys to a global supply chain database, spatially-explicit CF assessment is possible at a district and household scale. To date, such technique has exposed otherwise unforeseen differences in consumer carbon footprints in developed countries. Within this study we calculate and compare the household carbon footprints 623 districts in India, based on micro consumption data from 203,313 households and explain their variation by economic, cultural and demographic factors. We show the eradication of extreme poverty does not conflict with ambitious climate change mitigation in India. However, our analysis suggests CF reduction policies within India need to target high-expenditure households which are responsible for nearly seven times the carbon emissions than low-expenditure households (living on $1.9 consumption a day). These vast disparities between the carbon footprint of citizens in India highlights the need to differentiate individual responsibilities for climate change in national and global climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]