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This work aims to modify the surface characteristics of cerium oxide (ceria, CeO 2) nanoparticles using different surface modification strategies for improved CeO 2 nanoparticle dispersion and suspension stability. Analysis and discussion were conducted on the two surface modification processes used by a cationic surfactant like hexadecyl cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a silane agent like tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Untreated CeO 2 was used as reference material. The dispersion effect of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles at different pHs was determined by zeta potential measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Particle size analysis (PSA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm the efficacy of the surface modification of CeO 2 nanoparticles. First, the results obtained in this experimental work demonstrate that both advanced modifications greatly enhance the dispersion and suspension stability of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles in comparison with untreated CeO 2 nanoparticles. Second, it is also shown that the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained through a silanization surface process with TEOS silane agent had a better dispersion effect and dispersion stability than the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained by surface modification with CTAB cationic surfactant. These results can help better understand how advanced surface modifications can assist the application of well-dispersed CeO 2 nanoparticles in technological applications. [Display omitted] • Surface modification significantly improved the aqueous dispersion and stability of CeO 2 nanoparticles. • The modification improved the CeO 2 dispersion by increasing the spacing and negative charge. • CeO2 dispersion was optimal at a specific pH, with a significant effect of pH. • The modification strategy is crucial for the performance of CeO 2 in technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni 1-x Ag x O nanoparticles (NPs) with x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) were fabricated using the composite hydroxide mediated (CHM) method. The effects of Ag doping on the structural, magnetic, and antimicrobial characteristics of NiO NPs have been reported. The stretching mode of the Ni–O molecules was identified at 443 cm−1 in the Fourier transform infrared spectra. The aggregation of nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes is seen under transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The blocking temperature (T B) peak in zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetization curves display the magnetization from the core of NPs. This peak is absent for the samples with x = 0.00 and 0.02 , which show instead a small net magnetization from the antiferromagnetic core of these NPs. However, a T B peak was found for the samples with x = 0.04 , 0.06 and 0.08 , at 22, 72, and 65 K, respectively, which indicates that the magnetization is induced from the AFM core of NiO NPs for higher Ag doping. With an increasing concentration of Ag in the NiO NPs, the net magnetization did increase and a maximum was found for x = 0.04 at 300 K. For a higher doping concentration of 8 % Ag, a sharp decrease in magnetization was observed. Furthermore, the efficacy and synergistic effect of Ag doping had been analyzed for the effective improvement of the antibacterial properties of NiO NPs. Pure and Ag-doped NiO NPs were exploited to assess their anti-microbial activity against Enterobacter sp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. pyrogens. The study revealed that anti-bacterial or anti-biofouling properties were introduced as an additional attribute to NiO NPs by incorporation of Ag ions due to its inherent nature as an antimicrobial agent and enhanced its capability to sterilize microbial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) slurry contains mainly abrasive grains (primary particles) with few aggregations (secondary particles). Measuring the particle size distribution (PSD) of CMP slurry is crucial for improving the productivity of the CMP process. For the quality management of CMP slurry, it is necessary to evaluate both the sizes and quantities of both the primary and secondary particles. Conventional PSD analysis methods, except for image analysis, face challenges in identifying primary and secondary particles for PSD measurements. For image analysis, the particles must be transferred from a suspension to a substrate using the conventional sampling method; however, this creates aggregates, resulting in a change in the PSD of the particles on the substrate compared to that in suspension under poly-dispersed conditions. Thus, this study proposed a novel particle sizing method using nanoparticle chip (NPC) to assist in the image analysis of the PSD. The NPC can pick up a single particle in a small volume droplet to avoid aggregation and maintain the poly-dispersed condition of the particles in suspension. The primary and secondary particles can be identified using scanning electron microscope (SEM) or atomic force microscope (AFM), and the PSD can be evaluated by measuring the area and height of the particles. Further, the quantities of both the primary and secondary particles can be counted from the substrate. This study presented a comparison of the diameter measurements using NPC and the conventional method. The results show that the NPC identified the primary and secondary particles and decreased the measurement error of the particle diameters. Consequently, the NPC proves to be superior to the conventional method for use in the PSD analysis of CMP slurry. • Nanoparticle chip (NPC) sizing for CMP slurry particle size distribution (PSD). • NPC avoids particle aggregation, maintains PSD in poly-dispersed suspension. • Primary and secondary particles separated to lower equivalent height diameter error. • PSD of primary particles and number of secondary particles measured using NPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, textured ceramics were successfully obtained using press-compaction-assisted binder jetting for the first time. A mixture of alumina nanoplatelets and nanoparticles was used as the feedstock powder (the nanoplatelets served as templates for epitaxial grain growth during sintering while the nanoparticles were consumed by the grain growth). The nanoplatelet fraction in the mixture was varied from 0 wt% to 50 wt%. Green samples were prepared with a lab-designed press-compaction-assisted binder jetting machine. The green samples were then sintered in a furnace and their sintered densities were measured. A scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer were used to investigate the degree of texture in the sintered samples. Finally, the biaxial flexural strength of the sintered samples was measured. As the nanoplatelet fraction increased, the sintered density decreased, but the degree of texture increased. Interestingly, the biaxial flexural strength of the sintered samples with 5 wt% or 10 wt% nanoplatelets was higher than those without nanoplatelets, suggesting the increased degree of texture has a stronger effect on the mechanical response than the reduced sintered density under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), subjected to a physical ageing process. Acrylic denture base samples were prepared by a Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technique reinforced with different concentrations (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) of silanated TiO 2 NPs. The resulting nanocomposite materials were characterized in terms of degree of conversion (DC), and sorption/solubility flexural strength, impact strength, Vickers hardness and Martens hardness and compared with unmodified resin and conventional heat-cured (HC) material. The nanocomposites were reassessed after subjecting them to ageing in artificial saliva. A fractured surface was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The addition of TiO 2 NPs into 3D-printed resin significantly improved flexural strength/modulus, impact strength, Vickers hardness, and DC, while also slightly enhancing Martens hardness compared to the unmodified resin. Sorption values did not show any improvements, while solubility was reduced significantly. The addition of 0.10 wt% NPs provided the highest performance amongst the other concentrations, and 0.75 wt% NPs showed the lowest. Although ageing degraded the materials' performance to a certain extent, the trends remained the same. SEM images showed a homogenous distribution of the NPs at lower concentrations (0.10 and 0.25 wt%) but revealed agglomeration of the NPs with the higher concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 wt%). The outcomes of this study suggested that the incorporation of TiO 2 NPs (0.10 wt%) into 3D-printed denture base material showed superior performance compared to the unmodified 3D-printed resin even after ageing in artificial saliva. The nanocomposite has the potential to extend service life of denture bases in future clinical use. • The addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles improved the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base material. • The best outcomes were associated with adding 0.10 wt%. • The addition of 0.50 wt% and more lead to agglomeration of the nanoparticles within the material. • Ageing process