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Concrete has been commonly employed in building facilities such as dam foundations, but few scholars pay attention to the effects of high-humidity environments on the interfacial failure properties between rock and concrete. In this study, a new efficient convolutional neural network (CNN)-based method for the identification of concrete-rock interfacial transaction zone (ITZ) was proposed, and the shear strength variation of the concrete-rock ITZ affected by water content was systematically studied. Scanning electron microscope images were utilized for image recognition to elucidate the reasons behind the effect of moisture content on interfacial strength. The results show that the shear strength of the concrete-rock ITZ first increases and then decreases with prolonged soaking time. Moreover, at a microscopic level, it can be observed that the thickness of the concrete-rock ITZ decreases as the soaking time increases; however, over-soaking leads to the deterioration of the transition zone with powder agglomeration and increased cracking. The CNN image recognition has considerable prospects in the field of the concrete-rock ITZ, allowing for the incorporation of additional functionalities in the future. • A new efficient convolutional neural network based method for the identification of concrete-rock interfacial transaction zone was proposed. • The shear strength evolution law of concrete rock interface was explored by using the shear test. • The research confirms the capability and potential of CNN in concrete image recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Viscosity and density largely deviate from ideality. • Four main clusters identified by vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations. • DLS and SEM imaging reveal the existence of larger agglomerates. • A chain-like and a starred morphologies were identified and characterized. • The chain-like morphology is mainly responsible for the properties at their maxima. Some nano- or micro-sized agglomerates with different morphologies in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water binary system at different molar fractions were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) for the first time. Four fundamental clusters with the composition of [(DMSO) 2 ], [(DMSO) 3 ], [(DMSO) 2 ∙ H 2 O] and [(DMSO) 3 ∙ H 2 O] were identified through the combination of quantum mechanical calculations and vibrational spectroscopy. These clusters act as seeds for the growth of agglomerates both in pure DMSO and in DMSO-water binary mixtures. According to SEM images, the morphology of the agglomerates varies with the molar fraction, wherein two main kinds were observed, viz. one growing from the center and spreading out to the surrounding, and the other growing into a chain-like structure. Inter-cluster and/or inter-agglomerate interactions are responsible for the molar fraction dependence of density, viscosity and other related thermodynamic properties. The present work is the first to study the morphology of agglomerates in the DMSO-water binary system and the first to propose the essential roles played by four dominant clusters in the agglomerating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) of spent radioactive ion exchange resins (IER) is one of many critical problems facing developing nuclear industries all over the world. Immobilization technology using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as an inert matrix, has been widely applied for the solidification/stabilization of spent ion exchange resin. In this study incorporation of simulated IER into cement matrix and characterization of the final solid waste form (FWF) had been searched practically in laboratory scale experiments. Factors that can affect the properties of the FWF including the water/cement (w/c) ratios and the resin concentration were studied systematically. Mechanical integrities, thermal analysis, and mass loss during hardening and curing for 28 days were evaluated for FWF hard blocks. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) examinations were performed to investigate the internal architecture of the FWF. Moreover, the heat of cement hydration reactions was recorded during the IER solidification process. Based on the experimental results obtained, it is worth to state that according to its acceptable characteristics and advantages of cement as an inert matrix, it can be suggested safely for the immobilization of untreated spent radioactive ion exchange resins. • Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) of spent radioactive ion exchange resins. • Solidification technology by using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). • The heat of cement hydration reactions during the solidification process. • Mechanical integrities, thermal analysis and mass loss during of solidified blocks. • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand-sized quartz grains selected from sediments of a Pleistocene inland dune (eastern Poland) were subjected to a series of laboratory analyses, including grain-size distribution, morphoscopy analysis, microtextural analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanostructural analysis using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate the presence of a crust on the surface of all of the studied quartz grains and a surprisingly low number of aeolian-induced mechanical microtextures. The TEM examination identifies illite-smectite assemblages as the main component of the crust, accompanied by amorphous silica, local accumulation of Fe, K, Ca, Mg oxides, and mineral particles (quartz, K-feldspar, chlorite). The thickness of the crust reaches approx. 0.1–0.2 μm and varies from the minimum on micro-protrusions up to the maximum in micro-cavities. Here, we present a new theory on the origin of the crust observed on the surface of cold-climate aeolian quartz grains. We postulate that the crust is formed within a near-surface saltation layer during active aeolian transport of sand-sized grains and clay-sized particles operating under cold-climate conditions. The development of abrasion features and the formation of the crust are interpreted here to occur simultaneously and continuously during the aeolian transport. The formation of the crust results from specific properties of aeolian transport (i.e. self-induced electrification and electrification mechanisms of quartz grains) and the quartz grains themselves (i.e. grain shape and surface microtopography). • Micro- and nano-scale microscopic analyses of cold-climate aeolian quartz grains • The formation of the crust during aeolian transport under cold-climate conditions • The formation of the crust within a near-surface saltation layer • The influence of self-induced aeolian electrification on the formation of the crust • The influence of grain shape and microtopography on the formation of the crust [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgMoO 4 with hexagonal particles were prepared by combining high energy ball milling with heat treatment technique. The influence of the mechanochemical activation/heat-treatment on the phase, structural and morphology transformation were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle size distribution (PSD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Optical properties of the final product were studied by UV–Vis and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Mechanochemical activation of the initial oxides for 10 h ball milling leads to a full amorphization of MoO 3, only. The heat-treatment at different temperatures after 10 h milling time results to the phase formation of MgMoO 4. The reaction started at 400 °C for 5 h and completed at 800 °C for 5 h. The calculated energy band gap value as prepared MgMoO 4 is 2.03 eV and exhibits photoluminescence emission above 600 nm. The CIE chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.53 and y = 0.43) were found to lie in the orange region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a major revision of the Sartan ice sheet limits, Velichko et al.'s (2011) view of northwestern Siberia as a cold arid desert during MIS 2 (27.8–11.7 ka) has been prominent in regional scholarship. Our article presents the analysis of a series of sandy sediments associated with MIS 2 polygonal ice-wedge pseudomorphs (PIWPs) located in the Lower Nadym, the Middle Nadym, and the Siberian Uvals regions. Whereas Velichko et al.'s cold desert hypothesis was based on optical morphoscopy, our research relied on the scanning electron microscope technology (in conjunction with sedimentological, soils, and radiocarbon data). Our morphoscopic analysis of three wedge fill – host sediment pairs suggests that none of the MIS 2 surface sediments can be unequivocally associated with desert dune environments, but instead resemble alluvial deposits that have been moderately to substantially reworked by aeolian and cryogenic (freeze-thaw) processes. While the environmental characteristics varied between different sub-regions, northwestern Siberia likely resembled a sparsely vegetated tundra during MIS 2. AMS radiocarbon dates obtained from the organic matter of paleosols discovered inside of PIWPs indicate that the climate warming in northwestern Siberia began around 13.5–13 ka cal BP (end of MIS 2). This climatic shift was associated with a more pronounced warm season, as evidenced by the surface sediments experiencing more intensified freeze-thaw cycles in all of the examined locations. Judging from our analysis of sandy deposits, aeolian activity intensified in the Siberian Uvals in the middle MIS 2, compared to early MIS 2. Aeolian activity also intensified in the Middle Nadym in the second part of MIS 2, compared to the first part of MIS 2. Besides the intensified freeze-thaw processes at the end of MIS 2, surface deposits of the Lower Nadym region remained relatively stable throughout the Sartan