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Searching and buying items from online shops has become common these days. Although recommender systems have supported consumers to find products online, it is challenging to select suitable products, such as clothes and smartphone cases, which are called Kansei-oriented products. These products have various visual designs but have the same function, and it is arduous for consumers to express their preferences and choose desired products. Although marketers and designers have empirical knowledge regarding the abstract diagrams in relation to product design and consumers' product selection, its mechanism has not been fully understood. In this study, first, we investigate whether common tendency exists between preference for products and for abstract diagrams. Secondly, to understand and support consumers' understanding concerning their preferences and product selections, we analyzed the process whereby abstract diagrams affect human cognition and their selections of Kansei-oriented products. As a result of two experiments, we found that the abstract diagrams affect cognition and the ability to choose products. Further, we believe that our findings may be beneficial for the process of preference expression and marketing through the use of abstract diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites were identified based on our diagrammatic machine learning model with an accuracy of > 90 %. • A two-dimensional perovskite candidate designed from a visual pattern recognition projection was successfully synthesized. • Three rules for guiding the formation of two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites were extracted from the decision tree model. Two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have drawn increased attention due to rich physical properties such as ferroelectricity and photovoltaic properties. Nevertheless, it is challenging to discover novel 2D OIHPs within the vast chemical composition space. Herein, a diagrammatic machine learning model was employed to improve this issue. We collected 179 OIHPs with a variety of organic cations and screened out 6 features from 10,622 descriptors. Subsequently, a decision tree model was created to predict the dimensionality of OIHPs, achieving a LOOCV accuracy of 0.94 and a test accuracy of 0.89, respectively. Then, one candidate from a virtual space with 8256 samples was successfully synthesized, which was consistent with the prediction of the model. Finally, three rules were produced by visualization of the tree structure to generally discriminate 2D from non-2D OIHPs. It is believed that the diagrammatic model has reliability in identifying 2D OIHPs and will serve further property studies of OIHPs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of business processes of additional education institutions on the basis of the process approach. The possibility of using the IDEF0 methodology for the implementation of the process approach in the analysis of business processes in additional education institutions is shown here. The AS-IS diagrams were developed, on the basis of which the shortcomings of the existing organization of business processes were revealed and a way to solve this problem was proposed, which allows to increase the efficiency of the provision of additional education services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An embedded/immersed surface-knot is a closed and connected surface embedded/immersed in R 4 , respectively. The triple point number t (F) of an embedded/immersed surface-knot F is the minimum number of triple points required for a diagram of F. Satoh proved that (i) there does not exist an embedded surface-knot F such that t (F) = 1 , and (ii) there does not exist an embedded 2-knot F such that t (F) = 2 or 3. In this paper, we prove similar results for immersed surface-knots with some conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract John Pringle Nichol (1804–1859), a Scottish Romantic astronomer, educator, and social reformer, used visual representations to develop and communicate key elements of his theory of evolution as a universal principle. Examining four of the diverse representations that appeared in Nichol's popular science books between 1846 and 1850 reveals the rich possibilities of evolutionary imagery prior to the emergence of more dominant forms of representation in the wake of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). The abstract and schematic nature of many of Nichol's visual representations—which included line diagrams and imaginative, mythic imagery (the latter developed in collaboration with the Scottish Romantic artist David Scott)—made them apt vessels for his Romantic evolutionary concepts, because a single image could simultaneously represent features of evolution across multiple domains, reflecting the Romantic concept of the unity of nature and the myriad analogies between its constituent parts. All of the images embodied narrative in one form or another and required use of the imagination in the act of interpretation. Many of the images facilitated the viewer's ability to conceptualize unobservable or only partially observable features of evolutionary change. Even as these visual representations acted as tools of perspective, insight, and clarity, they also helped to generate new ambiguities, such as a fundamental tension between teleology and contingency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an effectively n -colorable link L , C n ⁎ ( L ) stands for the minimum number of distinct colors used over all effective n -colorings of L . It is known that C n ⁎ ( L ) ≥ 1 + log 2 ⁡ n for any effectively n -colorable link L with non-zero determinant. The aim of this paper is to prove that C 6 ⁎ ( L ) = 4 and C 8 ⁎ ( L ) = 5 for any effectively 6- and 8-colorable link L , respectively. For ribbon 2-links, we prove the same equalities for n = 6 and 8, and C 13 ⁎ ( L ) = 5 for n = 13 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new diagram for a specific matching problem: the stable marriage problem. The diagram allows us to elicit not only the structure of with a blocking relation among the nodes representing pairs, but also asymmetry in the actions