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The unique microstructures of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) provide them with excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, having important applications in the fields of medical devices, military equipment, aerospace, etc. However, the superb mechanical properties also contribute to poor machinability of the BMGs. Currently, researchers have proposed to improve the machinability by single-point diamond turning, laser-assisted machining and ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining, but their plasticity and viscous flow remain unchanged, thus restraining further enhancement of surface quality. Atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet (APCPJ), which is rich in active particles, can effectively ameliorate material machinability by modulating material properties. In this paper, we propose to use the APCPJ to regulate the properties of BMGs, and carry out nanoindentation, nanoscratching, and micro-milling experiments to investigate the influence mechanisms of APCPJ on the material properties and cutting process. The results demonstrate that after modified by APCPJ, plastic deformability of the BMGs is improved due to the increase of free volume content; meanwhile, the viscous flow is inhibited. The micro-milling experiments indicate that under the conditions of feed rate V f = 500 μm/s, spindle speed n = 30,000 rpm, and cutting depth a p = 5 μm, the improvement effect of APCPJ on the cutting process is relatively optimum. The surface roughness Ra of the Zr-based BMG and Ti-based BMG obtained by APCPJ are respectively 0.076 μm and 0.081 μm, which can be reduced by 37.7 % and 38.2 % compared with dry micro-milling. The cutting forces F z in the direction of cutting depth are also reduced by 30.9 % and 23.3 %, respectively. The APCPJ-assisted micro-milling method proposed in this work may ameliorate the machining quality of BMGs and promote the application of BMGs and APCPJ-assisted machining technology in aerospace and precision machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that China's targeted poverty alleviation policy can greatly improve the economic development of rural areas, but whether it can improve rural resilience for sustainable development has been less studied. Based on anatomising the connotation of rural economic resilience and proposing theoretical framework for the influence of policies, this study empirically analyses the implication of poverty alleviation policies on rural economic resilience using regression analysis techniques, based on field survey data from 338 villages in Lankao County, China. It is shown that rural economic resilience is connected with their resistance, adaptation, and transformation capabilities, and China's targeted poverty alleviation policies have significantly improved the economic resilience of villages because of the government's efforts to upgrade production factors, optimise the economic structure and expand rural functions have awakened the impetus of endogenous development in rural areas. Compared with resistance and transformability, poverty alleviation policies have a greater positive impact on the adaptability of rural economies. The explanatory power of poverty alleviation policies on the rural economic resilience of Lankao County shows obvious spatial differentiation. The effectiveness of poverty alleviation policies was more prominent in the southeast, where poverty was worse. The recommendations proposed based on these results can provide an important reference for promoting rural economic resilience and sustainable development in developing countries. • Rural economic resilience is a combination of resistance, adaptability and transformability. • China's targeted poverty alleviation policy has improved the village's economic resilience. • The explanatory power of poverty alleviation policies on rural economic resilience of Lankao County shows obvious spatial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to employment through the Internet matters a great deal to stabilise the livelihood of migrant peasant workers in Chinese cities. This study examines how Internet usage affects the off-farm income of migrant peasant workers by constructing a random effects model for the period 2010–2016. Research findings corroborate that Internet usage has significantly increased the off-farm income of migrant peasant workers and the positive impact of Internet usage on income is stronger for migrant peasant workers than for their urban flexible-employed counterparts. The positive impacts of Internet usage on migrant peasant workers' income vary regarding region, gender, and educational level. It is concluded that Internet usage has helped improve the livelihood resilience of migrant peasant workers in China. • Internet usage significantly increased the off-farm income of migrant peasant workers. • The impact is stronger for the migrant workers compared with their urban counterparts. • The positive impacts of internet usage on migrant workers' income vary in regions. • The positive impact is stronger on female income compared with male counterparts. • The positive income impacts of internet usage increase in education level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, through a case study of the Gengche Township in north Jiangsu (Subei), unveils how a less-favored region breaks out of the old industry path of waste recycling and processing and embarks on a green