cryochron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing in the construction sector is a promising, sustainable approach with the potential to build energy-efficient buildings. However, there is a lack of studies on the thermal properties of 3D-printed structures, which are fundamental to their energy efficiency. This study investigates the impact of printing parameters on thermal conductivity and defect development in 3D-printed concrete structures. Heat flow meter, scanning electron microscope and infrared imaging techniques were employed to assess the thermal properties and microstructure of 3D-printed samples. The results demonstrate that printing parameters significantly influence the porosity, void formation, and microstructural characteristics of 3D-printed concrete, ultimately affecting thermal properties. An increase in extrusion rate leads to higher thermal conductivity, whereas an increase in speed and standoff distance reduces thermal conductivity. Excessive spacing between printed lines can induce voids and gaps, contributing to lower thermal conductivity, while minimal spacing can promote higher porosity and larger pores. Infrared imaging revealed nonuniform thermal distribution in 3D-printed structures caused by the layered structure and voids in interlayer gaps. This study provides valuable insights for designing and constructing energy-efficient 3D-printed buildings, contributing to the development of sustainable building practices and the advancement of additive manufacturing in construction. [Display omitted] • The printing process significantly affects the thermal properties of 3D-printed concrete structures. • Increase in printing speed, nozzle standoff distance decreases thermal conductivity. • An increase in extrusion rate increases thermal conductivity. • Thermal defects can be caused by the printing process. • 3D printed structures have nonuniform heat transfer with specific pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the structure, physical properties, and antifungal activity of ZnTe single-layer, ZnTe/Cu/ZnTe (ZCZ), and ZnTe/Ag/ZnTe (ZAZ) multilayer films. The ZAZ multilayer had the greatest antifungal efficacy, with ZCZ and ZnTe following in descending order of effectiveness. We observed that ZCZ had a MIC of 0.30 mol/ML and that ZAZ had a MIC of 20 mol/L. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test confirmed a cubic crystal structure for all films, indicating that the crystals were mainly arranged along the (111) plane. For ZnTe films, the average size of crystallites was estimated to be roughly 15 nm, while for ZAZ and ZCZ films, it remained relatively constant at around 14.2 nm and 14.1 nm, respectively. We determined the particle size of ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ImageJ analysis. The obtained sizes were 98 nm, 200 nm, and 81 nm for ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ, respectively. We used Swanepoel method and the Cauchy equation to determine the refractive index (n), film thickness (d), and refractive index as a function of wavelength. We used the Tauc equation to find that the optical band gaps (E g) of the films were 1.67 eV for ZnTe, 1.5 eV for ZCZ, and 1.55 eV for ZAZ. We analyzed six new frequency bands found through FTIR analysis. These bands showed important information about the chemical structure of the films. [Display omitted] • ZAZ films have superior antifungal activity. • The Ag middle layer boosts ZAZ composite efficacy. • Enhanced understanding of ZnTe multilayer's antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M-type Hexa-ferrites powders of chemical composition Ba 0.5 Sr 0.1 Zn 0.4 Fe 12 O 19 was prepared by the use of the co-precipitation technique. The heat treatment of this ferrite composition was done at various temperatures (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C) for 6 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of all the prepared powder samples confirmed the emergence of a hexagonal structure. The high-intensity peaks of the samples were indexed and showed a single phase. The size of crystallite was obtained within the range of 21–42 nm. The surface morphology was carried out with a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The grain size showed the hexagonal shape, and average grain sizes were in the range of ~ 211 nm. Spectral information was found using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm the phase of M-type hexaferrite. The dielectric parameters were measured within the high-frequency range of 5 MHz - 3 GHz. The dielectric constant was increased with an increase in temperature. The dielectric studies were found by the establishment of space charge polarization as per the two-layer model provided by Maxwell-Wagner and the study of phenomena of Koop's theory. The magnetic characteristics including coercivity (HcB) and retentivity (Br) were measured from BH/JH hysteresis loops. The enhancement of coercivity was observed from 1.23 × 10+3 Oe to 1.50 × 10+3 Oe, while the retentivity increased from 1.334 × 10+3 G to 1.598 × 10+3 G with an increase in temperature. Outstanding properties of synthesized materials suggested their use in large-frequency applications, including recording media and permanent magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell deformation often occurs during sample preparation and imaging with scanning electron microscope (SEM), especially with delicate samples, which influences the accuracy of the results. Here we investigate the influence of several preparation methods on cell deformation, using water content and tissue hardness as indicators to classify "delicate" samples of plant species. The degree of deformation in samples resulting from five preparation methods was measured at the tissue and single-cell levels, revealing that a cryo- and methanol-fixation produced lower degrees of tissue dimension deformation and better preservation of cell shape for delicate samples, while for harder tissues, other preparation methods for a dehydrated specimen are also suitable. Stability and image quality of delicate samples could be improved with the application of a cryo-protectant combined with a lower cryo-stage temperature, e.g. − 30 °C. We show that the sample stability under the beam was improved by combining larger sample size and cryo-stage application. Furthermore, the influence of adaxial and abaxial tissue surfaces, the accelerating voltage, and sputter coating time on sample stability and image quality was evaluated. Our study is valuable for artifact reduction and easy application of SEM. • Deformation in samples resulting from five preparation methods was measured at the tissue and single-cell levels. • A cryo- and methanol-fixation led to a lower degree of deformation and better preservation of the delicate tissue surface. • Stability and image quality of delicate samples could be improved with the application of a cryo-protectant. • Our study is valuable for artifact reduction and easy application of SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this in-vitro study was to investigate the influence of the measuring devices (mechanical and optical) on the surface values R a /S a and R z /S z of different materials and machined surfaces. Mechanical (contact profilometry (CP) : Perthometer S6P, Perthen Mahr, G) and optical (scanning electron microscope (SEM) : Phenom, FEI, NL; confocal 3D laser scanning microscope (CLSM) : VK-100, Keyence, J) measuring devices were used to determine the surface roughness R a /S a and R z /S z. Glass-ceramic (Empress, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL), zirconia (Cercon HT, Dentsply, D), composite (Grandio, Voco, D), denture base material (Palapress, Kulzer, D) and titanium (grade 4) were investigated (n = 10 measurements) after surface finishing: sandblasting (Al 2 O 3 ; 250 μm), diamond treatment (80 μm; wet), sandblasting (Al 2 O 3 ; 50 μm), and polishing (grit of 4000; wet; Tegramin-25, Struers, D). Statistics: Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Surface characteristics R a /S a and R z /S z , which were detected with mechanical and optical measuring devices on different materials and surface finishing, showed significant (p ≤ 0.001, ANOVA) differences. Significant (p ≤ 0.045, Bonferroni) differences between CP, SEM and CLSM (line; area) were found, mainly for R a /S a. The surface roughness on different dental materials and differently machined surfaces were influenced by the individual mechanical and optical measuring devices. Optical methods measure a significantly higher roughness value for all materials and surface finishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphogypsum (PG), bauxite residue (BR), and fly ash (FA) are all by-products of different industries. This study presents the development of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) using industrial by-products like PG, BR, and FA. Therefore, the prime aim of this study is to analyze the mechanical and durability properties of the developed AAC. It is noteworthy to mention that the PG is replaced with FA at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% for a constant BR ratio. Subsequently, the results reveal that the optimum mix composition of the AAC is 20% BR, 20% FA and 60% PG (P6), resulting in a maximum compressive strength of 54.74 MPa. Additionally, water absorption, sorptivity tests, and the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) have been performed to assess the durability of the AAC, and P6 has exhibited the best resistance to the environment. Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) test have been carried out to study the micro-characterization of the AAC. The fundamental parameters of the AAC are calcium alumino silicates hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) gel and sodium alumino silicates hydrate gel (N-A-S-H) gel, which play a crucial role in the development of the strength and durability of the AAC. Further, the leaching characteristics of the AAC show that all heavy metals are well solidified during the gel formation. Synergistically developed AAC can be used in construction applications such as foundations, pavements, and building materials as a substation of conventional cement concrete. [Display omitted] • This study focuses on the development of AAC using industrial by-products. • The research highest strength is achieved at 60% PG, 20% BR, and 20% FA. • SEM and XRD results confirm the formation of C-A-S-H and N-A-S-H gels. • Leaching test ensures its minimal impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the long-term working performance of recycled concrete (RC) members, there is a need to compensate for the performance deficiencies of RC. In this study, the mechanical properties of RC were improved by two different modification methods, and the reinforcement effects of RC modified by Silane Coupling Agent (KH560)/Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and RC modified by EVA alone were compared and analyzed. The effects of separate modification and co-modification on RC were analyzed through multi-scale methods in terms of macro-mechanical properties, microstructure, chemical composition and molecular mechanism, respectively. The results of macroscopic mechanical experiments showed that the compressive and shear strength of EVA/KH560 synergistic modification is higher than that of EVA alone. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data showed that the surface density of the old and new concrete interfaces was higher under EVA/KH560 co-modification. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data showed that more cement gel will be produced under EVA/KH560 synergistic modification. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that EVA single modification can produce hydrogen and ionic bonds at the interface of old and new concrete, while EVA/KH560 synergistic modification not only produces them, but also forms a stable Si-O-Si chemical bond. [Display omitted] • Compared with EVA modification, EVA/KH560 synergistic modification has better effect. • EVA/KH560 produces a large number of reticulated cement gel at the weak interface. • The stable Si KH560 -O KH560 -Si CSH is formed between KH560 and cement. • EVA/KH560 enhance the interfacial adhesion by the stable hydrogen and chemical bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to establish an appropriate conservation method to reduce the deterioration of leather-made artifact and extend its lifetime. The restoration and consolidation of historic leather have always been a challenge for conservators. This paper discussed the new conservation treatment by applying skin collagen hydrolysate as the consolidation material while glutaraldehyde and tannin as cross-linking agents onto the degraded leather. The fresh leather samples were artificially aged to simulate the deterioration of historical leather. Then the simulated samples were treated with the skin collagen hydrolysate and cross linked by glutaraldehyde and tannin to improve the collagen fiber structures and thermal stability. The analytical approaches combining Ultra-depth three-dimensional Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were undertaken to identify the significant differences of the collagen fiber structures and thermal stability between untreated and treated leather samples. The results indicated that the thermal stability and the fibers cohesion of the treated sample were improved. It overall confirmed the use of the skin collagen hydrolysate isan effective consolidation strategy for the degraded leather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analytical and experimental investigations on different factors such as surface integrity, flexural strength and grinding energy and cost of Alumina through the use of various diamond grinding wheels. For obtaining the analytical model for single-grit grinding, the effect of strain rate and grinding temperature are also included in the formulation. Moreover, the experimental tests are conducted with four different diamond grinding wheels to grind Alumina blocks. The applied force during grinding is measured. Then, the other important parameters, including surface roughness, wheel wear, and grinding cost are analyzed. According to the obtained results, a good agreement between the experimental and analytical results were achieved in all cases. Furthermore, it was found that controlling the grinding condition would be resulted in 11% reduction in the subsurface damages (SSD) according to the images of Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results at the distance of 150 μm under the ground surface. A converging improvement trend of the surface integrity and flexural strength was also observed. Also, approximately 29% improvement was attained for the flexural strength in optimum condition. In addition, the optimal condition for grinding was determined, in which 66% decrease in surface roughness and 75% decrease in grinding cost were accomplished. Image 1 • Grinding process effects on the surface integrity of the Alumina ceramic is investigated analytically and experimentally. • The analytical model of the single grit grinding was developed considering the strain rate and the grinding temperature. • SEM images of the ground surface indicated more than 11% improvement in the SSD at 150 μm beneath the ground surface. • Nearly 29% improvement for the flexural strength, 66% in surface roughness and 75% in grinding cost were attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel primary cell based on graphene and Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as embedded materials have been developed with Al/Al 2 O 3 /Activated carbon (AC) as a matrix. The performances of the cells are quite interesting evidenced by the results of electrochemical studies. There is no formation of dendrite growth of Al which is demonstrated through TEM and SEM studies. The longer life of the cell is acclaimed due to the formation of the flake-like structure of graphene and resistivity towards the crystallinity of graphene layers. The corrosion resistance of Al/Al 2 O 3 and graphene intercalated systems is found high. The resultant graphene-based cell exhibited 1.68 V and assembly of each of 2 such cells yielded 3.36 V which is equivalent to Li-Ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon nitride–titanium nitride (Si 3 N 4 –TiN) ceramic composite was machined by wire-electro discharge machining (WEDM) to characterize the surface integrity and to investigate its effect on fatigue performance. Dry sliding wear behaviour of Si 3 N 4 –TiN sliding against EN32 steel was also tested. The polished and machined surfaces were examined for finding the hardness. The wire-EDM cut surface was examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) for obtaining its microstructure. The wire-EDM of silicon nitride–titanium nitride produced a rough recast surface with different types of defects like micro-cracks, micro-pores, globules, droplets and surface craters. The material deposition to work specimen after machining was scrutinized by EDAX composition analyzer. The polished surface and wire-EDM cut surface were examined for determining the fatigue performance and it was observed that a deficiency of 25–35% in fatigue life in wire-EDM cut surface than that of the polished surface. Also, the wire-EDM cut surface exerts very high tensile residual stress compared to the polished surface. From the results, it is evident that the polished surface exhibits better surface finish and fatigue life, higher wear resistance and micro-hardness than that of the machined surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) thin films have been synthesized over Si (100) substrate using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process under N 2 gas flow rate to study the suitability of CVD for the growth of TiCN coating over machine tools. The morphological, structural, corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of the coatings have been characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), corrosion test and Nano-indentation. SEM images revealed a smoother morphology of the TiCN coating surface without any pores. The AFM results revealed an increase in surface roughness from 40.88 nm to 48.25 nm. The particle size of TiCN thin film also found to be increasing with a higher N 2 flow rate. The XRD peaks of TiCN were observed in the range of 37°-38°. 