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The majority of functional models of language, which purport to account for text, do not recognize the distinct dimension corresponding to "discourse", as conceived here. Instead, the various semantic-pragmatic aspects of the use of indexical expressions, in particular, tend to be conceived uniquely in terms of the textual environment of the markers involved. Correlatively, the invocation of "context" in such approaches tends to be limited essentially to the co-text. But according to the present study, such expressions operate in terms of the mental discourse representations which the participants are jointly as well as severally constructing as the discourse proceeds. The article's aim is to show that the discourse dimension of language use is crucial to the ways in which indexical markers function, and hence should be taken into account in their modelling. This can only be done, it is argued, by integrating their treatment within a model of the broader utterance context in which such expressions are used, thus permitting a dialectic between the system-derived properties of such expressions and those emanating from the particular uses of such resources in actual communication. • The dimensions 'text' and 'discourse' are often confused or conflated by many authors. • For an adequate account of indexical reference, the roles of each meta-dimension need to be distinguished. • Context is the crucial mediating dimension making possible the creation of discourse from text. • Two major functional models of language are examined in terms of this three-way distinction, but are both found wanting. • Integrating indexical reference within a broader model of use will make discourse and context fully relevant alongside text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural forest regrowth on abandoned land represents a major land use change in some regions of Europe. This is driven by various factors related to land abandonment, particularly changing socioeconomic conditions for agriculture and rural depopulation. Little research exists about how the issue is addressed at the policy level. This paper looks into the policymaking related to natural forest regrowth in France and Spain, two countries where land abandonment and natural forest regrowth occur at significant scales. We conduct a policy discourse analysis building upon 27 interviews carried out between 2018 and 2020 with policy actors from various fields that connect with these topics. We find four competing storylines in both countries: extensive agriculture, forestry, landscape conservation, and wilderness. These storylines differ regarding the framing of natural forest regrowth as a problem or an opportunity, and the preferred policy solutions. While storylines rooted in extensive agriculture, landscape conservation and forestry tend to problematize the phenomenon, a wilderness storyline voices an opportunity perspective. In France, a few actors voice elements of an insignificance storyline. Given its spatial importance, natural forest regrowth will likely become more important for future policymaking in the EU. Engaging in further research across disciplines and policy fields is necessary to study the phenomenon and its possible management and governance options. • Policy actors narrate natural forest regrowth on abandoned land through storylines. • Interview results distinguish four storylines on natural forest regrowth. • Three storylines tend to highlight the threat of natural forest regrowth. • Natural forest regrowth has not yet received much political attention. • Shifts towards a rewilding perspective may strengthen an opportunity framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic and policy domains are increasingly constructing 'migration as adaptation' as a policy ideal against alarmist, security-oriented approaches to the climate-migration nexus. However, our knowledge of how development actors in national contexts view and use migration as adaptation in practice remains limited. Based on 90 interviews with development stakeholders, this paper demonstrates the limited reach of the migration as adaptation policy ideal in Senegal's development sector. It is considered too vague a concept to operationalise and is in tension with the wider discursive context on migration and development, marked by sedentary bias which requires 'addressing the root causes of migration', including environmental change, to 'fix populations in place'. A dominant discourse accommodates sedentary bias. It allows for a narrow application of migration as adaptation through 'return migration' and 'diaspora mobilisation' projects. These target only existing migrants, avoiding new mobility solutions. A minority counter-discourse rejects sedentary bias, emphasising freedom of movement. • We investigated uptake and use of migration as adaptation discourses in Senegal. • Interest in migration as climate adaptation strategy is growing but superficial. • Sedentary bias in Senegalese development sector: migration seen as failure to adapt. • Dominant discourse opposes new migrations but turns to diaspora for adaptation goals. • Minority discourse emphasises freedom of movement, but not climate justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the environment of open science, the transformation of scientific exchange and research paradigms urgently needs diversified and open scientific evaluation. This study aims to advance the construction of academic journals, reform the quantitative evaluation mechanism, and provide references for promoting the international discourse power of Chinese academic journals. It also aims to enrich