new one specializing in E-commerce. Drawing on key concepts in evolutionary economic geography, we propose a conceptual framework that addresses how entrepreneurial agents enact the processes of asset modification at multiple scales for new green path development in a rural context. Based on on-site interviews and survey, our analysis reveals that rural lead entrepreneurs and state elites pioneered and opened windows of opportunities for change, then legitimized by the state with wider support towards old path breaking. These state interventions enforce the bottom-up process of new green path development. In this process, extra-regional knowledge linkages and assets help facilitate the E-commerce development. It is concluded that rural new path development processes are not only contingent on local pre-conditions but are tempo-spatially dependent on collective actions of entrepreneurial multi-actors in identifying, transplanting and modifying local and non-local assets. The Gengche case demonstrates that rural new green path development in China requires the formation of strong system-level rural agency engaging in multi-scalar asset modification. • The transformation trajectory of Gengche, a previous poverty township, was investigated. • Rural lead entrepreneurs and state elites pioneered and opened windows of opportunities for change. • State interventions enforce the bottom-up process of new green path development. • Extra-regional knowledge linkages and assets help facilitate the E-commerce development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of resilience gains prominence as human society faces more frequent and impactful shocks and disturbances. This study seeks to investigate how rural populations build resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A simple theoretical model is presented to illustrate the determinants of knowledge acquisition and precautionary behaviors among rural residents. Based on a High Frequency Phone Survey of 10,583 Latin American adults, this study found that rural residents were less capable of using informal channels (e.g., the internet) to collect COVID-19 information. Younger generations were generally less likely to adopt precautionary behaviors than the elderly. The age disparity, however, was relatively minor for rural populations. Costly preventive measures such as staying at home are less affordable for rural residents. Meanwhile, confidence in government ensures better compliance to ensure public health guidelines. We argue that internet skills, prosociality, and political confidence are necessary to build rural residents' resilience during the pandemic. • Rural residents were less capable of using informal channels to acquire COVID-19 Knowledge. • The age disparity on precautionary behaviors was relatively minor for rural populations. • Costly preventive measures are less affordable for rural residents. • Confidence in government ensures better compliance to ensure public health guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the role of social capital in hazard management in a case area which was overwhelmingly swept by flood in mid-2021. The interplay among social capital, hazard preparedness, response and recovery are explored by using structure equation modeling. Data were gathered from over 413 villages from August 2021 to September 2021, which is one month after the flood occurred. Research findings show that villagers in region with abundant social capital are more likely to contribute to hazard preparedness. We have also confirmed the positive role of social capital in restraining the pursuit of self-interests. Villagers are more willing to help others, and take care of vulnerable population when the hazard strikes. However, it is surprising to note that social capital fails to motivates residents to make preparedness plans for future risks. This retreat effect exists when big loss occurred and failed to meet local people's expectations. Overall, this study implies that the impact of social capital on hazard risk management is extremely complex and such complexity should not be attribute solely to divergent forms of network relationship. The above conclusion enables policy makers to pay attention to the psychological foundation of social capital while cultivating it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A three-dimensional hollow Ti 3 C 2 /SnO composite was obtained through a solvothermal-freeze-drying process. • The Ti 3 C 2 /SnO composite demonstrates a reliable capacity of 386 mA h g–1 at 500 mA g–1 over 100 cycles. • A effective bandwidth of 4.4 GHz, accompanied by a reflection loss of –40.47 dB could be achieved at merely 1.0 mm in the Ti 3 C 2 /SnO. Tin monoxide (SnO) has recently emerged as a prominent choice for lithium-ion storage due to its exceptional specific capacity. However, challenges such as inevitable structural degradation and poor electronic conductivity limited practical application. We aim to address the interfacial delamination problem by encapsulating SnO nanoparticles within 3D porous N-doped Ti 3 C 2 MXene. In the constructed architecture, the porous MXene served the dual purpose of preventing direct exposure of SnO to the electrolyte and mitigating nanoparticle aggregation, as well as alleviating volume expansion. Consequently, the Ti 3 C 2 /SnO composite demonstrated a reliable capacity of 386 mA h g–1 at 500 mA g–1 over 100 cycles. Furthermore, a remarkable effective bandwidth of 4.4 GHz, accompanied by a reflection loss of –40.47 dB could be achieved at merely 1.0 mm. Our study contributes important insights into the construction of MXene-based nanocomposites, enabling their application in diverse fields such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and microwave absorbers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sandy area along the Great Wall in northern Shaanxi Province of China, is located in the transition zone between the Maowusu Desert and the loess hills and gullies region, with a vast territory and large per capita of cultivated agricultural land. However, the cultivated land quality is generally poor due to the local natural conditions. It is of practical significance to find ways to improve the quality of agricultural land and put forward targeted measures for its improvement. Through the analysis of farmland gradation results in the study area, we calculated an improvement potential index with a model to determine the primary limiting factors of agricultural land quality in the study area. The results indicate that both singe-factor and combined-factor limitations exist in the region. The single-factor limiting types include soil thickness, organic content, irrigation, salinization, etc., while the combined-factor limiting types include the combinations of the irrigation water source and irrigation firm probability, soil structure and organic matter, soil thickness and soil texture, and so on. Through the analysis of the potential index model results, we determined the main limiting factors in agricultural production, which vary spatially throughout the region, and suggested targeted measures to improve the cultivated land quality. These measures will then promote revitalization of sandy rural areas along the great wall in northern Shaanxi Province, China. • Studied and analyzed the potentiality of improving cultivated land quality and put forward some targeted improving measurement to establish a mechanism for improving cultivated quality land and improve the quality of cultivated land. • Clarified the main limiting factors of cultivated land quality in the sandy area along the Great Wall in north Shaanxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital plays an important role in preventing the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The study aims to examine in detail how human capital impacts the intergenerational poverty transmission in China based on nationwide rural household survey. The research results are: (1) the improvement of individual human capital significantly reduces the risk of intergenerational poverty transmission in rural China; (2) in comparison to individual educational level, parents' educational level may not effectively decrease the risk of intergenerational poverty transmission; (3) the impact from human capital on the risk of intergenerational poverty transmission has relatively lower effectiveness on female than male in rural China; (4) human capital of Western China area generates more impact on reducing the risk of intergenerational poverty transmission than that of the central and eastern regions. In approach to improve the role of human capital in preventing intergenerational poverty transmission, the following policy implications should be considered, such as improving the rural education conditions and mechanism, encouraging self-improvement rather than parents dependency, and supporting rural female education. • Education may alter the status quo of the rural relative poverty in China. • To crawl out relative poverty, improving education is significantly effective. • Education benefits males more than females in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical forces are essential to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and microgravity exposure leads to bone loss. During space flight, bone mineral density is decreased because of the inactivation of osteoblast and activation of osteoclast. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. CD44 acts as a cellular surface adhesion molecule, which plays an important role in signal transduction between cells. Numerous studies have shown that CD44 plays diverse roles in promoting pre-osteoclast fusion. However, the role of CD44 in the alteration of osteoclast function induced by simulated microgravity remains to be fully elucidated. In this work, we utilized a ground-based, microgravity-simulation system, the Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor (RWVB). Using the RWVB, we demonstrated that simulated microgravity enhanced osteoclast function, meantime CD44 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. To verify the effects of CD44 on alteration of osteoclast function induced by simulated microgravity, specific siRNAs targeting CD44 were transfected. The results showed knockdown of CD44 inhibited the alteration of osteoclast function induced by simulated microgravity. Moreover, we found that clinorotation activated the NF-κB/NFATc1-mediated signaling pathway, which was downregulated after knockdown of CD44. Our study provided evidence that CD44 positively regulated osteoclast function and therapeutic suppression of CD44 may counteract bone loss induced by simulated microgravity. • CD44 was significantly increased in osteoclasts under SMG. • Knockdown of CD44 inhibited the upregulation of osteoclast function under SMG. • CD44 mediated the activation of osteocalsts through NFκB/NFATc1 pathway under SMG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural decline is an inevitable