in artificial saliva negatively affected the properties of the nanocomposite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is focused on synthesis of silver/gold nanoparticles using Caralluma sarkariae root extracts (CSR-AgNPs and CSR-AuNPs) used as capping/reducing agents and successfully carry out the pharmacological studies. The as-prepared CSR-AgNPs and CSR-AuNPs were systematically characterized using various analytical techniques. Moreover, the formation of CSR-AgNPs & CSR-AuNPs was confirmed by SPR values observed at 432 and 537 nm in UV–Visible spectroscopic. Morphological information of CSR-AgNPs & CSR-AuNPs were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) analysis and as-synthesized nanomaterials were spherical in nature with mean size of 20 and 22 nm, respectively. The prepared nanoparticles clearly proven that the as-prepared nanoparticles exhibit high performance efficiencies in terms of in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The wound healing activity of as-fabricated CSR-AgNPs and CSR-AuNPs were carried out separately using three different methods such as in vitro scratch assay, MTT assay, and fluorescence staining methods. Furthermore, the fibroblast L929 cells were used for the wound healing activity of both nanoparticles and aqueous CSR extract in in vitro scratch assay. Moreover, the wide range of diseases could be treated by using the nanoparticles as-synthesized due to their outstanding pharmacological activities. [Display omitted] • Biosynthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs using Caralluma Sarkariae root extract. • Both AgNPs and AuNPs examined here has excellent pharmacological activities. • The formation of AgNPs and AuNPs were confirmed by different analytical techniques. • Compared to plant extract, both nanoparticles showed greater anticancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproducible synthesis of boron nitride (BN) nano-onions by lamp ablation is reported, exclusively from hexagonal BN precursor powder in vacuum, in a one-pot procedure that is free of toxic or harmful reagents, uncomplicated, potentially scalable and rapid. A high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscope image shows a "forest" of such nano-onions as they evolve between precursor flakes. A Transmission Electron Microscope image illustrates the range of nano-onion sizes and shapes. A coarse schematic of the proposed formation mechanism is also shown. [Display omitted] We report the generation of boron nitride nano-onions (BNNOs) from pure hexagonal-BN crystallite powder in vacuum, via a one-pot, non-toxic, catalyst-free, rapid and potentially scalable high-temperature lamp ablation procedure. An array of characterization procedures revealed nanoparticle (a) shapes and sizes, morphing from polyhedral for diameters of order 101 nm to quasi-spherical at diameters of order 102 nm, and (b) composition, with a 1:1 B:N ratio while also confirming the absence of contaminants. A formation mechanism is proposed whereby BNNOs evolve from the initial thermal exfoliation of the bulk precursor powder into nano-platelets. They fold and close into hollow nano-cages that are more stable thermodynamically. Reactor temperatures were measured to be ∼ 1500–1600 K for experiments yielding the largest amounts of BNNOs. A relatively narrow range of ∼ 1300–1800 K can be established for viable BNNO generation. Structural modeling sheds light on the relative stability of the nanostructures as a function of shape, size and number of layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is a known naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent derived from turmeric, and it is commonly used as a herbal food supplement. Here, in order to overcome the inherent hydrophobicity of curcumin (Cur), polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised using a solvent evaporation, and an oil-in-water emulsion method used to encapsulate curcumin. Polymeric NPs also offer the ability to control rate of drug release. The newly synthesised NPs were analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), where results show the NPs range from 50 to 250 nm. NPs containing graded amounts of curcumin (0 %, 0.5 %, and 2 %) were added to cultures of NIH3T3 fibroblast cells for cytotoxicity evaluation using the Alamar Blue assay. Then, the curcumin NPs were incorporated into an alginate/gelatin solution, prior to crosslinking using a calcium chloride solution (200 nM). These hydrogels were then characterised with respect to their chemical, mechanical and rheological properties. Following hydrogel optimization, hydrogels loaded with NP containing 2 % curcumin were selected as a candidate as a bioink for three-dimensional (3D) printing. The biological assessment for these bioinks/hydrogels were conducted using THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Cell viability and immunomodulation were evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and a tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay, respectively. Results show that the hydrogels were cytocompatible and supressed the production of TNF-α. These bioactive hydrogels are printable, supress immune cell activation and inflammation showing immense potential for the fabrication of tissue engineering constructs. [Display omitted] • Encapsulation of Cur@PLA NPs • Cur@PLA NPs within alginate/gelatin hydrogels modulate anti-inflammatory response of monocytes. • Bioink developed based on Cur@PLA NPs for 3D printable constructs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater of industries, which is polluted with different dyes is becoming a severe issue, which should be tackled on priority bases such as to provide an eco-friendly environment. In addition to this, in search of an efficient green synthesized capacitive electrode material, we have synthesized cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4) nano-materials by employing green chili and sunflower seeds extracts. The as synthesized samples are labeled as Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF. The successful fabrication of these samples was tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). These tests have explored successful fabrication of Co 3 O 4 -based samples comprised on nanoparticles (NPs) in the range of 35–45 nm. Optical properties were studied by UV–vis spectroscope and Co-SF sample has exhibited lowest energy band gap i.e 2.41 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis has explored that Co 3 O 4 NPs prepared by sunflower extracts have offered lowest recombination rate. Among of Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF photocatalysts, Co-SF has shown excellent photodegradation activity, which is 90% against a water pollutant name as methylene blue (MB) under UV–Vis light. This sample also has shown a good catalytic stability i.e 80.7%. Moreover, for electrochemical performance analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) tests were also performed. Among of Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF samples, Co-SF sample has offered 1080.32 F/g specific capacitance and 86.70% capacitance retention at higher scan rate i.e 10 A/g. Additionally, this optimized sample has also maintained 83.51% capacitance even after 5000 GCD cycles performed at 1 A/g, and good conductive nature. These extraordinary results have provided new platform for water purification and energy storage appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, self-assembled ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method utilizing an aqueous extract of mentha pepperita L (peppermint) leaves. The effect of parameters, including the amount of extract, reaction time, and pH was investigated on the structure and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the formation of pure well-crystallized ZnO nanoparticles using a zinc nitrate solution (50 mM) and peppermint extract in a volume ratio of 6:1 at pH of 8 and 12. However, the morphology and crystallite size of the particles were different in pH of 8 and 12. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the modification of the ZnO surface with peppermint extract components. Analysis of N 2 adsorption and desorption cycles showed the increment of surface area by about 5 times using peppermint extract. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the formation of a self-assembled sphere structure using peppermint extract. Mechanism of dissolution-precipitation was proposed for green hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, based on XRD and SEM results at various reaction times. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (reaction time of 24 h and pH of 8) were used to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution, and adsorption and photocatalytic process were studied. The mass of the dye adsorbed per mass of the adsorbent, q t , grew up by increasing the initial dye concentration. Conversely, the photocatalytic degradation percent decreased. In addition, the final adsorption capacity in 50 mL of 30 ppm dye solution was almost the same in 0.01 and 0.05 g of ZnO, although it was smaller in 0.1 g of ZnO. The maximum degradation efficiency was derived by using 0.05 g ZnO. Self-assembled structure, high capacity of adsorption, and excellent photocatalytic properties were unique characteristics of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, 5-fluorouracil and shikonin (extracted from Fusarium tricinctum) were loaded in chitosan/pectin nanoparticle (CS/PEC-NPs), prepared by blending (B-CS/PEC-NPs) and coating (C-CS/PEC-NPs) methods. The nanoparticles characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Differential Light Scattering (DLS). Then, some properties of the nanoparticles such as drug release rate and the nanoparticles cytotoxicity were studied. The FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM and DLS results showed that the nanoparticles synthesized properly with an almost spherical morphology, an average size of 82–93 nm for B-CS/PEC-NPs, an average diameter of below 100 nm (mostly 66–89 nm) for C-CS/PEC-NPs, and hydrodynamic diameter of 310–817 nm. The drug release results indicated the lower release rate of drugs for B-CS/PEC-NPs relative to C-CS/PEC-NPs at different pHs, high release rate of drugs for the nanoparticles in the simulated large intestinal fluids containing pectinase, and Korsmeyer-Peppas model for release of the drugs. The results showed more cytotoxicity of B-CS/PEC-NPs containing drugs, especially B-CS/PEC-NPs containing both drugs (B-CS/PEC/5-FU/SHK-NPs) after treating with pectinase (IC 50 of 18.6 μg/mL). In conclusion, despite the limitation of C-CS/PEC-NPs for simultaneous loading of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, B-CS/PEC-NPs showed suitable potency for loading and targeted delivery of the drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide and zinc sulphide nanoparticles were produced using the sol-gel method. We employed nanoparticle identification methods for the examination of several factors. The precursor solutions are converted into an intermediate state that mimics gel during the sol-gel process, and then solidified. This technique provides fine control over the size, shape, and crystallinity of the resultant ZnO nanoparticles, hence modifying their electrochemical behaviour in the context of supercapacitor applications. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a hexagonal character, while the ZnS nanoparticles had a cubic nature with diameters of around 22 nm and 36 nm, respectively. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to study the morphology and structural analysis. A particle size, surface area, production methods and testing settings are only a few of the variables that affect certain capacitances. In general, ZnO is recognized for displaying a certain capacitance that is frequently cited as being higher than ZnS. At a scan rate of 5 mV, the specific capacity of ZnO nanoparticles was found to be 33.2 F/g, whereas that of ZnS nanoparticles was found to be 6.5 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV. One way to monitor pseudo capacitive behavior is by cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the incorporation of nanoparticles and corrosion inhibitors into epoxy coatings has become increasingly important in order to address the growing demand for advanced anti-corrosion coatings. In this study, various amounts of extracted chitin and chitosan nanoparticles from shrimp ranging from 0 to 3% wt. were added to an epoxy coating. The zeta potential of particles and scanning electron microscope were applied to determine average particle size and distribution of particle in the epoxy coating. Thermal stability, adhesion properties and corrosion behavior of reinforced coating were investigated. The epoxy coating with a 2%wt chitin additive showed a more uniform distribution. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and the thermogravimetric analysis test (TGA) illustrated that the addition of chitin and chitosan additives lead to chemical changes in the structure and improve the thermal stability of epoxy coatings. The addition of 2%wt chitin nanoparticles improved the mechanical properties of the coatings, particularly the adhesion resistance. Corrosion testing revealed that the epoxy coating containing 2% chitin and chitosan nanoparticles exhibited a low corrosion rate, high load transfer resistance, and a double layer capacity when exposed to a 3.5% NaCl solution. • Addition of Chitin & Chitosan nanoparticles enhanced anti-corrosion of epoxy coating. • Chitin nanoparticles fills the pores and lengthens the path of electrolyte diffusion. • More than 2%wt chitin nanoparticles lead to agglomeration and increase corrosion. • Chitin showed better anti-corrosion performance compared to chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by debranched starch-capric acid (DBS-CA) complex nanoparticles were fabricated and their performance was evaluated. DBS-CA was prepared through enzymatic debranching and solid encapsulation methods, and displayed V-type crystalline structure. Contact angle measurements show enhanced hydrophobicity of DBS-CA compared to native starch. The DBS-CA nanoparticles have an average size of 463.77 nm and tended to be aggregating as analyzed by scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering particle size analysis. When used as a particulate emulsifier, DBS-CA could stabilize HIPEs with oil volume fraction as high as 80%. The HIPEs showed pH-dependent properties; good storage stability and mechanical strength were achieved within pH range from 3 to 11, especially under alkaline conditions. It was proposed that smaller particle size and higher surface charging were responsible for the more tightly connected gel structure and thus their performance. This study demonstrates a novel approach to fabricate food-grade Pickering HIPEs, which may have many promising potential applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron carbide (B 4 C) composites containing 0–10 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were consolidated using hot pressing at 1950 °C for 60 min under 30 MPa in an argon atmosphere. Their electrical discharge machining (EDM) characteristics were evaluated for the first time. Additionally, the effects of GNPs on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (R a) of B 4 C composites were investigated. The results show that the B 4 C composite containing 10 wt.% GNPs exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 4997 S·m−1 because of the formation of GNPs conductive networks. Under a fine machining condition, the MRR of the B 4 C composite was enhanced by 43.5 % (from 6.55 to 9.40 mm3 min−1) compared with that of monolithic B 4 C. Furthermore, the R a decreased to 1.12 μm, which was significantly lower than that of pure B 4 C (2.44 μm). Scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy analysis of the EDM surfaces were used to determine that the main material removal mechanisms for B 4 C composites with less than 2 wt.% GNPs were spalling and melting. As the GNPs content increased, B 4 C grain fallout, melting, and evaporation became more dominant. The other mechanisms, including thermal shock and oxidation, are also discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch stain is a common stain on paper artifacts. This stain leads to deformation of the surface of the paper and promotes the growth of microbiological deterioration. This study aims to use nanoparticles with an α-amylase enzyme to improve its quality for removing this type of stain from the surface of paper artifacts. Accelerated heat aging was used on starch stain applied on the new paper samples. The α-amylase enzyme was prepared. Silver and gold nanoparticles were biosynthesized by local fungal isolation. The produced silver and gold nanoparticles were characterized by using different techniques of analysis (UV- Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis). Different concentrations of Ag-NPs and Au-NPs were added to the α-amylase reaction mixture to enhance its activity for removing starch stains. Some analytical techniques were also used for the evaluation of the efficiency of α-amylase and nanoparticles for removing starch stains (Color measurement, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and pH measurement). The results proved that Ag-NPs at 20 microliters increased the activity to about 160%, whereas Au-NPs enhanced the activity to about 140% at a concentration of 5μL. The results showed that α-amylase enzyme incorporated with Ag-NPs exhibited better results more than its use alone. The addition of Ag-NPs to α-amylase enzyme for the removal of starch stain reduced the total color differences, improved the surface morphology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) of greater celandine (GC) roots and leaves were extracted, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for analyzing them. Then they were loaded into chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) using emulsion-ionic gelation method. CNPs loaded with greater celandine root essential oil (GCREO) and leave essential oil (GCLEO) were synthesized (size 76.5–115.3 nm) using an emulsion-ionic gelation method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used for characterization of the formed NPs. Good encapsulation efficiency was confirmed for GCREO (62.5%) and GCLEO (69.1%) in CNPs. According to the MTT results, the synthesized NPs showed a dose-dependent effect on MCF-7 cell line. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values for GCREO, GCLEO, CSNRs-GCREO and CNPs-GCLEO samples were 126.4, 90.2, 77.6, and 41.5 μg/mL, respectively. The highest rate of apoptosis was obtained in the CNPs-GCLEO group (63.73%). The results revealed that the cytotoxicity of CSNRs-GCREO and CNPs-GCLEO against MCF-7 cell line was significantly higher than that of their free form, implying that encapsulation of GCREO and GCLEO in CNPs is an efficient technique for improving their anti-cancer activity against MCF-7 cell line. [Display omitted] • Greater celandine essential oils were successfully encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles. • Sizes of greater celandine essential oils-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ranged from 76.5 to 115.3 nm. • Encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles enhanced the anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line. • The lowest IC50 value was obtained in the encapsulated leaves essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle agglomeration reduces the modification effect of nanocomposites, and there is a need to investigate a technique for evaluating the overall particle dispersion within the material, which in turn ensures the modification effect of the material. In this paper, a non-destructive testing technique for nanoparticle dispersion based on nonlinear ultrasonic (NLUS) is proposed to rapidly assess the overall nanoparticle dispersion within a material. An interfacial mismatch model describing different degrees of nanoparticle agglomeration was firstly developed, and then the nonlinear acoustic response of the nanoparticle-dielectric system was quantitatively solved, and the theoretical model was validated in conjunction with NLUS tests. The experimental results show that agglomerated interfaces are the source of the nonlinear response of nanodielectrics and that the microscopically generated nonlinear effects can be equivalently accumulated to the mesoscopic domain, with the error in the theoretically calculated values of the two being less than 5%; The NLUS technique eliminates the need for cumbersome steps such as particle size counting, and its small number of rapid detection results are close to the statistical convergence of the particle size of the 250 particles accumulated in the imaging image of the scanning electron microscope, with an error of between 3% ∼ and 13%. With a single inspection area of 339 mm3, the NLUS technology significantly reduces evaluation time and cost while expanding the inspection area, offering the combined advantages of speed, wide field of view, and non-destructiveness. [Display omitted] • NLUS can assess the particle agglomeration degree quantitatively, rapidly, and nondestructively. • Agglomerated interface is the source of the nanodielectric nonlinearity. • The micro-regional nonlinear response can be equivalently accumulated to the mesoscopic domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of novel wound dressing materials having the ability to prevent bacterial infections and capable of accelerating the tissue regeneration process is utmost important, since the wounds in patients can cause severe health issues. In the present work, we synthesized novel N- succinyl chitosan nanoparticles (N- SuC NPs) films and tested their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and in vitro and in vivo wound healing activity. N -SuC NPs were synthesized by ionic gelation method, and subsequently N -SuC NPs films were prepared by solution casting method using synthesized N -SuC NPs. The prepared N -SuC NPs films showed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6 mg/mL and <8 mg/mL, respectively. The biocompatibility and the in vitro wound healing activity of N -SuC NPs films were analyzed using human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. In vivo cutaneous wound healing of the N -SuC NPs film was investigated using the Wister rat model, and the studies showed that the N -SuC NPs film significantly accelerated the wound healing process by inducing more blood vessels formation and tissue granulation. The experimental results showed that synthesized N -SuC NPs film had excellent antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and wound healing activity, indicating that it could be used in biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of N- succinyl chitosan and N- succinyl chitosan nanoparticles film. • Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscope image confirmed the microstructure of N- succinyl chitosan and N- succinyl chitosan nanoparticles film. • Remarkable in vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of N- succinyl chitosan and N- succinyl chitosan nanoparticles film. • Remarkable cell proliferation effect of N- succinyl chitosan and N- succinyl chitosan nanoparticles film toward human dermal fibroblast cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of SiC nanoparticles within the Graphene oxide (GO) incorporated electroless deposited NiP layers (NiP-GO) on carbon steel substrate was studied in this work. The effect of co-deposition of GO nanoplatelets and/or SiC nanoparticles on the morphology and structure of the heat-treated NiP coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results revealed that the heat-treated NiP and NiP–SiC coatings consisted of Ni and Ni 3 P phases, whereas the NiP-GO also contains the intermediated Ni 2 P and Ni 12 P 5 metastable phases due to the incomplete precipitation of Ni 3 P. Such metastable phases are significantly decreased by the incorporation of SiC nanoparticles in NiP-GO coatings. The mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized by microhardness measurement and "pin on disk" wear test. The corrosion tests were conducted in aqueous 3.5 %wt NaCl using electrochemical measurement for Ni–P, NiP-GO, NiP–SiC, and NiP-GO-xSiC coatings. By co-deposition of SiC nanoparticles, the hardness of NiP-GO is significantly increased and the wear loss is reduced, especially at a high sliding distance during the wear test. The corrosion behavior of the NiP-GO coatings containing different amounts of SiC nanoparticles has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel DHA-loaded nanoparticle with PLGA and chitosan (PCSDNP) was successfully prepared. The structure of PCSDNP and DHA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was measured by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and differential scanning calorimeter. The interaction strength between DHA, PLGA, and chitosan was evaluated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The curves of controlled DHA release and stabilities for different environmental factors of two NPs were evaluated. Importantly, two NPs were almost regularly spherical and the interactions were hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between PLGA and chitosan. These NPs had a good encapsulation rate (80.45%) and high-water solubility than the free DHA molecule. In simulated gastrointestinal fluid, two NPs showed a controlled-release pattern. Overall, PCSDNP had better stability and controlled-release effect with the synergy between CS and PLGA under the conditions of pH (2– 7), ionic strength (0– 500 mM), storage time (0– 42 d), and temperature (30– 80 °C). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn-doped In 2 O 3 composite nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation/hydrothermal processing in the pH range of 5–11 and at the reaction temperature of 180 °C. The precursor solution used to prepare these nanoparticles was composed of In(NO 3) 3 and ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O, mixed at the In:Zn atomic ratios of 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2.5:1. The effects of In:Zn atomic ratio and pH on the morphology and phase composition of the composite nanoparticles were investigated in detail using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron micrograph (TEM), and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. The obtained results show that under alkaline conditions (pH 9–11), the nanoparticles exhibit cubic morphology. However, at pH 7, the morphology is sheet-like. Based on XRD analyses, the Zn content in hydrothermally processed nanoparticles is highest when the pH of the precursor solution is 7. Assessments of sintering behavior demonstrate that the IZO ceramic targets sintered at 1550 °C for 20 h are composed of In 2 O 3 and Zn 3 In 2 O 6 phases, with uniform grain morphology and size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles have been explored to prevent various cancer developments but it may cause oxidation, inflammation and high cytotoxicity. Alginate has nontoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. We aimed to explore the effects of alginate-TiO 2 temozolomide (TMZ) nanoparticles on neuroblastoma. A neuroblastoma model was established with neuroblastoma cells and alginate-TiO 2 TMZ nanoparticles were made by spraying low-viscosity sodium alginate (250–360 kDa). The morphology of nanoparticles was observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallinity values were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study. Neuroblastoma mice were treated with saline solution, TMZ, TiO 2 -TMZ and alginate-TiO 2 -TMZ nanoparticles. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties and the mouse survival rates were measured. The spectrometric profiles of alginate-TiO 2 were consistent with those of TiO 2 and alginate. Alginate-TiO 2 TMZ nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity toward neuroblastoma cells and less inhibitory activity toward normal neuronal cells. The combined nanoparticles increased antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities and prolonged the survival time of the neuroblastoma model (P < 0.05). On the other hand, Alginate-TiO 2 TMZ nanoparticles reduced the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The combined nanoparticles improved neuroblastoma treatment by affecting NF-κB and MAPK signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • According to the XRD analysis of Ni 0.4 Zn 0.35 Co 0.25 Fe 2-x Gd x O 4 ferrites (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04,0.06, 0.08, and 0.1) ferrites prepared by the solid-state reaction method. • Morphological analysis, the sample exhibits a spherical cube shape, homogeneous particle size, and uniform texture. • The FTIR spectrum shows two peaks at 388–405 cm−1 and 580–610 cm−1 shows the spinel phase formation. • For Gd3+ replaced samples, the ferrites' coercivity is reduced. • The addition of Gd3+ reduces the DC resistivity and hence the activation energy. Gd3+ substituted NiZnCo ferrite materials with the chemical formula Ni 0.4 Zn 0.35 Co 0.25 Fe 2– x Gd x O 4 (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1) were synthesized with the solid-state approach. We have concentrated more on the impact of ferrite synthesis on crystal structure, microstructure, and magnetoelectric characteristics. XRD shows the pure cubic spinel structure. Images taken with a SEM microscope supported the formation of nanoparticles. The sample's spinel structures were again validated with FTIR, confirming the existence of their functional group. Prepared samples' saturation magnetization, remanence, and coercivity were calculated using VSM data, which decreased with Gd3+ substitution. The metal-to-semiconductor transition was seen within the sample's DC resistivity study with respect to temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop medium P (MP, 6 wt%) and high P (HP, 11 wt%) Ni-P-ZrO 2 nanocomposites on F22 steel substrate using an original lead-free and surfactant-free solution and to quantitatively relate nanocomposite characteristics to microhardness improvement and corrosion resistance. Incorporation, dispersion and distribution of the nanosized reinforcing phase were evaluated quantitatively by coupling Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging acquisition with original procedure for image processing and analysis. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that nanoparticles introduction does not alter microstructure, which remains amorphous for HP and nanocrystalline for MP. Significant differences in particles distribution are found between MP and HP nanocomposites, which are induced by the difference in plating rate of the two formulations. Faster growth of MP (≈35 μm/h) associates with greater enveloping capability, with higher incorporation and agglomeration phenomena that result in non-uniform microhardness across the thickness. Conversely, the slower growth of HP nanocomposites coatings (≈20 μm/h) relates to lower but uniform incorporation and good dispersion of the reinforcing nanoparticles. Effective dispersion strengthening was observed for nanoparticles concentration up to 13.5 g/l. Microhardness increase by >25 % was achieved for both MP and HP coatings. The combined effect of nanoparticles incorporation level and their agglomeration was systematically studied and a mathematical model was implemented. It was demonstrated that strengthening effectiveness depends on both the amount of embedded nanoparticles and the mean size of agglomerates, following a bi-liner relation that reliably predicts experimental microhardness. Potentiodynamic corrosion test revealed that introduction of ZrO 2 nanoparticles enhance corrosion resistance of both MP and HP coatings. The presented hardening strategy for Ni-P coatings can be an efficient solution for midstream and downstream applications in the oil&gas industry, in order to increase service-life of components in contact with both wearing and corrosive media. • Electroless Ni-P coatings with medium and high P were reinforced with nano-ZrO 2. • An original image analysis routine quantified ZrO 2 incorporation and agglomeration. • Nanoparticle incorporation and agglomeration strongly depend on the plating rate. • A model related microhardness to incorporation and agglomeration of reinforcement • Introduction of ZrO 2 nanoparticles can improve corrosion resistance Ni-P coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the novel synthesis of cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles from cerium nitrate hexahydrate by using Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract. The parameters associated with the green synthesis process were optimized utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM) paired with the genetic algorithm (GA) to produce a higher yield rate. The experiment run order for the CeO 2 green synthesis is then generated using the central composite design in RSM. The regression equation was used as an optimization function, and the optimal values were identified through GA. Using optimized input process parameters, 0.3 g/10 mL of precursor concentration and 5 mL of Azadirachta indica leaf extract centrifuged for 20 min in the green synthesis process resulted in a maximum yield of 15.49 % CeO 2 nanoparticles. The synthesized CeO 2 nanoparticles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), particle size distribution, and zeta potential analyses, which are used to ensure their presence in the green synthesis process. Subsequently, the green synthesized CeO 2 nanoparticles are dosed as an additive to the cotton seed biodiesel (CSB) at different proportions of 25, 50, and 75 ppm, respectively. The prepared biofuel's physico-chemical properties were measured as per ASTM standards and are closer to the diesel fuel. As a result, it was noted that optimizing the green synthesis process parameters gives a maximum rate of CeO 2 yield. It is possible to efficiently use the CSB with CeO 2 nanoparticles as a suitable replacement for diesel fuel. [Display omitted] • Novel leaf extract for the sustainable synthesis of CeO 2 nanoparticles. • Green synthetic CeO 2 yield forecasted by RSM's central composite design. • A hybrid RSM-genetic algorithm approach to process parameters optimization. • A characterization study was done on environmentally friendly CeO 2 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel cellulose nanoparticle was prepared by in-situ reaction method. • The cellulose nanoparticle was grafted with epoxy resin E44. • The size of cellulose nanoparticle was about 50 to 100 nm. • CNP-g-E44 exhibited good strengthening and toughening effects simultaneously. To improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP), cellulose nanoparticles (CNP)/EP composites were prepared using an in-situ reaction method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) decomposed into CNP in the reaction, and grafted with epoxy resin E44. Environmental scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the CNP had good interfacial compatibility and dispersion in the EP. TEM analysis showed that the CNC decomposed into CNP during the process of copolymerization with epoxy resin E44, and the size of the CNP was around 50–100 nm. With the addition of 0.3 wt% CNC, the tensile strength of the CNP/EP composite film increased by 24%, the tensile modulus increased by 26%, the elongation at break increased by 61%, and tensile toughness increased by 101%. Therefore, in this work, we presented a novel cellulose nanoparticle to simultaneously strengthen and toughen epoxy resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel biosynthesis of MnO 2 from Ziziphus spina-Christi leaves. • Decoration the green MnO 2 by Zn NPs. • Characterization of the biosynthesis MnO 2 and Zn/Mn 2 O 4. • Photocatlysis of various organic dyes under sunlight irradiation. An aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-Christi is used to synthesize manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO 2 NPs) and zinc-coated manganese oxide nanoparticles (Zn/Mn 2 O 4 NC). The study aims to investigate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MnO 2 NPs and Zn/Mn2O4 NC in relation to the azo dyes methylene blue (MB), m-Toluidine (mT), and P-Toluidine (pT). X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized MnO2 NPs and Zn/Mn 2 O 4 , revealing their respective crystallite sizes to be approximately 14.65 nm and 22.97 nm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrated that the MnO 2 NPs exhibit a tetragonal and spherical shape, while the Zn/Mn 2 O 4 particles possess a spherical shape. UV–vis spectroscopy measurements indicated that the MnO 2 NPs and Zn/Mn 2 O 4 exhibit indirect bandgaps with energy values of 1.46 eV and 1.14 eV, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of organic compounds containing C O and OH groups, such as carbohydrates, phenolic acids, tannins, and flavonoids derived from Ziziphus spina-Christi , suggesting a high likelihood of stability for the biosynthetic MnO 2 and Zn/Mn 2 O 4 materials. Interestingly, the photocatalytic degradation of the biosynthetic MnO 2 and Zn/Mn 2 O 4 provided good efficacy against the Methylene Blue (MB), m-Toluidine (mT), and P-Toluidine (pT) where the Zn/Mn 2 O 4 exhibit an excellent degradation were 99.2, 99.8 and 98.4 % after 75 min. The biosynthetic MnO 2 NPs and Zn/Mn 2 O 4 NCs resulting from using aqueous ZSCLE were cost-effective and eco-friendly, and the decoration of MnO 2 NPs by Zn improved their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BaCoO 3 is prepared by solvothermal method and systematically investigated the structural and magnetic