and improve the indicator system and evaluation theory of the discourse power of academic journals with Chinese characteristics. Firstly, this paper analyzes the fundamental concerns of the discourse power evaluation of academic journals, drawing on the theory of evaluation science, discourse power theory, and communication theory. According to the characteristics and connotation of the evaluation indicators, the definition and formation process of academic journals' discourse power, this paper constructed. the evaluation indicator system. Secondly, this paper obtained 163,628 international citations and 211,150 domestic citations, and 111,496 altmetrics indicators data for 29,203 published papers from 238 Chinese English-language journals. Meanwhile, 12 scientometrics indicators and 14 altmetrics indicators are selected. Thirdly, descriptive statistical analysis and an overview indexed by international databases are carried out at the macro level. Then, correlation analysis, factor analysis, entropy weight method and TOPSIS method are adopted to evaluate and analyze the discourse influence and discourse leading in Chinese English-language journals by integrating scientometrics and altmetrics indicators. Finally, Two-dimensional and four quadrant method is used to evaluate academic journals' discourse power. At the same time, this paper compares and verifies the reliability of the evaluation results. The findings demonstrate that the research on the academic journals' discourse power evaluation based on the theory, method and application logic is practical, comprehensive and reliable. This paper also puts forward the countermeasures to enhance the discourse power of Chinese academic journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission is pursuing a circular bioeconomy to tackle pressing sustainability challenges, such as climate change and fossil dependency. Previous bioeconomy policy studies demonstrated the existence of competing bioeconomy discourses in the European Union. However, it remains nebulous how such discursive conflicts emerge and change, particularly in online settings. In this paper, we provide a more in-depth analysis of how argumentative changes of actors alter the network of online dynamic discourse coalitions. We base our findings on interviews and a qualitative discourse network analysis of 9983 tweets about European Union bioeconomy policies from the period 2008 – 2021. Our results indicate that initially, expert debates centred around storylines on bioeconomy advantages. After the 2012 Bioeconomy Strategy, the debate diversified with the entry of new actors and storylines. Two discourse coalitions, 'Green future' and 'Planetary boundaries', emerged around conflicting storyline clusters. In the aftermath of the 2018 Bioeconomy Strategy update, the debate simplified into core argumentations of few, highly conflicting storylines, leading to a polarization of the two discourse coalitions. Storyline hijacking further added to polarization and conflict. Understanding the evolution of online dynamic discourse coalitions provides new opportunities for practitioners to open up discourses towards storylines from other parts of the discourse network. This can help to prevent locking-in the limited range of solutions in congruence with the dominant 'Green future' discourse. [Display omitted] • The future of the bioeconomy in the EU is discussed controversially on X/Twitter. • Storyline diversification and simplification dynamics led to polarization. • The EU Commission is almost exclusively part of one side of the discourse network. • EU bioeconomy debates head towards a problematic discursive lock-in. • To open up the debate, include ideas of other parts of the discourse network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the use of ‘like’ as a discourse-pragmatic marker by recently-arrived Polish and Chinese migrants in Dublin, Ireland. The data comprises 14 hours of audio-recorded sociolinguistic interviews with 42 participants, including a control sample of six native Irish English speakers. The frequency of ‘like’ is investigated, along with its variable positioning within the clause, and its discourse-pragmatic function. In total 926 tokens are examined, and statistical tests, including fixed and mixed effects regression models, are used to determine the significance of the results. The results show that the frequency of ‘like’ among the non-native speakers reaches the levels of the native speakers after approximately three years of residence in Ireland. Proficiency in English is not found to be significant, suggesting that it is exposure to native speaker input that drives this acquisition. The results also show that ‘like’ in clause-final position, considered to be an emblematic feature of Irish English (and a ‘non-standard’ feature of world Englishes more generally), was employed significantly more often by the native Dubliners, with no effect in this instance for length of residence among the migrants. As regards the function of ‘like’, it was found to be used predominantly to illustrate, explain or introduce information. ‘Like’ in clause-final position was also found to be used as a mitigator or hedge, predominantly by the Irish, and particularly in short statements of personal opinion that could be perceived as face-threatening or opposing the interlocutor's views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to recognize and categorize the various ways that ecosystem services researchers perceive the concept and purpose of ecosystem services (ES). To do so, we employed the discourse analysis approach of Q methodology, where 33 researchers ranked 39 statements on ES derived