process as human society transforms from the agrarian to the urban-industrial economy, and further on to the knowledge economy. Through an extensive literature review, this paper aims to interpret why some rural areas decline while some others do not. The findings show that it is by the interactions between rural areas and the external environment that rural communities either grow, decline or even vanish. The paper emphasizes the necessity to improve rural communities' resilient capacity through adjusting their internal components' function and structure to survive the external changes. In this process, rural livelihood diversification, the creation of market oriented institutions and strong social capital are considered to enhance rural resilience and build up sustaining rural communities. Finally, three conditions for sustainable rural development in the knowledge economy are discussed: 1) development of new economic activities that can respond to potential urban demand; 2) local entrepreneurship that can establish and expand these new activities; and 3) social capital that can support the entrepreneurship in new activities with access to credits, labor, human capital, external markets and external knowledge for learning and innovation. • Rural decline is an inevitable phenomenon as human society transforms. • Interactions between rural areas and the external environment decide rural evolution. • Rural communities' resilient capacity must be enhanced against external challenges. • Collaboration within & between local actor groups is needed for rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac atrophy and reduced cardiac distensibility have been reported following space flight. Cardiac function is correspondingly regulated in response to changes in loading conditions. Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) improves ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and Ca2+overload. However, whether PQS can ameliorate cardiac atrophy following exposure to simulated microgravity remains unknown.Purpose: To explore the protective role of PQS in cardiac remodeling under unloading conditions and its underlying mechanisms.Methods: Hindlimb unloading (HU) model was used to simulate unloading induced cardiac remodeling. Forty-eight male rats were randomly assigned to four groups, including control, PQS, HU and HU + PQS. At 8 weeks after the experiment, cardiac structure and function, serum levels of Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), Cardiactroponin T (cTnT), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were measured. Network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the targets of the six major constituents of PQS, and the signaling pathways they involved in were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Changes in the key proteins involved in the protective effects of PQS were further confirmed by Western Blot.Results: Simulated microgravity led to increases in serum levels of CK-MB, cTnT and IMA, remodeling of cardiac structure, impairment of cardiac function, and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis as compared with control. PQS treatment significantly reduced serum levels of CK-MB, cTnT and IMA, improved the impaired cardiac structure and function, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by unloading. The activation of AMPK and inhibition of Erk1/2 and CaMKII/HDAC4 were demonstrated in the cardiocytes of HU rats after PQS treatment.Conclusion: PQS provides protection against cardiac remodeling induced by simulated microgravity, partly resulting from changes in the signaling pathways related to energy metabolism reduction, calcium overloading and cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholders are prevalent worldwide. Agricultural cooperatives are often considered an effective instrument for bridging the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture because they enable large-scale production and ensure the quality of agricultural products. This study aims to provide quantitative evidence on the role of cooperatives in boosting macro-level agricultural economic growth using unbalanced panel data of 1866 Chinese counties between 2007 and 2019. The results show that the number of cooperatives at the county level exerts an 'inverted U-shaped' effect on agricultural economic growth, while the average membership size of cooperatives has a 'U-shaped' effect on agricultural economic growth. Cooperatives with no farmer members or capital contribution can be considered 'fake' cooperatives. However, these 'fake' cooperatives do not hamper the agricultural economy. Furthermore, capital accumulation is a critical mechanism through which agricultural cooperatives bridge the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture. On the contrary, government subsidies to agricultural cooperatives do not contribute to agricultural development. Based on the findings, this study recommends to drive out 'fake' cooperatives without farmer members or accumulated capital to promote the development of 'genuine' cooperatives. Moreover, establishing an appropriate membership size and promoting capital accumulation are also important to enhance the effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives in developing modern agriculture. • Agricultural cooperatives can effectively bridge the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture in China. • The number of cooperatives at the county level exerts an 'inverted U-shaped' effect on