property. • The XRD patterns revealed the hexagonal crystal structure of BaCoO 3 and the scanning electron microscope reveals a layered morphology. • A detailed XPS scan, which displays mixed spin states responsible for the RT ferromagnetism, validated the octahedral dissolution of CoO 6. • BaCoO 3 displays a ferromagnetic order at ambient temperature, suggesting the material might be used in magnetic devices. Both the structural characteristics and the magnetic property of the polycrystalline BaCoO 3 (BCO) perovskite oxide have been thoroughly researched. The synthesis of polycrystalline BaCoO 3 ceramics was accomplished using a solvothermal method. Through the use of thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of BaCoO 3 (TGA) was checked. In order to examine the crystal structures, microstructures, and surface chemical state properties of BCO ceramics, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were carried out. The XRD patterns indicate that the phases that were present in the calcined samples were hexagonal perovskite phases. The multilayer plated structure can be seen in SEM picturesand EDAX confirmed the elemental stoichiometry. Isothermal magnetization studies on the compound were carried out at room temperature (RT), and it was discovered that the complex possessed ferromagnetic properties. The deformed CoO 6 that was found by Raman and XPS may be related to the oxygen defect known as perovskite. This faulty property suggests that BCO NPs have a ferromagnetic character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, transparent wood (TW) has been considered for many applications, such as windows, energy storage, and electronic devices. This study presents the fabrication of eco-friendly TW using waste lignin as a resource to enhance the TW's performance by providing UV-shielding functionality. Three different pretreatment methods were explored for TW fabrication, including solar-assisted bleaching, steam bleaching, and NaOH delignification. The average size of the lignin nanoparticles (LNs) characterized using a scanning electron microscope and nanoparticle analyzer and was found to be around 100 nm. The LNs had zeta potentials of − 44.2 mV to − 34.9 mV for the first and sixth months, respectively. The transmittance of TW ranged from 20% to 80%, depending on the pretreatment and additional LNs content. By incorporating just 1% of LN, the TW composites were found to effectively block all UV-C, UV-B, and UV-A radiation while maintaining adequate visible light transmittance. The thermal stability, crystallinity index, and mechanical properties of wood and TW were investigated and compared. The NaOH delignification TW (Na-TW) has shown the highest transmittance, tensile strength, UV-shielding functionality, and comparable thermal stability with solar transparent wood (SL-TW) and steam transparent wood (ST-TW) methods. These findings indicate that TW LNs nanocomposite is a promising candidate for UV-shielding window applications. [Display omitted] • Transparent wood was fabricated by infiltrating lignin nanoparticles (LNs). • Transparent wood offered good transparency, UV-shielding, mechanical properties. • 1% LNs contained wood shows good transparence and UV-shielding. • Eco-friendly transparent wood was fabricated using waste lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk fibroin nanoparticles possess the hydrophobic nature which assists them to become a good substrate for reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and macrophageal uptake. Surface coating of these nanoparticles with hydrophilic stabilizers, like Tween-80 make them long circulating and facilitate their uptake by low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors to cross blood brain barrier (BBB). Surface modified silk fibroin nanoparticles bearing anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (DOX) were fabricated by desolvation method and coated with Tween-80 as surface modifier. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for various physicochemical parameters, like particle size, surface charge, surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro drug release along with in vitro cell cytotoxicity, flow cytometry and cellular uptake studies by flourocytometry on glioblastoma cell lines. Entrapment efficiency for the silk fibroin nanoparticles were found to be >85% for coated and uncoated nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with average diameter less than 150 nm having negative charge were found to show no toxicity of its own. The pro-inflammatory response of nanoparticles was observed by determining the cytokines level, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Sustained drug release pattern from the nanoparticles with better cytotoxicty as compared to free drug was observed, signifying their potential ability to work as a drug delivery system. • Silk fibroin was extracted from silk worm cocoons. • Silk fibroin is used as a biological macromolecule for drug delivery. • Silk fibroin nanoparticles provide better cytotocixity effects. • Coating of nanoparticles with Tween-80 improves the nanoparticles cytotocixity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research work was to develop controlled drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were selected as a nanocarrier for the selected antibiotic drugs tetracycline, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. CSNPs were prepared from chitosan solution by using tripolyphosphate (TPP) via ionic gelation method. Then the prepared high performance CSNPs were loaded with three different antibiotics to form nanocomposite from antibiotic loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Then the prepared nanocomposite used as superior antibacterial materials with minimum toxicity. Samples of cotton (100%) and (50:50) cotton/polyester blended fabrics were treated with different concentrations of this composite to impart antibacterial activity. Results showed that the treated fabrics with chitosan nanoparticles and its nanocomposite with different antibiotics were inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis exposed the embedding of chitosan nanoparticles into fabrics and their antibiotics loaded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, both the iron nanoparticles (INPs) by the chemical reduction method were synthesized and the hydrogen gas was produced during the reaction. In the nanoparticle synthesis method, the leach solution prepared from the branches and leaves of Pinus brutia , iron accumulator plant, was used as an iron ion source whilst sodium borohydride (NaBH 4) was used as the reductant agent. The synthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). According to the characterization results; INPs had the phases of magnetite, goethite, lepidocrocite, and zero-valent iron. The structures of INPs were porous and nearly spherical; also, the average particle size of INPs was determined to be 82.19 nm. INPs had the elements of O, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, and Cl in descending order. On the other hand, the amount of the generated hydrogen gas was measured by the volume of the displaced water. The effects of temperature, pH, NaBH 4 amount, and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) amount on the hydrogen gas production were investigated. The results showed that temperature of 65 °C, pH = 9.0, 2.50 g NaBH 4 , and 1.0 g PVP were determined as the optimum conditions for H 2(g) production and 6000 ± 50 mL H 2(g) volume was produced under the optimum environmental conditions. The reaction kinetics was evaluated and the reaction order was found as approximately 1.3523 order and it was obtained that the reaction rate constants increased with increase in temperature as it was expected from the temperature effect. The activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the reaction were determined to be 46.86 kJ/mol, 44.19 kJ/mol, and –105.52 J/mol. K, respectively. Image 1 • H 2(g) was produced during iron nanoparticles synthesis with an accumulator plant. • The optimum conditions were determined as 65 °C, pH = 9, 2.5 g NaBH 4 , and 1 g PVP. • 6000 ± 50 mL H 2(g) could be produced in 80 min under the optimum conditions. • The reaction order was found as 1.35 and the studied process was endothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mechanism is presented to illustrate different observations of cathode deposits. • Primary particle size was reduced by increasing the quench gas velocity. • The crystallite size of produced nanoparticles increases with the nitrogen content. • Raising the arc current from 12 to 50 A leads to a yield enhancement of factor ten. Arc discharge synthesis has industrial relevance due to its low cost and scale-up potential. The production of titanium nitride nanoparticles was achieved by direct current arc discharge in an atmospheric-pressured ambient composed of N 2 and Ar. We systematically investigated the effect of the synthesis parameters, including quench gas velocity, quench gas composition, and applied arc current, on the particle quality, yield, and size. It is found that increasing quench gas velocity enables to produce particles with a primary size of 10–15 nm, while titanium nitride particles of 20–50 nm are produced at low quench gas velocity based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that titanium nitride particles produced at various nitrogen compositions are almost stoichiometric, while the