of the DA algorithm (Gale-Shapley algorithm). Symmetry and asymmetry of the stable marriage problems permit us to deduce strategies of whether or not and when proposals should be made. Some implications to the asymmetry in rewarding and penalty in the game theoretic model are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D. Roseman introduced seven types of local transformations of surface-link diagrams. It is known that a particular type can be realized by the other six types. There is another type that can be realized by the other six types. We show that any types except these two types cannot be realized by the other six types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ternary chloride salt mixture, named SYSU-4, was developed composed of NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 to meet the needs of solar energy storage over 550 °C. The eutectic point and composition of SYSU-4 was predicted from the calculated phase diagram and also validated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SYSU-4 was prepared experimentally by static melting method and its thermo-physical properties including heat capacity, density and viscosity at high temperature were measured, which were determined by DSC, Archimedes and vibration–rotation methods, respectively. According to the calculated ternary phase diagram, the lowest eutectic temperature was 424.05 °C, in good agreement with experimental results of 424 °C measured by DSC. Heat capacity of SYSU-C4 was averaged as 0.83 and 1.19 J/g K for solid and liquid phase, respectively referred to sapphire standard material. Density of SYSU-C4 decreased linearly from 2.5 g/cm 3 to 1.9 g/cm 3 with the increase of temperature from 500 to 750 °C. Viscosity of SYSU-C4 also decreased from 4.0 cp to 3.0 cp as the temperature increased. Negligible changes on the melting and freezing points of SYSU-C4 in 50 thermal cycles at 370–550 °C indicates excellent thermal cycling stability. Moreover, the thermal stability of SYSU-C4 was excellent under 700 °C. The developed ternary chloride salt mixture SYSU-4 can be a promising eutectic mixture for high-temperature solar thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let T be an (abstract) set of types , and let ι , o : T → Z + . A T - diagram is a locally ordered directed graph G equipped with a function τ : V ( G ) → T such that each vertex v of G has indegree ι ( τ ( v ) ) and outdegree o ( τ ( v ) ) . (A directed graph is locally ordered if at each vertex v , linear orders of the edges entering v and of the edges leaving v are specified.) Let V be a finite-dimensional F -linear space, where F is an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. A function R on T assigning to each t ∈ T a tensor R ( t ) ∈ V ⁎ ⊗ ι ( t ) ⊗ V ⊗ o ( t ) is called a tensor representation of T . The trace (or partition function ) of R is the F -valued function p R on the collection of T -diagrams obtained by ‘decorating’ each vertex v of a T -diagram G with the tensor R ( τ ( v ) ) , and contracting tensors along each edge of G , while respecting the order of the edges entering v and leaving v . In this way we obtain a tensor network . We characterize which functions on T -diagrams are traces, and show that each trace comes from a unique ‘strongly nondegenerate’ tensor representation. The theorem applies to virtual knot diagrams, chord diagrams, and group representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with analysis of main functional diagrams of step PID controllers for electric motor-driven actuators. The main formulae to calculate the parameters of the diagrams of step PID controllers are presented in the paper. The influence of these parameters on the transient processes in step controllers and on the output position of the actuator is analyzed. Transient processes in step controllers with motor-driven actuators are simulated in PI and PID control mode. These transient processes are compared to the transient processes in continuous controllers. The accuracy of step PID controllers is analyzed, and restrictions on the parameters of step PID controllers are presented. The diagrams of step PID controllers considered in this paper can be implemented in the up-to-date PLCs software for automatic control using the electric motor-driven actuators in the control loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the needs of solar energy storage over 550°C, the eutectic point and composition of a new ternary salt mixture consisted of NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 was predicted from calculated phase diagram and that was also validated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The lowest eutectic temperature predicted by the phase diagram was 424.05°C. The actual eutectic point was confirmed 424°C but with different composition compared with the predicted eutectic point. Besides, this new eutectic salt mixture (named SYSU-C4) was prepared by static melting method and its thermo-physical properties were also measured. Heat capacity, density and viscosity of SYSU-C4 were respectively determined by DSC, Archimedes and vibration-rotation methods. Heat capacity of this molten salt was calculated from DSC curve in the reference of sapphire standard material, the average value of solid salt was 0.83 J/g K and the liquid salt was 1.19 J/g K. Density of molten salt decreased linearly from 2.5 g/cm3 to 1.9 g/cm3 with increasing in the temperature range from 500°C to 750°C. Viscosity of the eutectic salt mixture also decreased from 4.0 cp to 3.0 cp as the temperature increased. Meanwhile, mass loss curves under isothermal conditions were determined and the result showed that the thermal stability of this new eutectic salt was excellent under 700°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase behavior of Safaniya vacuum residue (Saudi Arabia) from (200 to 520) K at atmospheric pressure was investigated and the phase states were determined from nanofiltered samples with pentane-asphaltene mass fractions w A between 0.048 and 0.555 based on joint treatment of heat capacity data from differential scanning calorimetry and phase angle data from rheological measurements. SARA and elemental composition data of the oil are also considered and some