agricultural economic growth. • The average membership size of cooperatives has a 'U-shaped' effect on agricultural economic growth. • 'Fake cooperatives' with no farmer members or accumulated capital do not hamper the agricultural economy. • Cooperatives' capital accumulation rather than government subsidies boosts agricultural economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of nonfarm employment stability on migrant workers’ farmland transfer decisions. Using data on 1148 migrant workers extracted from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), our structural equation model determined a significant positive impact of employment stability on migrant workers’ farmland transfer behaviour. Results show that the employment stability of migrant workers has a significant positive impact on their farmland transfer behaviour. In particular, their willingness to settle in the city is an important, although incomplete intermediary factor, accounting for 42.15% of the overall employment stability effect. These findings imply that creating a fair and inclusive employment system in urban China and expanding the urban welfare system to include migrant workers are likely measures to develop land rental markets in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid urbanization growth during the past decades which has highly promoted its affluence has induced various challenges for the countryside. The problem of rural decline of quite many villages which are suffering depopulation in turn challenges the urbanization sustainability in China. By way of in-depth historical and literature review, the paper finds distorted urban-rural relationship and the tendency of village decline owing to China's long time urban biased policy. By further investigating China's new-type urbanization strategy, the paper draws concerns about future rural development which is less mentioned in the plan. It calls for ruralization and actions to revitalize the countryside so as to be adapted to China's new-type urbanization plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary for rural communities to meet conditions of decline, including depopulation, with effective strategies for rural revival and revitalisation. Based on Hirschman’s ‘exit-voice’ theory, this paper investigates the way in which local stakeholders respond to processes of rural depopulation. Case studies undertaken in Xiaoguan village in China and in Åre in Sweden reveal the effectiveness of bottom-up revitalization initiatives in combating rural decline. We show how local stakeholders’ strong “voices” in these places—which called for improved living conditions and increased job opportunities—held people and groups together, encouraging them to work together with shared values and attitude. The strong leadership demonstrated either by local committees or in stakeholders’ self-organized actions played an important role in carrying out revitalisation initiatives. We highlight the importance of not only reviving economies but also creating desirable rural lifestyles. Our findings also emphasize the need for bottom-up initiatives to align with government policy and regional development plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-fused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) are attractive for organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their lower cost and easier synthesis step compared with fused ring type counterparts. Herein, we demonstrate ternary OSCs with two tailor-made NFREAs to improve the efficiency of NFREA-based OSCs. An ambipolar NFREA with dual functions of both electron accepting and donating is employed as third component in ternary blend to provide smooth multiple charge transfer routes without accumulation, and to generate additional photoexcited carriers at the two NFREAs interface. Time-resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy tests confirm the charge transfer between two NFREAs besides between donor and NFREAs. Both space-charge-limited-current mobility and field-effect mobility reveal the ambipolar transport in the third component. In addition, two NFREAs are designed with similar molecular structure to improve the miscibility, in turn, to form homogenously mixed phase with enhanced molecular packing. As a result, the ternary OSC with two NFREAs yields an impressive power conversion efficiency of 15.01%, which is significantly higher than that of binary devices. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the efficiency of NFREA-based OSCs by employing dual-functional ambipolar NFREA and designing similar molecular structure between two NFREAs. [Display omitted] • Two tailor-made non-fused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) are synthesized for ternary organic solar cells (OSCs). • Ambipolar NFREA with dual functions of both electron accepting and donating is employed as third component in ternary blend. • Transient absorption spectroscopy tests confirm the charge transfer between two NFREAs besides between donor and NFREAs. • Mobility tests prove the ambipolar transport in the third component. • The ternary OSC with two NFREAs yields an impressive power conversion efficiency of 15.01%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to investigate land conversion as a result of urban–rural transformation in the Chinese context. Theoretical analysis and empirical study of the Bohai Rim region find strong connections between the land conversion rates and urban–rural transformation intensity