44°-44.5° and 61°- 62° attributed to (111), (200) and (220) crystal plane. The XRD results also confirmed the presence of stress in the coatings. The polarization test indicates a reduction of corrosion resistance with a higher N 2 gas flow rate. The mechanical properties investigated by the nano-indentation method indicated an increase in Hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) of the coating with a higher N 2 flow rate. The maximum H and E of the coatings were observed as 27.85 GPa and 486.22 GPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LiAlSiO 4 :Ce3+ (0–11 mol%) nanocomposites are synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using aloe vera gel as a fuel. The prepared samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to know the crystallite size, optical energy band gap by Kubelka-Munk (K-M) plot and surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental confirmation. The stretching frequency of all nanocomposites is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The Raman spectroscopy provides a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics showed that the prepared samples obey Ohm's law. DC conductivity is studied for temperature ranging from 30 - 450 οC and activation energy is calculated by Arrhenius plot. Further, the present method was reliable, environmental friendly and alternative to economical routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome of chloride anions on the performance of localized attack of electroplated steel alloy 4130 with Ni, Cu, and Cd immersed in a solution containing weight by volume 3.5% sodium chloride was simulated. The electrochemical techniques were fitted to follow the commencement and dissemination of the realization of pits. Based on the gotten results from, the Ni-coated coupon shows the paramount pitting corrosion inhibition effect. The Cu and Cd-coated showed moderate inhibition for pitting corrosion. The tested trials were handled by characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) prior to and after exposure to the saline medium. The electrochemical techniques and surface characterization proved that the topmost fight for pit decomposition is achieved by Ni-coated sample. The dose of chloride anions on the covered sample was appraised as a meaning of the inhibition efficiency. The coated samples are displayed an inhibitions efficiency of about 90.2%, 89.6% and 52.2% for Ni, Cu, and Cd respectively. In the case of the copper-coated sample, the surface characterization shows corrosion products and detected the devastation of the surface as an outcome of general corrosion. The cadmium coated sample exhibited a huge number of pits. Using the scanning electron microscope, Micrograph shows high stability and perfectly distributed coat of nickel layer. In the case of copper and cadmium coated sample, the results indicate that there are moderate resistances against pitting corrosion. Results from all electrochemical measurements are in matching synchronization. The greater confrontation of localized deterioration is noticeably witnessed for the electroplated sample by nickel metal. We concluded that the best-coated sample is preserved to the nickel metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure of coal determines its mechanical behaviors under various loading conditions. In this study, DEM models were proposed based on the grain-scale reconstructed coal structure. The obtained SEM images were digitalized and converted to the binary digital images, and then introduced to build DEM numerical models reflecting the different microstructure characteristics of the coal. Finally, numerical simulation of biaxial compression were performed on each coal sample model. The results showed that different coal samples have different damage patterns under biaxial compression depending on their unique microstructural features. The initiation and propagation of tensile cracks are the main factors for the deformation and failure of coal samples. Near the peak strength of the axial stress, the average contact force between particles is the largest and the crack propagation speed is the fastest. In addition, high confining pressure and loading rate will promote the deformation and failure of coal samples. Unlabelled Image • Grain-scale rock structure reconstruction based on SEM images. • Micro-scale rock deformation and failure behavior simulations. • Characterization of the failure modes with the SEM-DEM coupled rock model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main by-products of the steel production is blast furnace slag (BFS). Self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures were produced, in which, the cement was partially replaced by BFS and fly ash (FA). Three different BFS ratios and three different FA ratios were used at 0.35 w/b ratio. SCC mixes were tested in its fresh state for flowability, passing ability and segregation resistance. In the hardened state, these mixes were examined for compression strength, splitting tensile strength, pore structure by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and heat of hydration was measured. The results concluded that, FA and BFS enhance the heat of hydration and durability properties of concrete leading to environmentally friendly concrete mixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have modulated the structural, morphological, optical and thermoelectric properties of CZTS thin films (TFs) by controlling the concentration of tin atoms. The CZTS TFs were grown by simple chemical solution method by changing tin mole concentration from 0.5 mM to 2.0 mM (labeled as T1, T2, T3 and T4). XRD data have revealed the formation of best crystalline CZTS TF at 1.5 mM tin concentration because tin (Sn+4) atoms are placed its own lattice sites therefore achieved the best crystal quality of CZTS. Furthermore, the phase purity of CZTS TF was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The lattice vibration of CZTS TF were observed at 329 and 334 cm−1 with A 1g mode and 367 cm−1 with B(TO) mode. The strongest Raman CZTS vibrational mode was observed for sample T3 which supported our XRD data. SEM images demonstrated that the surface of grown CZTS thin films became smoother with increasing the mole concentration of tin atoms up to 1.5 mM because the density of CuS grains has minimum value for this sample. The optimum band gap of T1, T2, T3 and T4 samples was estimated to 2.23, 2.15, 1.91 and 1.82 eV respectively which also confirmed that sample T3 has band gap value very close to reported value. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and power factor values were enhanced from (243–762 μV/°C), (21–152 S/cm) and (1.24 × 10−4- 8.82 × 10−2Wm−1K−2) with increasing the mole concentration of tin (0.5–1.5 mM) at measurement temperature 100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM affects many body's organs and caused by insulin production deficiency or by the ineffectiveness of the produced insulin. Administration of exogenous insulin is required for management of type I DM; however, it does not cure the disease. Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been highlighted to offer a novel cell based approach for treatment of diabetes because of their anti-diabetic effect, direct differentiation into a variety of cell types, or release of paracrine factors. To examine the effect of BM-MSCs versus insulin on true filiform and fungiform papillae of diabetic rats. Fifty six male Wistar albino rats weighing 200–250 g were equally divided into: Control group (Gp I): Rats did not receive any drug. Diabetic group (Gp II): Rats received a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). BM-MSCs treated diabetic group (Gp III): After DM confirmation; rats received a single intravenous injection of BM-MSCs (million units) through tail vein. Insulin treated diabetic group (Gp IV): After DM confirmation; rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of insulin (5IU/kg). After four weeks, half of the tongue specimens were processed and stained by Hematoxyline & Eosin and Anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Anti-PCNA) then examined by light microscope. Fluorescent microscope was used to detect homing of injected labeled BM-MSCs in rats' filiform and fungiform papillae. While the other half were examined by scanning electron microscope. True filiform and fungiform papillae of Gp II showed significant histological and morphological alterations. In treated groups, Gp III and Gp IV, both papillae showed marked improvements, being more noticeable in Gp IV. There was a significant increase in the number of Anti-PCNA positive cells and a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level in Gp III and Gp IV in comparison to Gp II. DM had degenerative effects on true filiform and fungiform papillae. Administration of BM-MSCs reduced the deleterious effects of DM on both papillae. Insulin injection caused more obvious improvements in both papillae of diabetic rats than BM-MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak and spread of the new coronavirus epidemic has caused a large number of using masks, which leads to a huge amount of discarded masks that may have serious effects on the ecological environment. To further verify the feasibility of the discarded masks for soil reinforcement and quantify its reinforcing effects, the tensile property tests of masks, the triaxial tests of mask fiber reinforced soil and the scanning electron microscope tests were carried out. The test results showed that the tensile strength of the discarded mask was about 15% lower than that of the new mask. Mask fiber reinforcement could improve the shear strength of clay and effectively restrain the bulging deformation of the soil specimen. At the optimum fiber content of 0.1%, the peak deviatoric stress was increased by around 20%. The reinforcing effect of discarded mask fibers for the same type of soil reached approximately 85% of that reinforced by polypropylene fibers. At a certain fiber content, the shear strength of the soil specimen was relatively high when the water content was low. The soil specimen showed a characteristic of brittle failure. With increasing water content, the shear strength of the soil specimen decreased and the plasticity gradually increased. It could be seen from the SEM images that the bonding and friction between the fibers and soil particles as well as the constraint behavior caused by the fiber webs were the main reasons for the strength improvement of the soil specimens. However, the reinforcing effect of polypropylene fiber was better because of its uniform distribution in the soil. The investigation results of this study can provide guidance for the application of discarded masks in geotechnical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on the in-situ SEM experiment, the full fracture process and mesoscale crack propagation mode of Beishan granite were discussed in detail. • The fracture morphology characteristics of Beishan granite were deeply investigated, and two trans -granular mechanisms were proposed. • The effect of different grain size heterogeneity on strength and deformation behavior of granite was quantitatively investigated by using PFC-GBM. • The fractal theory was used to quantitatively characterize the evolution of cracks. Research on crack evolution mechanism