from the literature. Factor analysis of the Q sorts allowed for the interpretation of five main perspectives on ES: a pragmatic view on nature conservation, seeing ES as useful tool (“Non-Economic Utilitarian”), a strongly value-focused perspective with a skeptical view on ES (“Critical Idealist”), an opposition to a utilitarian approach to nature conservation but seeing ES as more encompassing approach (“Anti-Utilitarian”), a focus on a methodological rather than a critical approach to ES (“Methodologist”), and a rather economic approach to environmental decision-making, in which ES is a useful tool (“Moderate Economist”). We see this plurality as illustrating both the potential of the ES concept to serve as a boundary object for collaboration, but also the threat of ineffective collaboration due to the lack of a common conceptual ground. However, as pluralism can be fruitful if handled transparently, we suggest the need for open dialogue about underlying assumptions when using a value-laden concept like ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the incorporation of discourse-pragmatic features from English into Serbian, proposing the term ‘pragmatic Anglicisms’ to denote a range of directly or indirectly borrowed forms from English with pragmatic functions. The article offers a descriptive and taxonomic framework for the study of pragmatic Anglicisms in Serbian and analyzes their formal and functional characteristics, as well as sociolinguistic, sociopragmatic and sociocultural aspects of their use, related to the users, registers, stylistic and communicative markedness, motivational factors, perception and evaluation by Serbian native speakers, post hoc effects, and cultural influences. Apart from the commonly identified classes, such as interjections and discourse markers, the article recognizes the use of (calqued) discourse formulas from English in situations where there are either existing Serbian ones or a discourse ‘gap’ (i.e. when both the previously non-existent communicative act and the formulaic expression are adopted from English). This subclass is particularly interesting since it is not only a novel linguistic element that is thus introduced, but a novel communication and cultural pattern from the Anglo-American globalizing culture that gets adopted through new discourse formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief ‘conceptual’ paper offers some reflections on the status of ‘subjectivity’ in language. Section 1 highlights the differences and correlations between a few of the major current concepts of subjectivity, notably the ‘general’ ones by Traugott (1989) , Traugott and Dasher, 2002 ) and Langacker (1990, 1999, 2008) , and the specific one(s) as postulated in the context of the analysis of modal expressions ( Nuyts, 2001, 2012 ). Section 2 then zooms in on the ‘functional’ role in language use of the modality-related – or probably more accurately, attitude-related – dimension, focusing on its discursive status. Section 3 , finally, returns to the issue of how the major notions of subjectivity discussed in Section 1 relate, and how this can only be understood with reference to both the conceptual and the discursive status of the phenomena at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the use of tag questions in Italian conversation. We propose a classification of their discourse functions, and provide an account of their syntactic and discourse contexts. The data used are recordings of conversation in several settings: experimental game settings, a reality TV show, and TV and radio talk shows, for a total of 60.4 h. The analysis uncovered seven main functions, some of which do not conform to existing classifications in the literature. We explore the relationship between these functions and the conversational settings in which they are used, their placement within the utterance, and their relationship with asymmetries in participants’ leadership roles in specific settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Effective coastal management requires integration of science into policy, but at present there is an implementation gap in this area. [•] We investigate the role knowledge plays in addressing this gap to enable the facilitation of science into policy. [•] Using historical and discourse analysis we find two discourses about knowledge in coastal management exist: (i) science as knowledge and (ii) community knowledge. [•] This creates barriers to incorporation of all kinds of knowledge into coastal management. [•] We argue for a shift in thinking about the science-policy nexus into a knowledge-policy interface thus facilitating integration of all kinds of knowledge and hence the opportunity for diverse and responsive coastal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Environmental assessment (EA) aims to enhance environmental awareness and to ensure that environmental values are fully considered in decision-making. In the EA arena, different discourses exist on what EA should aim for and how it functions. We hypothesise that these discourses influence its application in practice as well as its effectiveness in terms of achieving the above goals. For instance, actors who consider EA as a hindrance to fast implementation of their projects will probably apply it as a mandatory checklist, whereas actors who believe that EA can help to develop more environmentally sound decisions will use EIA as a tool to design their initiatives. In this paper we explore discourses on EA in The Netherlands and elaborate on their implications for EA effectiveness. Based on an innovative research design comprising an online survey with 443 respondents and 20 supplementary