assumptions on more detailed oil chemistry have been made based on a predictive heat capacity correlation. A pseudo binary phase diagram is constructed based on the behavior of retentate free permeate and permeate free retentate. Compositionally, these materials comprise pentane maltenes and asphaltenes respectively to a first approximation. These pseudo-components, partitioned at 473 K, are shown to behave independently. A broad phase transition arising in Safaniya vacuum residue phase behavior is shown to comprise overlapping but independent transitions in these two pseudo components. The temperature range of the combined glass + melting transition depends on sample thermal history (both long-term and short-term). Based on this representation, Safaniya vacuum residue comprises four phases drawn from crystalline and liquid maltene-rich phases as well as crystalline and liquid asphaltene-rich phases from 265 K to 360–370 K. It is also shown that the phase behavior of chemically separated pentane asphaltenes differs significantly from that of the nanofiltered asphaltene-rich material. The phase diagram of Safaniya vacuum residue is compared with that of Maya crude oil [M. Fulem, et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 272 (2008) 32–41] and Athabasca bitumen [A. Bazyleva, et al. J. Chem. Eng. Data 56 (2011) 3242–3253]. The differences in the phase behavior of these oils are traced to differences in their composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This note characterizes the dynamic structure of stable matchings of the stable marriage problem (SMP). The characterization focuses on the dynamic process of how the stable matching will be attained. To this end, the discrete problem of the SMP will be mapped to nonlinear dynamical models whose attractors include the counterparts of the stable matchings in the original SMP. A simple measure of decision-making difficulty is introduced. We use two types of diagram: a cross section diagram (and its 3D imaging) of a lattice to visualize the decision-making difficulty, and a radiation diagram to visualize the time evolution to a matching. Both diagrams are used to examine the dynamic structure of the neighborhood of an attractor and its basin as well as the region between basins in the dynamical model mapped from the SMP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We introduce a distance for diagrams of an oriented knot by using Reidemeister moves linking the diagrams and we give evaluations of the distance. Furthermore, we apply the distance to construct a knot invariant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experimental study of square hollow section joints subject to in-plane bending moment. A theoretical model of an -type traditional joint and the same one with the chord rotated through 45∘ about its longitudinal axis is considered. Models are analysed with the Finite Element Method and the results are compared with those obtained from the experimental study. The geometry, the material and the overall parameters concerned are in agreement with the general requirements of the EC3. A classification of joints due to their stiffness and diagram is examined according to the last CIDECT guide No. 9 and Part 1.8 of EC3. The results showed that EC3 underestimates the design resistance of the conventional joints about 50%–70% and joints with according to the rotational stiffness are classified almost as pinned while those with react as semi-rigid connections. Chord orientation showed that has a very important effect in joints with and increases their strength up to double when . In this same area for ratio , connections react as rigid while for they have strength almost equal to the conventional ones and behave as semi-rigid connections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The powerful technique of energy diagrams has been used to analyze the mechanism for proton pumping in cytochrome c oxidase. Energy levels and barriers are derived starting out from recent kinetic experiments for the O to E transition, and are then refined using general criteria and a few additional experimental facts. Both allowed and non-allowed pathways are obtained in this way. A useful requirement is that the forward and backward rate should approach each other for the full membrane gradient. A key finding is that an electron on heme a (or the binuclear center) must have a significant lowering effect on the barrier for proton uptake, in order to prevent backflow from the pump-site to the N-side. While there is no structural gating in the present mechanism, there is thus an electronic gating provided by the electron on heme a. A quantitative analysis of the energy levels in the diagrams, leads to Prop-A of heme a3 as the most likely position for the pump-site, and the Glu278 region as the place for the transition state for proton uptake. Variations of key redox potentials and pK a values during the pumping process are derived for comparison to experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to control WC grain size and get a microstructure with fine grain size during the sintering process, WC grain growth in WC–Co cemented carbide was researched. The research includes theoretical calculation and experiment. Through analysis, in the sintering process the important factors are the sintering temperature and time. The results of the calculation and experiment showed that the grain size increases with the high temperature and long time. A quantitative relationship between WC grain size sintered and sintering temperature and time was preliminarily obtained and Grain Growth Diagram (GGD) for WC–Co system was firstly built. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Amongst various methods developed for strengthening and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, external bonding of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) strips to the beam has been widely accepted as an effective and convenient method. The experimental research on FRP strengthened RC beams has shown five most common modes, including (i) rupture of FRP strips; (ii) compression failure after yielding of steel; (iii) compression failure before yielding of steel; (iv) delamination of FRP strips due to crack; and (v) concrete cover separation. In this paper, a failure diagram is established to show the relationship and the transfer tendency among different failure modes for RC beams strengthened with FRP strips, and how failure modes change with FRP thickness and the distance from the end of FRP strips to the support. The idea behind the failure diagram is that the failure mode associated with the lowest strain in FRP or concrete by comparison is mostly likely to occur. The predictions based on the present failure diagram are compared to 33 experimental data from the literature and good agreement on failure mode and ultimate load has been obtained. Some discussion and recommendation for practical design are given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Persistent patterns of interactions in a multi-component system (e.g., intra- and inter-species relations in a community of n interacting species) may imply a number of formalizations as special, stronger-than-Lyapunov, notions of matrix stability, like D-stability, qualitative stability, Volterra–Lyapunov stability, and others. A variety of these notions, each having a certain motivation with regard to uncertainties inherent in model applications, constitute a hierarchical topology, sometimes very intricate and not yet well-understood, in a formal space of real n×n-matrices. As visible forms of this hierarchy, Matrix Flowers are suggested where ‘petals’ correspond to subsets of particular stability kinds, whose visible inclusion/intersection represent logical implication/junction. The Flowers are constructed under a few simple conventions, and, in the absence of ready characterizations, to draw a ‘petal’ often poses a challenging mathematical problem, whose solution may reveal a new biological knowledge of a general nature. Particular ‘petals’ concern the topics of strong and weak interactions in a community, ‘key’ species in its structure, diffusion instability in its spatial dynamics, where the flower plays a heuristic role in formulating a new problem or/and stimulating a new application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The thermodynamic properties of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/water system were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (235–395 K) and adiabatic calorimetry (78–320 K), and the stable phase diagram was established, in which the locations of phase boundaries were precisely determined. The micellar phase and the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases were found to transform into a metastable gel phase via rapid cooling, and a metastable phase diagram was also constructed. The hexagonal LC phase was found to consist of two types of phases with different thermodynamic characteristics. The transitions from the separated two-phase "CTAB crystal + solution" to the micellar and LC phases were also investigated, and it was found that the transition occurs in a two-step manner, wherein the transitions at lower temperatures depended on the thermal history. The enthalpy of fusion of the ice that coexisted with the CTAB crystal did not provide any evidence for the CTAB crystal being hydrated by non-freezing water. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T he magnetic phase diagram in the H - T coordinates has been determined for σ-Fe 68 V 32 from the ZFC/FC magnetization measurements. The re-entrant character of magnetism, going from paramagnetic through ferromagnetic to spin-glass (SG) states, has been evidenced. The SG phase is magnetically heterogeneous, because two sub phases can be identified i.e. with the strong (SG-SI) and the weak (SG-WI) irreversibility. The T irr and T cros were quantitatively analysed using the mean-field theory and values of related critical exponents ϕ irr = 1.6 (2) and ϕ cros = 0.91 (9) were obtained. A qualitative agreement with the Gabay-Toulouse model was reached. The isothermal magnetization measurements point to a soft magnetic behavior of the studied sample. The γ critical exponent was determined with the Kouvel-Fisher approach yielding the value of γ = 1.0 (1) in line with the mean-field theory. Magnetic phase diagram of σ-phase Fe 68 V 32 intermetallic compound in the H-T coordinates. [Display omitted] • Magnetization measurements performed on sigma-phase Fe 68 V 32. • Record-high Curie temperature revealed. • Magnetic phase diagram determined in the H-T plane. • Itinerant character of magnetism evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An as-cast Ti13V11Cr3Al titanium alloy was fabricated via vacuum induction skull melting. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy were characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and compression experiments, respectively. The results revealed that trace impurity carbon (0.014 wt%) led to the formation of in-situ needle-like TiC precipitates during solidification. To reveal the underlying mechanism governing this formation, the (Ti13V11Cr3Al)-C pseudo-phase equilibrium diagram was constructed using JMatPro software. The results suggested that the precipitation of TiC will occur if the carbon content is > 0.003 wt%. Under high strain rate conditions, small volume fractions of these precipitates can lead to improvements in the ductility, and retention of the strength (1350 MPa). The as-cast alloy exhibited excellent dynamic plasticity, as evidenced by a critical fracture strain of >35% at a strain rate of 4158/s. In addition, microstructural observation of adiabatic shear bands revealed that debonding of the TiC precipitates from the matrix required considerable energy dissipation. Moreover, a crack propagated along the boundary of the precipitates, thereby leading to significant improvement in the dynamic plasticity from the other respect. Image 1 • Trace TiC (maximum: 0.075 wt%) was observed in the as-cast β type Ti13V11Cr3Al titanium alloy. • The phase diagram analysis quantitatively revealed that the critical carbon level of β-Ti was as low as 0.003 wt%. • The as-cast alloy showed excellent dynamic plasticity (i.e., >35% at 4158/s) owing to the existence of trace TiC. • The crack will propagate along the boundary of TiC precipitates, thereby significantly improving the dynamic plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]