and failure pattern of Beishan granite is vital for evaluation of the engineering stability of disposal repository. The mechanical properties, especially the strong heterogeneity, significantly affect the cracking behavior of granite. To investigate the fracture behavior of heterogeneous granite, mesoscopic three-point bending tests were conducted on Beishan granite using an in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a loading device, and the entire cracking process was observed in real time. Additionally, the effect of grain size heterogeneity on strength and deformation behavior of granite was quantitatively investigated by introducing a statistically defined heterogeneity index into the grain-based model in two-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC-GBM), and the crack development was characterized through fractal theory. The results demonstrated that fracture mechanism of granite is mainly tensile and shear failure, and the fracture surface of tensile failure is rough and irregular, which is mainly caused by the tearing between various mineral crystals, whereas the fracture surface of shear failure is relatively smooth, which is mainly caused by the dislocation and slip between minerals. The crack edge can be regarded as the damage zone, and the development of the main crack is promoted by the continuous generation and combination of micro-damage at the crack tip. The crack propagation path from a mesoscale perspective is a process of continuous crack orientation, which depends on the competition mechanism between mineral properties and maximum tensile stress. Generally, the granite strength tends to increase with the increase of heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper doped nickel oxide (NiO:Cu) thin films were synthesized via electrodeposition technique. X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, UV–visible spectroscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer techniques and electrochemical analysis were utilized for the study of the structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and cyclic voltammogram properties respectively of both undoped and doped NiO thin films. The crystallographic studies of the undoped and doped NiO thin films showed that they are polycrystalline with cubic structure. Surface morphology of both the undoped and doped thin films showed nanocrystalline grains with spherical shaped particles. The optical studies showed a decrease in band gap energy from 3.34 eV to 3.32 eV and finally to 3.20 eV for the undoped, 2% and 3% respectively. The refractive index peaked between 2.60 and 2.65 while the calculated extinction coefficient values of the doped thin films have significant variation in the visible and NIR range. The studies of magnetization saturation values were found to be 1.52E-4 and 2.29E-4 for 2% and 3% doped respectively with low remanence values. Electrochemical studies revealed good cyclic voltammograms of the deposited films. These values indicate that the electrodeposited Cu doped NiO thin films are good candidates for magnetic applications. Image 1 • Copper doped NiO thin films were synthesized by electrodeposition method. • X-ray diffraction analysis shows strong reflection with preferential plane orientation of (222). • Optical measurement shows a decrease in energy bandgap of NiO upon doped with copper. • Magnetic measurements show ferromagnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin 130Te target foils of thickness 139– 260 μ g /cm 2 have been prepared on 12C backing using resistive evaporation technique for sub-barrier fusion studies in heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions. The deposition thickness of both 12C and 130Te has been measured using profilometer, and the thickness of a few target foils has been measured using α -transmission method. Target foils fabricated in the present work have been characterized using the Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) for impurity and to estimate the thickness. 130Te is known to be brittle with the low melting point, and it quickly degrades if bombarded with energetic heavy-ion beams. In the present work, 130Te target foils fabricated on carbon backing were bombarded with 70 MeV 32S and 114–155 MeV 35 , 37 Cl beams to vet the stability of the targets. It has been observed that 130Te target foils fabricated on 12C backing survived the bombardment with energetic 32S, and 35 , 37 Cl beams without any degradation for the entire duration of sub-barrier fusion measurement at different energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion protection mechanism of IMFC epoxy composite coating on the carbon steel surface against the failure occurred in case of conventional epoxy. • Fabricated IMFC particles were obtained as a modifier for internal lining epoxy coating. • FTIR spectra manifested the composite constitution of IMFC particles. • Tafel plots and EIS were established to study the electrochemical behavior of the IMFC coated steel films. • SEM and EDX images affirmed the protective effect of the IMFC coated steel films in formation water. Currently, construction of composite coating is considered a vital pattern for corrosion protection of steel petroleum internal lining applications. For supporting this concept, the potential of incorporating various loading levels of fabricated FeTiO 3 (ilmenite)/melamine formaldehyde composite (IMFC) particles on the corrosion mitigation behavior and chemical resistance of the epoxy coating was investigated. Micro-sized FeTiO 3 natural pigment particles were obtained by a direct solid-phase milling process as a bi-functional modifier. Characterizations for the micro-sized FeTiO 3 grains were clarified using scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. The electrochemical behavior of epoxy coated films against blank carbon steel surface in high salinity formation water has been examined by using both potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Cure durability and water resistance tests were performed according to standard protocols to confirm the chemical resistance property of the modified coating. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX) analysis were performed to investigate the corrosion protection performance of the surface modified IMFC epoxy coated film compared to the unmodified conventional coating on the C-steel substrate in high salinity formation water solution. The results of this study boosted the prominent corrosion mitigation behavior of the considered modified epoxy composite coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospinning derived nanostructured CeO 2 and ZnO CeO 2 composite fibers have been successfully fabricated, followed by a subsequent heat-treatment. X-ray line profile analysis is applied to the X-ray diffraction data collection for determination of microstructure parameters both area -and volume-averaged apparent crystallites size based on spherical crystallites with lognormal size distribution. The surface morphologies of the prepared samples were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). To gain insight into the optical properties of the fabricated nanofibers, the UV–vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectrums were measured. The correlation between the structural and optical properties is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the growth of Zn 2 GeO 4 nano-crystals on Au coated Si substrate by thermal evaporation technique using vacuum tube furnace for thermoelectric power generation applications. The thermoelectric properties of nano-crystals were improved by generating the secondary phases in the grown samples using the post-growth annealing at various temperatures (600–900 °C). The low energy carriers filtered out at the interface of secondary phases and caused an enhancement in Seebeck coefficient and power factor. The emergence of secondary phases with annealing temperature was confirmed by various characterization techniques. XRD data suggested that samples annealed at 800 and 900 °C consisted of three extra secondary phases along with the phases related to Zn 2 GeO 4 , ZnO, Si and Au. Raman spectroscopy data demonstrated the presence of strong peak due to Si substrate for all samples but two weak peaks appeared at 375 and 800 cm−1 for samples annealed at 800 and 900 °C. The SEM images shows the presence of randomly oriented nano structures as annealing temperature increase up to 900 °C. The Hall measurements were also performed to strengthened our argument. • Growth of Zn2GeO4 nano-crystals by thermal evaporation. • Post growth annealing at various temperatures (600–900C). • The Seebeck coefficient and power factor increases with annealing temperature. • This enhancement related with emergence of secondary phases. • Raman, SEM, XRD and Hall data also justified our argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zn15Al coating has a better anti-corrosion ability than pure zinc coating. • Aluminum promotes the formation of simonkolleite on the coating surface. • Z n 6 A l 2 C O 3 (O H) 16 ⋅ 4 H 2 O (LDH) was found at the interface of the coating and substrate. The anti-corrosion performance of Zn and Zn15Al organic coating was investigated mainly by neutral salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy were applied to analyze the corrosion behavior of the coating during the test. The facilitated formation of protective corrosion product simonkolleite on the Zn15Al coating surface was observed. Also, layered double hydroxides (LDH) consisting of Zn2+ and Al3+ were detected at the interface of coating/steel substrate of Zn15Al. This LDH was believed to function as ion exchanger that prevents Cl− from contacting the steel substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spin coating technique has been utilized to deposit good adhesion successfully and highly uniform [DPP-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ], [DPPA-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] and [DPPA-Zn-MR(Cl)(H 2 O)] thin films. The fabricated film thicknesses ranged from 100 to 150 nm. The molecular structure characteristics of compounds have been investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and FAB-Mass spectroscopic. The structural and morphological properties of [DPP-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ], [DPPA-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] and [DPPA-Zn-MR(Cl)(H 2 O)] thin films were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. According to the density functional calculations (DFT) results, the interaction of the zinc complexes conforms to lose associations, the interaction energies for all complexes in the matrix. The bonding mechanism of the zinc complexes includes both σ-dative and π-back bonding components. The measured optical properties of [DPP-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ], [DPPA-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] and [DPPA-Zn-MR(Cl)(H 2 O)] thin films such as transmittance (T), absorbance (A) and reflectance (R) in UV-vis-NIR spectrum has been used to calculate optical features at room temperatures. The electrophilicity index (ω) of this zinc complexes are ≅ 10.86–13.84. These are significant interesting quantum chemical characteristics. The transparency of the complexes is within the range of ≅ 85–90% in the visible range. The optical band gap (E go) of [DPP-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ], [DPPA-Zn(Cl) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] and [DPPA-Zn-MR(Cl)(H 2 O)] thin films were estimated by DFT and they found to be 1.045, 0937 and 0.736 eV, respectively. The refractive index (n) and the single oscillator energy (E o) were discussed by the single oscillator Wemple–Didomenico (WD) model. The high accuracy of the novel zinc complexes along with its appropriate optical band gap enabled us to build an efficient visible-blind UV-photodetector, indicating its potential in optoelectronic applications. Image 1 • Synthesis of novel zinc complexes thin films by spin coating technique. • Characterization of these complexes by using XRD, SEM and DFT modeling. • n and E o discussed by the single oscillator Wemple–Didomenico (WD) model. • Novel zinc thin films can be used as optical switching, organic photovoltaics and solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Investigation of phase composition of pond ash modified mortar. • Utilization of Pond ash leads to an improved performance of cement mortar. • Pond ash replacement affects the strength positively with the SR40 and CR10. • With pond ash content in series-I, SiO2 content increased, leads to gain in strength. Abstract This study focused on the use of coal-based pond ash from Bhusawal thermal power plant (India) as a fine aggregate and cement replacement in cement mortar at a replacement percentage from 0% to 100%. Two series of cement mortar mixes were prepared. Experimental analysis based on properties of mortar such as compressive strength, flexural strength, workability, setting time, bulk densities by addition of pond ash in a mortar. Investigation on the physical properties of mortar incorporating pond ash through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (SEM-EDX) was also done to study microstructure analysis and to correlate these physical properties with mechanical properties of cement mortar. The presence of pond ash in series-I affects the strength positively with inclusion up to 40% replaced with sand in mortar series-I. With the increased content of pond ash replacement beyond 10% with cement, the strength of mortar seems to be reduced. The SEM results showed growth of dense crystalline plate-like structure and give evidence of portlandite leads to solidification of mortar mass when pond ash was replaced with sand in the mortar. The presence of portlandite through SEM represents the solidification and densification of mortar mass. The addition of pond ash leads to an increase in the amount of CSH gel in the mortar. This may be the reason for the improved performance of mortar up to certain level of replacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 20MO.55Bi 2 O 3.25B 2 O 3 (M = Sr, Ba) glasses have been prepared by conventional melt quenching method and t he Bi 24 B 2 O 39 (boron sillenite) crystalline phase by solid state reaction technique. The effect of variation in wt% of Bi 24 B 2 O 39 crystalline phase on 20SrO.55Bi 2 O 3.25B 2 O 3 (SBB) and 20BaO.55Bi 2 O 3.25B 2 O 3 (BBB) glasses has been investigated. The sintered density of the glass samples were characterized by Archimedes' method. The X-ray Diffraction method, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectra and FT- Raman spectra are used for structural investigations, whereas Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis is used for the microstructural study. The effect of the Bi 24 B 2 O 39 crystalline phase as filler in the glass network is confirmed from the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The dielectric properties of the selected samples, analyzed using an Impedance analyzer, show that the dielectric constant slightly increases with increase in the wt% of Bi24B2O39 crystalline phase on glasses and the BBB glasses show higher dielectric values than the SBB glasses. The glass ceramic composites show low sintering temperature (<650 °C), dielectric constant in the range 10–16 and dielectric loss of ~0.0069, suggesting that they can be used as promising candidates for Ultra Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Applications(ULTCC). Highlights • Effect of Bi 24 B 2 O 39 crystalline phase on 20MO.55Bi2O3.25B2O3 (M=Sr,Ba) glasses were investigated for the first time. • The sintering temperature of glass ceramic composites is <650 °C. • The dielectric constant of glass ceramic composites is in the range 10–16 and dielectric loss is ~0.0069. • These glass ceramic composites are promising candidates for ULTCC Applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) test was done on a pre-cracked single-edge notched tensile (SENT) specimen with oligocrystalline ferritic structure. Innovative in-situ hydrogen (H)- charging by plasma inside an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was adopted to directly observe the H influence on the FCG behavior of this material. Diverse in-situ and post-mortem characterization methods including secondary electron imaging, backscatter electron imaging, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) were used to investigate the material's behavior. It was observed that the crack growth rate was enhanced by about one magnitude when H was charged, in comparison with the reference test in vacuum (Vac). The FCG procedure was concluded as strongly associated with the plasticity evolution in the vicinity of the crack-tip. A simple model based on the restricted plasticity was proposed for the H-enhanced FCG behavior. A peculiar frequency dependency of the H-enhanced FCG behavior was observed at low loading frequencies (0.015 Hz–0.15 Hz): under the same in-situ H-charging condition, a lower frequency gave a slower crack growth rate and vice versa. This behavior was explained by the thermally activated dislocation motion correlated with the plasticity shielding effect during crack growth. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The spinel ferrites Mg 0.96 Pr 0.04 Fe 2 O 4 were synthesized by co-precipitate route. • The XRD data confirmed the incorporation of praseodymium in spinel nanoferrites. • The hysteresis loop discloses the ferromagnetic nature of Nano-composites. • The magnetic parameters like coercivity and saturation magnetization show variation with increase of ferrite additives. • Two Nano-composites FP1 = 25% and FP2 = 50% may be recommended for hyperthermia of cancer treatment. The spinel ferrites Mg 0.96 Pr 0.04 Fe 2 O 4 were synthesized by co-precipitate route. The in-situ polymerization technique is employed to prepare Polypyrrole. In present work, nanocomposites were manufactured by intermixing of Polypyrrole polymers and Mg-Pr-ferrites Mg 0.96 Pr 0.04 Fe 2 O 4. The nanocomposites were subjected to characterization techniques like XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope) and VSM (vibrating sample magneto-meter). The XRD data confirmed the incorporation of praseodymium in spinel nanoferrites. Non-homogeneous particle size distribution will be seen in SEM micrographs and core shell structure of prepared Nano-composites estimated. The hysteresis loop discloses the ferromagnetic nature of Nano-composites. The magnetic parameters like coercivity and saturation magnetization show variation with increase of ferrite additives. So, by controlling the amount of additives, one can acquire the desired properties. Two Nano-composites FP1 = 25% and FP2 = 50% may be recommended for hyperthermia of cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Scanning electron microscope of spherical crystal and ovoid spores with diameter in nm. Scale = 1 μm. Highlights • The Bti/t formulation containing chalk was more effective on storage compared to talc and bentonite. • Scanning electron microscope of Bti/t reveals spherical shaped crystals. • SDS- PAGE profile of the solubilized cell mass of the Bti/t isolate exhibited protein bands of 135, 65,and 27 kda respectively. Abstract A novel mosquito active strain, Bacillus thuringiensis (VCRC B474) sharing the antigens of 2 serotypes, namely israelensis & tochigiensis was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE. The spherical and ovoid crystals present in this strain was composed of major polypeptides the size of 28, 65, and 130 kDa respectively. The sporulated cell mass was formulated into water dispersible powder (WDP) formulations with different carrier materials and checked for activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae at monthly intervals for up to a year. The formulation