semi-structured interviews we conclude that the dominant discourse is that EA is mainly a legal requirement; EAs are conducted because they have to be conducted, not because actors choose to do so. EA effectiveness however seems reasonably high, as a majority of respondents perceive that it enhances environmental awareness and contributes to environmental protection. However, the ‘legal requirement’ discourse also results in decision-makers seldom going beyond what is prescribed by EA and environmental law. Despite its mandatory character, the predominant attitude towards EA is quite positive. For most respondents, EA is instrumental in providing transparency of decision-making and in minimising the legal risks of not complying with environmental laws. Differences in discourses seldom reflect extreme opposites. The ‘common ground’ regarding EA provides a good basis for working with EA in terms of meeting legal requirements but at the same time does not stimulate creativity in decision-making or optimisation of environmental values. In countries characterised by less consensual political cultures we may expect more extreme discourses on EA, the consequences of which are reflected upon in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Basic Communicative Spaces Network (BCSN –) accounts for crucial semantic–pragmatic characteristics of causal relations expressed by frequently used Dutch causal connectives. BCSN integrates subjectivity theory, domain theory, and mental spaces theory to explain their linguistic categorization. Starting with the original three-way classification of content, epistemic, and speech act use, BCSN represents different uses in separate but connected and embedded mental spaces that are linked to the Subject of Consciousness (SoC), who is present as an actor or concluder in many causal relations. The analytic structure of BCSN explains the contrasts between the backward Dutch causal connectives WANT ‘because/for/since’, signaling speech act and epistemic relations in which the speaker is the implicit SoC, and OMDAT ‘because (of the fact that)’, typically expressing content relations with an explicit SoC. This division of labor corresponds to a cognitive categorization in terms of BCSN. On a more general level, BCSN offers a model for the recursive patterning that characterizes perspective alternation in natural discourse, since the BCSN represents both the author''s subjectivity and the subjectivity of other actors in the discourse (such as speakers and characters in a narration), as well as the blends between these perspectives. The analysis is illustrated with corpus examples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: When non-native speakers are required to produce lengthy discourse in the form of a short monologue or extended turn, there is a greater burden on them to package the utterances into a ‘tighter’ more coherent discourse for the listener. Under these conditions, miscues in specificity and consistency at the semantic level, and relevance at the pragmatic level often accumulate and interact leading to a discourse which can be perceived by the listener as difficult to follow or lacking in coherence. This study analyzes non-native extended discourse produced under such conditions to investigate the nature of these miscues and how they interact with each other at the discourse level. A manipulation experiment was used to test for the psycholinguistic reality of the miscues; an important procedure in discourse analysis if we are to speak with confidence of the validity of the miscues identified on paper. The experiment used a novel technique which allowed for the modification and insertion of features into the spoken discourse as well as their removal. The manipulated discourse was then rated for improvements in coherence against the original sample by a panel of native listeners. Results suggest that these miscues do indeed significantly impair the coherence of the discourse. The patterns of impairment and interaction are discussed in detail. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper addresses the use of the so-called double form –essess in Korean, which refers to the doubling of the suffix –ess. In the absence of much research attention on the double form compared to that devoted to the single form, this paper explores how the double form is used by ordinary speakers in contemporary Korean discourse. Language data collected from authentic corpora are analyzed, the manner in which different modes of communication, namely writing and speaking, affect the use of the double form is investigated, and the possible causes for any differences are discussed. The study analysis reveals that the double form is deployed for a wider variety of functions than previous research has assumed, while supporting the discontinuity sense as the overarching meaning of the double form. On the other hand, the two types of discourse show a discrepancy in terms of the distribution of these functions. The most frequently occurring function in written discourse is the double past sense, compared to the discontinued simple past function in the spoken discourse. This discrepancy in the most frequent function in the two corpora is attributed to the different natures of the discourse. The discontinuity sense, which is the essential meaning of the double form, comes from the intensification of the pastness involved in the single form. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative corpus analysis of deverbal -ee and -er pairs with agentive, human reference (e.g. escaper-escapee; attender-attendee) as they occur in natural discourse. It is argued that pairs like these are not synonymous or idiosyncratic formations, but represent systematic instantiations of their respective systems of nominalization whose distinct meanings can be traced back to that of the overall system which they belong to: the -er nouns typically foreground the active, dynamic perspective of -er derivation, focusing on the agent''s ability, potential or intention to carry out an action, or on the regularity with which it is carried out; their counterparts in -ee, on the other hand, zoom in on the state that the agents find themselves in as a result of performing a certain process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article presents a case study of an unprecedented political event that occurred in Romania during the Communist dictatorship. In 1979, at the 12th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party, Constantin Pârvulescu, a high-ranking party official, took the floor unexpectedly and attacked the dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu. We examine the contrasting interaction patterns displayed during the open confrontation that occurred between Pârvulescu''s accusatory anti-Ceauşescu discourse and the subsequent anti-Pârvulescu discourses of three of Ceauşescu''s close political allies glorifying Ceauşescu and the Communist party. In order to enable a better understanding of the political and socio-cultural setting of the Communist party congress proceedings, as well as of the concrete implications of sequencing and simultaneity of speech, interpersonal behaviour and shifts in speech targeting, a multimodal approach has been integrated with a discourse-analytical approach. These two combined approaches were used to examine the videotaped event and to account for the overall picture of the interaction, which consists of verbal interaction, kinesic behaviour (such as gestures, facial expressions, body posture), as well as the use of space. The analytical focus has been on the challenging and aggressive uses of multiple audience-targeted illocutionary acts and perlocutionary effects, the strategic uses of personal pronouns and the manipulative uses of semiotic metaphors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study explores the interactional achievement of expert–novice in NS–NNS interaction. The analysis identifies interactional processes that contribute to expert–novice differentiation during team meetings that take place as part of an electrical and computer engineering course. Through analysis of data from the team interaction, participant perspectives, and ethnographic context, it is demonstrated that the NS takes on an expert identity, while the NNS takes on a novice identity as the NS and NNS engage in face-to-face interaction with each other. This expert–novice differentiation specifically occurs through the process of ratification, failure to ratify, and rejection of contributions. The NS''s ability to gain expert status is linked to prior access to opportunities to participate in engineering teams and the forms of talk involved therein, which the NNS did not have access to. Conclusions indicate that this expert–novice relationship is not inherent to the NS–NNS relationship but that novice linguistically based identity has a bearing on the achievement of an expert non-linguistically based identity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Billig''s Rhetorical Psychology proposes that thought and discourse are dialogic, in that an argument for one position is also an argument against other (competing) positions. Here, we use Billig''s model of cognitive dissonance in order to understand a particular set of discursive strategies used in relation to a contentious political issue. We consider a discussion about police reform in Northern Ireland, where the participants are members of the nationalist/republican community (which has traditionally opposed the police). In this discussion, the participants use a variety of discursive, rhetorical moves to deny that change has, in fact, taken place. Following Billig''s model, we propose that the speakers are bolstering their community position against the rhetorical challenge of conflicting information, within a particular interactional context. In particular, it might be noted that the presence of the researcher introduces an ‘external’ perspective which assumes that significant changes have occurred, and that this provides a primary source of interactional dissonance for the speakers. Ultimately, however, the original community position is reinforced and maintained. We have identified three main strategies by which the speakers achieve this: (1) explicit denial that change has taken place; (2) discursive reworking of ostensible changes such that these are dismissed; (3) partial acknowledgement of change, followed immediately by minimisation/rejection. Because Billig''s model has seen little empirical operationalisation, our analysis also provides insights into the processes whereby dissonance is engendered and managed in real-life conversation. In particular, it highlights the social and culturally specific nature of dissonance and its management, as well as the ‘repressive’ function of language use. We conclude by discussing some of the theoretical and practical implications of our analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: My goal in this article is to compare the behavior of a variety of non-clause-bound types of indexical expression in English across three texts from different genres, spoken as well as written. A key distinction is the one claimed to exist between the dimensions of text and discourse, and the comparison of the indexical types demonstrates its relevance. In a given text, certain