in the period 2000–2010. Rapid land conversion normally takes place in counties/districts of low initial level of urban–rural transformation. However, places of high initial socioeconomic level and low transformation intensity would experience slow land conversion. The different land conversion rates in relation to urban–rural transformation intensity are mainly attributed to the China's land quotas distribution system which is subjective and administrative. The study highlights the implementation of land quotas distribution system based on differences to improve the land distribution efficiency and achieve balanced regional development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the way in which changes in social and industrial structures brought about by the urban-rural transformation process impact upon the relationship between farmland conversion and economic growth in post-reform China. Through this study, panel data analysis revealed that an inverted U-shape relationship existed between the factors of farmland conversion and economic growth in China in the period 2000–2009. The turning point, whereby decreasing farmland conversion is able to occur alongside economic growth, was found to have occurred in 2008, the year when China's per capita GDP exceeded 3000 US dollars. Moreover, rural-urban migration was not found to be significant with respect to this relationship, while the industrial upgrading from secondary to tertiary industries was found to help reduce farmland conversion. The paper highlights the important role that market and governmental forces play in initiating the shift from extensive to intensive and highly efficient land-use patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We identify the land use problems while China is undergoing rapid urbanization. [•] We interpret and assess five land use policies of Chinese current implementation. [•] There is still lacking an overall land use policy framework in China. [•] Chinese future land use strategy and policy system were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has excellent properties and has been widely used in various fields. However, the PTFE surfaces have relatively poor wettability and adhesive property, which restrains their widespread applications. Although atmospheric-pressure plasma jets have been employed to treat the PTFE surfaces, hydrophilization effect and processing efficiency still need to be further improved. In this paper, we propose to add ammonia water into the working gas of the atmospheric-pressure plasma jets to better modify the PTFE surfaces. The influences of ammonia water contents on surface wettability and adhesive property of the PTFE surfaces were investigated by water contact angle (WCA) measurement and peel strength experiments, respectively. When the ammonia water-mixed ratio was 1%, a WCA of ∼19° was obtained after 120 s plasma treatment, which was much lower than that treated by pure helium plasma jet (∼29°) and untreated surface (∼101°). In addition, the adhesive property was also well improved by the ammonia water-mixed plasma jets: peel strength of the sample treated by the ammonia water-mixed plasma jet was respectively 119 N/m and 446 N/m larger than that of the sample treated by pure helium plasma jet and the untreated sample. • Ammonia water is added into working gas of plasma jets to better modify PTFE. • The ammonia-mixed plasma jets show much better hydrophilization effect than others. • Water contact angle decreases from ∼101° to ∼19° after 120s plasma treatment. • Peel strength with epoxy glue is improved by 431% after the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. However, rural areas lag behind cities, leading to increased urban-rural economic disparities. As China's traditional agricultural zone, the "Three Mountains and One Beach"(TMOB) area is the collective name for the four concentrated poverty areas in Henan Province, including Dabie Mountain, Funiu Mountain, Taihang Mountain and Yellow River Beach Area. In 2014, nearly 4 million people lived under China's poverty line. Poverty is a manifestation of rural system decline and the result of uncoordinated development. This study constructed a theoretical analysis framework for regional rural poverty formation and rural development. Then, a case study was developed in the TMOB area to identify key constraints on rural development and discuss development strategies for different types of poverty-stricken rural areas. The results show that key constraints to rural development in the case area are rapid labour loss, weak urban driving force, lagging infrastructure and public services, a single industrial structure, and poor economic foundation. Four types of constraints on rural development are drawn: natural resource-constrained type, industry-constrained type, infrastructure-constrained type, and human resource-constrained type. Poverty-stricken rural areas should implement policies according to their constraint types and adopt function-oriented poverty reduction and development strategies. • A theoretical analysis framework for rural poverty formation and development was established. • Constraints of rural development in the study area are multifaceted, including labour, economy, and infrastructure. • Rural areas in the impoverished region of Henan can be summarized into four types according to their constraints. • The specific development direction and model for different rural types are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]