containing chalk was the most effective with LC 50 values ranging between 0.274–0.523 μg/ml compared to the formulations containing bentonite (0.335-0.775) μg/ml and talc (0.348-0.808 μg/ml). The decline in the activity of these formulations with storage period was as follows: 3 months −14%, 22%, 20% respectively, 6 months - 25%, 35%, 37% respectively, 9 months − 39%, 50%, 47% respectively and 12 months −52%, 43%, 40% respectively. This study demonstrated that wet biomass of bacterial isolates could be simply mixed with carrier materials, dried and used for mosquito larval control without significant loss of activity for up to 6 months at room temperature. Further, this strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis/tochigiensis (H14/19) can be a prospective candidate for use in mosquito control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with the (Environmental) Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) at high temperature has been a long lasting goal for many researchers and remains to this day a difficult technique to operate efficiently. This article describes the properties of several different furnaces developed over the past 40 years, focusing specifically on the operation of the high temperature stage associated with the ESEM. Guidelines and advices for correct use of these systems are provided regarding the experience of the authors. A focus on sintering studies illustrates the main difficulties to implement this experimental technique. • Short review of the heating stages developed for SEM • Precise description of the high temperature stage associated with the ESEM • Guidelines and advices for correct use of the high temperature stage associated with the ESEM [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An accurate method for the characterization of the topographic evolution of materials during dissolution at the submicrometric scale is reported. This method is based on the recording of Environmental SEM tilted images of a selected zone at the surface of a sample for various dissolution times. After each observation, a 3D surface reconstruction was made leading to a series of height maps of the selected zone of interest. One 3D reconstruction was compared to an AFM image of the same zone in order to estimate the accuracy of the heights determined using stereoscopic images. The maximum achievable resolution along the z-axis on the 3D reconstructions was found to be 38 nm. Several micro-structural parameters were extracted from the 3D-image series and their evolutions were related to the dissolution process. This method offers new insights for the monitoring of the changes occurring at the surface of a sample at the micrometer scale during dissolution or corrosion of the material. Highlights • Characterization of the topographic evolution of materials during dissolution at the submicrometric scale • 3D SEM reconstruction is compared to an AFM image. • Micro-structural parameters are extracted from 3D-image series and their evolutions are related to the dissolution process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate physicochemical properties and structural variations of grape seed extract exposed to thermal process during feed production, and the use of grape seed extract in rainbow trout diets as a sustainable organic fish feed supplement. Structural changes of grape seed extract granules were observed under a scanning electron microscope, and analyzed using HPLC/UV and GC/MS. Following thermal process, an increase in the granular size of grape seed was observed and cracks were formed on the granules. In the flavor analysis performed using a GC/MS device, totally nine volatile compounds were identified and three of them were palmitic, linoleic and oleic fatty acids. Thermal processing treatment decreased (+)-catechin amount in grape seed extract from 0.667 to 0.557 mg/L, whereas (−)-epicatechin increased from 0.819 to 1.156 mg/L. As a second step of the study, grape seed extract, a waste product of the wine industry, was supplemented in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2‰ and given to experimental fish for a period of 90 days. Feed and protein utilization coefficients as well as growth performance of the experimental fish fed diets containing grape seed extracts differed significantly (P <.05) compared to the control group fed diets without grape seed extract supplementation. Dietary incorporation of grape seeds had no significant effect on the fat, moisture or ash contents in fish fillets (P >.05), however protein ratio significantly increased in the 0.5‰ grape seed extract group compared to the control (P <.05). Based on these findings and the correlation between dietary grape seed levels and percent growth rates, grape seed extract incorporation of 1.05‰ seems beneficial for the best growth performance and meat quality in rainbow trout. Further, increased levels of (−)-epicatechin (a polymeric flavan-3-ol), known to participate in many physiological regulatory mechanisms likely have provided higher antioxidant activity after thermal processing. Thus, thermal treatment of grape seed extract during feed production might have increased the diet quality with promising results as a potential nutritional supplement in diets for rainbow trout. Highlights • Grape seed altered physically and chemically with temperature process of feed production. • Grape seed consumption has a positive impact on growth performance of rainbow trout. • The rainbow trout fed by grape seed supplemented diet, fillet protein ratio has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A simple chemical solution-based synthesis route has been developed to prepare uniform and shape-controllable Ag 3 PO 4 crystals. Tetrapod- and cube-shaped crystals having a size of about 9–10 μm were prepared from AgNO 3 and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 precursors, and pseudo-octahedral (equiaxial) crystals were prepared from AgNO 3 and (NH 4) 2 HPO 4. TEM analysis revealed Ag 3 PO 4 crystals to be electron beam sensitive materials, which under a voltage of 200 kV decompose to the metallic Ag, thereby demonstrating the difficulty in determining crystal facets and structural defects using conventional electron diffraction studies. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to study the correlation between structural and optical properties of surfaces of Ag 3 PO 4 crystals. Furthermore, a spatial 3-dimentional (3D) reconstruction of Ag 3 PO 4 surface structures was performed from SEM images. The reconstruction produced realistic 3D mesh models, insomuch that the 3D reconstructed structures provided extra information about the examined crystals. Results suggested that the proposed synthesis route and performed spatial reconstruction of Ag 3 PO 4 had the potential for simulating processing conditions to produce various microcrystals and explore material surface structures and reconstruction of microstructures. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Tetrapod, cube and equiaxial Ag 3 PO 4 crystals produced by wet chemistry approach • The shape control is achieved by varying precursors and their concentration. • A correlation between the morphology of synthesized crystals and band gap energies is demonstrated. • Realistic 3D mesh models were produced using SfM from SEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of the chemical composition of .22LR bullets was studied and correlated to the extent and quality of the markings left after shooting them with the same gun. Scanning electron microscopy and optical comparator microscopy equipped with 3D and profilometry modules were used as non destructive techniques with two main purposes. The first is to assist the firearm examiner in the choice of the ammunition most suitable for preparing the test bullets. The second is to propose an approach, crossing data from optical microscopy, profilometry and space-resolved chemical analysis, for explaining the morphology of striae, whether continuous or interrupted. Among the most notable results is the finding that commercial .22LR ammunition show very wide interbrand, interlot and intralot variability. A selection of test ammunition solely based on the same brand and model used on the crime scene is therefore not suitable, urging the need for a more accurate choice, based on a preliminary chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a well-known technique for 3D chemical mapping at the nanoscale, with detection sensitivity in the range of ppm or even ppb. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is the standard chemical analysis and imaging technique in modern scanning electron microscopes (SEM), and related dual-beam focussed ion beam (FIBSEM) instruments. Contrary to the use of an electron beam, in the past the ion beam in FIBSEMs has predominantly been used for local milling or deposition of material. Here, we review the emerging FIBSIMS technique which exploits the focused ion beam as an analytical probe, providing the capability to perform secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements on FIBSEM instruments: secondary ions, sputtered by the FIB, are collected and selected according to their mass by a mass spectrometer. In this way a complete 3D chemical analysis with high lateral resolution < 50 nm and a depth resolution < 10 nm is attainable. We first report on the historical developments of both SIMS and FIB techniques and review recent developments in both instruments. We then review the physics of interaction for incident particles using Monte Carlo simulations. Next, the components of modern FIBSIMS instruments, from the primary ion generation in the liquid metal source in the FIB column, the focussing optics, the sputtered ion extraction optics, to the different mass spectrometer types are all detailed. The advantages and disadvantages of parallel and serial mass selection in terms of data acquisition and interpretation are highlighted, while the effects of pressure in the FIBSEM, acceleration voltage, ion take-off angles and charge compensation techniques on the analysis results are then discussed. The capabilities of FIBSIMS in terms of sensitivity, lateral and depth resolution and mass resolution are reviewed. Different data acquisition strategies related to dwell time, binning and beam control strategies as well as roughness and edge effects are discussed. Data analysis routines for mass identification based on isotope ratios and molecular fragments are outlined. Application examples are then presented for the fields of thin films, polycrystalline metals, batteries, cultural heritage materials, isotope labelling, and geological materials. Finally, FIBSIMS is compared to EDS, and the potential of the technique for correlative microscopy with other FIBSEM based imaging techniques is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Excel Mera 71 effects on fish examined under both laboratory and field conditions. • Excel Mera 71 induced pathological lesions at cellular and subcellular level. • Adverse impacts clearly identified by morphometric index. Abstract Present study was designed to evaluate the adverse effect of glyphosate-based herbicide, Excel Mera 71 in Anabas testudineus on comparative basis under field and laboratory conditions. Field (750 g/acre) and laboratory (17.2 mg/L) experiments were performed for a period of 30 days. For field experiment special type of cages were prepared. Fish gill, liver, and kidney were analyzed for histology and ultrastructural responses. A significant increment in morphometric indices (DTC) was observed in gill, liver and kidney of A. testudineus under laboratory condition (p < 0.05) and responses showed the degree of pathogenicity in the order of liver > kidney > gills. However, under field study significant increase in DTC value was observed in gill and liver (p < 0.05). Among the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations necrosis and loss of microridges, and damage in stratified epithelial cells were prominent in gill, although higher prevalence of alterations was observed under laboratory study than field study. Additionally, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations also depicted higher prevalence of pathological lesions under laboratory study compared with field observation. Among the TEM observations damage in chloride and pavement cells, degenerative mitochondria and nucleus (in gill); severe vacuolation, necrosed nucleus and vesiculated network in case of liver and degenerated epithelial cells, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and damage in proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) in case of kidney were prominent. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that Excel Mera 71 induces significant damage in tissues of A. testudineus and these responses might be considered as biomarkers for monitoring herbicidal toxicity on fish in aquatic body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fractures around excavations in hard, fine-grained, brittle rock sometimes display unique patterns from which an interpretation of the manner of failure/fracture propagation can be made. Igneous rock fragments from a strain-burst event at a site in Western Australia have been studied under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in order to characterize their surficial features. SEM image analysis indicates that anisotropy, a contrast in geomechanical properties, geometry and contact patterns present at the micro-scale as they do at the large mine/drive scale. It is proposed that these micro-scale features can lead to anisotropic material behaviour and stress concentrations that manifest as strain-burst events. Highlights • Anisotropy, contrast in geomechanical properties, and adverse effects of geometry and contact patterns all present at small scale just like at the mine-scale • Predicted failure modes at different locations can be visually verified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research evaluates, at microscopic level, the failure mechanisms of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) column elements after they have been subjected to temperature stress and compressive load. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) performed the investigation, with the GFRP samples cut into small sized specimens and treated with specific coatings. The analysed samples exhibited particular features, which have been interpreted with the support of fractography. The results suggest that the GFRP composite failure, under the combined duress of temperature and compression load, is mostly dominated by microbuckling. SEM analysis shows how the temperature treatment affects the resin-fibre interaction, how temperature interacts with the compression load and which failure mechanisms developed as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of industrialization and urbanization has led to haze in Beijing that has garnered world attention. For the first time, we studied the luminescence properties of individual haze aerosol particles by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with a cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrometer. CL analysis has rarely been reported for haze particles, however, we found that many haze particles showed varied luminescence characteristics. Many types of mineral dusts showed strong CL emission in the visible light wavelengths. Nitrogen-rich secondary particles had a strong CL emission in the UV wavelengths. Anthropogenic particles such as fly ash and Fe-rich, Ti-rich, and carbonaceous materials had much weaker CL responses. The mixture of mineral dusts and other species showed lower CL intensity and widened CL spectra, which continuously covered the UV-VIS-IR portion of the spectrum and which contrasted with the CL emissions of original mineral dusts and pure secondary salts. The sensitivity of CL spectra with respect to tiny changes in components, impurity, and valences enabled the CL spectroscopy to provide a unique perspective with which to analyze highly complicated mixtures of haze particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microstructures were analyzed by an improved texture-based method using gray level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM). This method is based on a new parameter calculated from the stepwise rotation of images and thereby, calculating the values independent of the original texture orientation. The proposed method was applied on a database of etched and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-imaged low-carbon steel microstructures that are currently extensively used for automated microstructure classification. The results on the microstructures consisting of pearlitic, lath martensitic and lower bainitic constituents revealed that the method allows a significant separation of various types of microstructures in the ideal case of square-shaped cutouts. For complete grains of the corresponding second phases, the results imply that the application of a classifier is advantageous to distinguish them with a sufficient accuracy. The robustness and workability of the method was further demonstrated by discussing the effect of varying the image resolution and contrast/brightness settings during image acquisition. It was shown that such user-dependent setting parameters do not impair the separability of the steel constituents by using the proposed method. Highlights • Microstructures were characterized based on orientation-invariant image-texture features. • A new parameter called “amplitude”, was formulated and is based on image rotation and the Haralick parameters: texture contrast, correlation, homogeneity and energy. • The proposed method is insensitive to changing image resolution and image contrast/brightness settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The optimal ratio of mixed-modified silt was 1% lignin and 40% construction waste fine aggregate. • Modified silt's CBR value can satisfy the standards for subgrade filling. • The silt particle gradation was improved by the construction waste fine aggregate. • The polymers generated by lignin enhanced the silt particle's cohesion. The silt in the alluvial plain of the Yellow River is characterized by uniform particle size, high porosity, and large material compressibility, which poses a challenge for filling roadbeds in this area. The study investigated the impact of lignin and construction waste fine aggregate on the physical and mechanical properties of the modified silt. The construction waste modified silt with a fine aggregate content of 30% construction waste has good compressive strength, shear strength, and degree of consolidation. The lignin modified silt with 0.5% lignin concentration has higher compressive strength, cohesiveness, internal friction angle, and compression modulus. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation identified the optimum proportioning of 1% lignin and 40% construction waste fine aggregate for the composite modified silt and the engineering characteristics and modification mechanism of the optimum modified silt were analyzed. The California bearing ratio (CBR) test results indicated that the value of optimum composite modified silt silt increases by 118.48% compared to the plain silt, and it meets the requirements for subgrade fill as specified in the guidelines. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) test results showed that the addition of lignin and fine aggregate improved the grain composition and enhanced the silt compactness. The study demonstrates that incorporating lignin and fine aggregate in silt material can enhance its engineering properties, thereby meeting the minimal standards of filling highway subgrades. These findings can serve as a valuable reference for enhancing the quality of silt in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]