lexically specific types of indexical bearing an anaphoric interpretation may perform particular strategic, discourse unit-demarcating roles; while others realizing a deictic value may signal a shift in referential perspective, preparing the reader or addressee for a transition to a new discourse unit or subunit. Particularly highlighted are the deictic, anadeictic and anaphoric roles of the various indexicals as a function of text genre, utterer''s intention and the interlocutive relationships developed throughout the discourse. The article also assesses the neo-Gricean pragmatic account of (non-) coreference in discourse put forward in Levinson''s (2000) Presumptive Meanings. The theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature, MIT Press. It argues that, rather than their discourse value being necessarily determined by the possibility of a choice between an attenuated and a prolix indexical type, it is the textual, contextual as well as discourse factors isolated during the earlier comparison which are adequate to describe and account for this. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since , the Present Perfect has been discussed in relation to the Simple Past. The Reichenbachian characterization E-R,S has led to the view that the English Present Perfect, with its restrictions on modification by time adverbials and its resistance to narrative structure is the prototypical perfect. If the Pluperfect is different, or if counterparts of the Present Perfect in other languages behave differently, that is because they are less prototypical perfects. In this paper, we argue that the most important cross-linguistic differences do not require a different sentential semantics, but should rather be explained in terms of different discourse level properties. We investigate Perfect constructions in four languages: English, French, Dutch and German. We argue that all four are Reichenbachian Perfects, and have very similar aspectual properties. Moreover, they introduce the same discourse configuration of Elaboration. However, they differ in the additional constraints imposed upon the possible relations between the event time E and other times or events in the sentence or the surrounding discourse. These differences imply that we can use a Present Perfect construction to tell a story in French and German, but not in English or Dutch. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mitigation plays an important role in various social activities. It involves emotional, strategic, and pragmatic processing. This paper presents an activity-based framework for empirical discourse analysis of mitigation in public environments such as Swedish and Bulgarian courtroom examinations. Mitigation is defined as a pragmatic, cognitive, and linguistic behavior whose main purpose is to reduce vulnerability. The suggested framework consists of defense processes, which involve mitigating argumentation lines, discourse moves, and communication acts. Mitigation functions are described in terms of the participants’ actions and goals separately from politeness strategies. The study finds recognizable repetitive mitigation patterns of moves and acts across languages and legal systems, which realize, e.g. admissions as prolepses, denials as corrective counter-attacks, volunteered utterances as indications of witness rehearsals, etc. The witnesses’ tendency to volunteer information even on behalf of their own credibility indicates that they favor pro-party testimonies. Despite the objective judicial role of the prosecutor or judge and/or despite the examiners accommodating style, the verbal behavior of the witnesses exhibits constant anticipation of danger. Thus, mitigation in court functions as a strategy for coping with disagreement and conflict by facing it, anticipating it, and/or accepting it. Mitigation modifies not only illocutionary force but also discourse plans, mental models, social contexts, and (in courts) even personal fates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We propose a new computational model for the resolution of metonymies, a particular type of figurative language. Typically, metonymies are considered as a violation of semantic constraints (e.g., those expressed by selectional restrictions) that require some repair mechanism (e.g., type coercion) for proper interpretation. We reject this view, arguing that it misses out on the interpretation of a considerable number of utterances. Instead, we treat literal and figurative language on a par, by computing both kinds of interpretation independently from each other as long as their semantic representation structures are consistent with the underlying knowledge representation structures of the domain of discourse. The following general heuristic principles apply for making reasonable selections from the emerging readings. We argue that the embedding of utterances in a coherent discourse context is as important for recognizing and interpreting metonymic utterances as intrasentential semantic constraints. Therefore, in our approach, (metonymic or literal) interpretations that establish referential cohesion are preferred over ones that do not. In addition, metonymic interpretations that conform to a metonymy schema are preferred over metonymic ones that do not, and metonymic interpretations that are in conformance with knowledge-based aptness conditions are preferred over metonymic ones that are not. We lend further credit to our model by discussing empirical data from an evaluation study which highlights the importance of the discourse embedding of metonymy interpretation for both anaphora and metonymy resolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]