crystallite size increases almost 20 nm when increasing nitrogen contents in the quench gas. Quench gas composition also has a significant impact on the arc voltage as well as particle production rate. When increasing the nitrogen concentration from 20% to 100%, the production rate can be enhanced by a factor of three. Besides, raising the applied arc current from 12 A to 50 A leads to a yield enhancement of factor 10. According to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurement, the increase of applied arc current has a limited impact on primary particle size. The enhancement in particle production rate is mainly reflected by the larger agglomerate sizes and agglomerate number concentration. Additionally, based on experimental observations and previous studies, a mechanism is presented to explain the growth of deposits on the cathode tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotus seed starch (LS) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by pullulanase, β-amylase and α-amylase to obtain three types of starch nanoparticles (SNPs): P-SNPs, β-SNPs and α-SNPs, respectively. The structure and physicochemical properties of lotus seed starch nanoparticles (LS-SNPs) were systematically studied by Laser particle size analysis, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrometry, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results showed that compared to LS (10,466.7 ± 230.9 nm), the D [3,2] of P-SNPs were (334.7 ± 16.2), which indicated that LS was decomposed into LS-SNPs with low degree of polymerization. P-SNPs showed the highest efficiency, with 81.74% of samples reaching the nanoscale. The particle size order was LS > β-SNPs (α-SNPs) > P-SNPs. XRD results showed P-SNPs had the highest crystallinity 65.07%. During preparation of LS-SNPs, crystal region was destroyed, and double helix structure became stronger, but no new functional groups were introduced. P-SNPs had the smallest amorphous area and also showed a minimal molecular weight and the broadest molecular weight distribution. P-SNPs had the smallest particle size and the highest crystallinity, so P-SNPs were the best of all LS-SNPs. • The highest crystallinity of lotus seed starch nanoparticles (LS-SNPs) was 65.07%. • The method to prepare LS-SNPs was high-efficiency and green. • Different formation mechanisms of LS-SNPs were found and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary Cu/TiO 2 /rGO photocatalysts with varying Cu and graphene loadings were prepared by a solvothermal method. Pure anatase TiO 2 hollow spheres (THS) were prepared with titanium butoxide, ethanol, ammonium sulphate, and urea via a hydrothermal method; Cu nanoparticles were subsequently loaded on the surface of the hollow spheres by wet impregnation. During the solvothermal process, deposition and well dispersion of Cu–TiO 2 hollow spheres composites onto graphene oxide surface, as well as the reduction of graphene oxide to graphene were achieved. The morphological and structural properties of the prepared samples were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Tellet (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV–vis DRS, and Photoluminescence (PL). The activity of the prepared catalyst was tested for hydrogen production via simultaneous photocatalytic water-splitting and glycerol reforming under natural solar light irradiation. The excellent photocatalytic activity of the ternary Cu/THS/graphene catalyst is attributed to the graphene sheets, which acts as both storage and transferor of electrons generated at the Cu and TiO 2 heterojunction, thus increasing the electron-hole pair separation. Image 1 • A highly active ternary Cu/THS/Graphene catalyst was prepared. • Hydrogen production from glycerol with solar light was studied. • Optimum Cu and graphene loadings were 0.5 wt% and 4 wt%.respectively. • Highest activity of the optimized ternary catalyst is 147,000 μmol.g cat −1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-organized, simplistic, and green route of chitin-glucan based zinc oxide nanoparticles (ChGC@ZnONPs) was synthesized using reducing and capping agent both in one as chitin-glucan complex (ChGC). Herein we report the bio-synthesis of Cur-ChGC@ZnONPs by the conjugation of curcumin (Cur) with ChGC@ZnONPs for the improvement of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by the UV–Visible (UV–Vis), particle size analyser, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Structure analysis, shape and crystalline size of nanomaterials were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The particle size analyser showed the particle size of nanomaterials and stability. Crystalline nature of both ChGC@ZnONPs and Cur-ChGC@ZnONPs were confirmed by the XRD spectra and FT-IR spectrum was used to examine the functional groups of nanomaterials. The antioxidant potential of conjugated nanomaterials were estimated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay and ABTS+⁎ assay. This analysis showed that after loading of Cur, antioxidant activity increases. The antibacterial assessment of conjugated nanomaterials were tested by different microorganisms and showed excellent antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles have been successfully used for immobilization of different enzymes. The enzyme immobilized by nanomaterials has promising application in the biotechnological industry. The β-glucosidase is very important in industrial field. The immobilization of β-glucosidase by nanomaterials increases its activity and reusability. In this work, the β-glucosidase was extracted from fruiting bodies of Agrocybe aegirit and was purified by anion exchange. The β-glucosidase was immobilized by SiO 2 nanoparticles (nano-SiO 2) crosslink with glutaraldehyde (GA). On the other hand, the β-glucosidase firstly immobilized by process adsorption and then crosslink with genipin (GP) which was produced by the hydrolysis of geniposide by β-glucosidase. Then we compared the properties of both immobilized GA-crosslinked β-glucosidase and GP-crosslinked β-glucosidase, their immobilization yields were 83.34% and 96.29% respectively. The GA-crosslinked β-glucosidase and free β-glucosidase revealed optimal pH at 6.0. The optimal pH of GP-crosslinked β-glucosidase was ranging between 4.5 and 7.5. The GA-crosslinked β-glucosidase and GP-crosslinked β-glucosidase revealed the optimal temperature at 50 °C, 70 °C respectively. For the free β-glucosidase, the optimal temperature was 55 °C. Furthermore, the GA-crosslinked β-glucosidase and GP-crosslinked β-glucosidase were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The geniposide consumption in the reaction system of GA-crosslinked β-glucosidase was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a critical preventive study for providing a healthy life and enhancing people's safety at work in which introduces of highly efficient and durable UV-protection and antibacterial textiles. With this aim, ZnO nanoparticles are in situ synthesized on the modified cotton fabric to produce the multifunctional fabrics. Herein, the cotton fabric is oxidized by periodate and then treated by 4-aminobenzoic acid ligand (PABA). The modified cotton fabrics are characterized via X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the anti-bacterial, UV-protection, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of samples are investigated. The results show that pre-oxidization cotton fabric provides better active sites for the treatment with PABA. Then, PABA treatment provides significant sites for the growth of the ZnO nanoparticles and maintains cross-linking property between oxidized cellulosic fibers and the ZnO nanoparticles which improves the formation and durability of ZnO nanoparticles. The simultaneous sample treatment with ZnO and PABA had synergistic effects on UV protection, stability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the ZnO PABA oxidized cotton fabrics show excellent UV-protection and significant antibacterial efficacy after 20 washing cycles and 100 abrasion cycles, which can be used in advanced protective textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel primary cell based on graphene and Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as embedded materials have been developed with Al/Al 2 O 3 /Activated carbon (AC) as a matrix. The performances of the cells are quite interesting evidenced by the results of electrochemical studies. There is no formation of dendrite growth of Al which is demonstrated through TEM and SEM studies. The longer life of the cell is acclaimed due to the formation of the flake-like structure of graphene and resistivity towards the crystallinity of graphene layers. The corrosion resistance of Al/Al 2 O 3 and graphene intercalated systems is found high. The resultant graphene-based cell exhibited 1.68 V and assembly of each of 2 such cells yielded 3.36 V which is equivalent to Li-Ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co/B co-doped ZnO (Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method to investigate the effect of cobalt and boron on the structural, microstructural, and optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction method was used for the structural analysis and single phases were found for all Co/B co-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique was used to determine the surface morphology, particle size, and the shapes of the nanoparticles. The elemental compositions of the nanoparticles were obtained by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Hexagonal Wurtzite structure was proved by c/a ratios of the ZnCoBO nanoparticles. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies were performed and explained. The energy band gaps of the samples were calculated and the effects of dopant elements on optical properties were discussed. The maximum band gap occurred for Zn 0.93 B 0.07 O with a band gap energy of E g = 3.26 eV. The refractive index was calculated using the energy band gap with five different models. The grain sizes and the band gap energies fluctuated as the doping ratio increased. The results showed that the refractive index strongly depends on the Co concentration nonlinearly. It was found that doping cobalt increased the Urbach energy value of B-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The increase in E u indicates that the structural disorder and the number of defects in the Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O structures increased with increasing concentration of Co in the Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O structures. The highest value of Urbach energy was approximately found in the range of 1259 and 1469 meV for 3% Co. Moreover, for 3% Co the concentration-dependent microstrain (Ɛ) values also reached the maximum, dislocation density δ had also the maximum value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor agonist, can mimick physiological actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to attenuate neurogenic disease. However, its use as a functional food, is limited by its low-water solubility, chemical instability, and poor bioavailability. The purpose of this work is to fabricate stable 7,8-DHF loaded zein/lactoferrin (LF) composite nanoparticles (zein/LF-DHF) to overcome these challenges. Results showed that mean particle size of zein/LF nanoparticles was about 74 nm with low polydispersity index (<0.200) and turbidity (<0.300) values. Zein/LF nanoparticles had good stability against pH (3.0–9.0), ionic strengths (0–500 mM NaCl at neutral pH) and long-term storage. Zein/LF nanoparticles showed spherical structures formed by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, however, LF changed surface morphology of zein nanoparticles as observed by scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction indicated 7,8-DHF was presented in an amorphous state inside zein/LF nanoparticles. Most importantly, zein/LF-DHF had good redispersibility, and increased the encapsulation efficiency, chemical stability, water solubility and bioaccessibility of 7,8-DHF. Collectively, zein/LF nanoparticles are promising delivery systems for 7,8-DHF in functional foods. Unlabelled Image • Lactoferrin (LF) acted as a powerful stabilizer to fabricate zein nanoparticles. • 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) was firstly encapsulated in zein/LF nanoparticles. • Zein/LF-DHF had good redispersibility in water. • Zein/LF-DHF increased encapsulation efficiency and chemical stability of 7,8-DHF. • Zein/LF-DHF enhanced water solubility and bioaccessibility of 7,8-DHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different calcination temperatures on the molecular structure, optical, morphological and antimicrobial activity were investigated for Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized using green sol-gel method. The prepared ZnO NPs are calcined at 70 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C. The effect of different calcinations temperature on the characterization of the prepared samples were studied using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HRSEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis). In addition, the potential antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs were investigated against four different pathogenic bacterial strains: two strain of gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Klebsiella Pneumonia) and two strain of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus). The results showed that XRD, UV–Visible and FT-IR confirmed the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. HRTEM and HRSEM reveal that as the temperature increase the size of prepared sample increased and the agglomeration increases. The best size of rod shape ZnO NPs found at 300 and 400 °C. Zinc oxide NPs prepared at 300 °C calcination temperature have the superior antibacterial effect on the gram positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Image 10946 • Synthesized ZnO NPs by the Sol-Gel method with different calcination temperatures. • As the temperature increased both the size and agglomeration increases. • HRSEM and HRTEM showed the best size of rod shape ZnO NPs found at 300 and 400 °C. • ZnO NPs at 300 °C have the superior antibacterial effect on pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the preparation and consolidation of nanocrystalline LaB 6 powders originating from powder blends of La 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 and Mg were reported. A consecutive route of mechanochemical synthesis (MCS) and purification was utilized for the achievement of nano-sized LaB 6 powders. As-synthesized powders were leached out from intermediate reaction products or impurities. Then, a sequential step of cold pressing (uniaxial pressure at 800 MPa) and pressureless sintering (at 1700 °C for 5 h under Ar gas flow) were utilized for the consolidation of the purified LaB 6 powders. The type of mill (vibratory and planetary high-energy ball mills) was employed as a MCS parameter to reveal its effect on the physical, microstructural and mechanical properties of the LaB 6 powders, and their bulk structures. Compositional, physical and microstructural properties of the products after powder processing were determined via X-ray diffractometer (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), stereomicroscope (SM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) coupled with both SEM and TEM, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The bulk properties of the LaB 6 consolidated from nanocrystalline powders with a minimum 99.99% purity, and ∼62 nm (for vibratory ball mill) or ∼74 nm (for planetary ball mill) average particle size were compared according to various properties. LaB 6 powders were synthesized in planetary mill at an approximately six times longer duration than that of in vibratory mill. According to the results, density, surface area and mean particle size values of the vibratory ball-milled samples (containing paramagnetic powders) are better than those of planetary ball-milled (containing diamagnetic powders) ones. However, mechanical properties such as hardness, surface roughness, wear rate, friction coefficient, and also electrical conductivity were improved in the planetary ball-milled LaB 6 bulks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up-conversion (UC) phosphors with multiple functions are highly desirable for many potentially technological applications which can stimulate the miniaturization and multipurpose of modern devices. In this work, Tm3+- and Yb3+-codoped SrBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (SBT:xTm3+/Yb3+) nanoparticles have been first synthesized by a convenient EDTA-citrate method. The structures and morphologies of SBT:xTm3+/Yb3+ were measured by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared reflectivity spectra and scanning electron microscope. Under 980 nm excitation, SBT:xTm3+/Yb3+ exhibited strong near-infrared (NIR) and weak visible emissions. The UC emissions were unveiled to be tightly related to the Tm3+ concentration and the optimum concentration was determined as x = 0.01. The possible UC mechanism was proposed. Importantly, based on thermo-responsive fluorescence intensity ratio approach, the optical thermometric properties were characterized in the temperature range between 313 and 573 K. The maximum sensitivity of SBT:0.01Er3+/Yb3+ UCNPs was obtained as 7.5 × 10−4 K-1. Besides, excellent repeatability and stability were also realized by the thermal-cycling measurement. Furthermore, prominent photo-thermal (PT) effect was also achieved with a temperature coefficient being 0.81 °C∙mm2/mW. Under periodic laser stimulation, the PT effect of the sample displayed regular response, indicating that the PT effect can be expediently controlled by 980 nm laser. These results indicate that SBT:xTm3+/Yb3+ UCNPs could be potential candidates for temperature sensors and PT agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Micro-crystals of Ag 2 O 2 were grown by a pin-to-solution air plasma electrolysis. • Ag 2 CO 3 nano-spheres on Ag 2 O 2 micro-crystals were composited. • Reduction of Ag+ to Ag by inert gas plasmas is inhibited in the air plasma. In this paper, a cathode-plasma electrolysis setup with atmospheric pressure pin-to-solution electrical discharge in air and AgNO 3 aqueous solution is used. The experiment shows that a black powder is generated at the plasma-solution interface. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), the black powder is found to be Ag 2 O 2 combined with a small amount of Ag 2 CO 3. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images reveal that the powder is a mixture of sub-micrometer (>200 nm) Ag 2 O 2 polygonal particles and Ag 2 CO 3 nano-spheres of <70 nm diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using pozzolanic materials such as RHA and TiO 2 in concrete reduce clinker consumption and the CO 2 generated. • The combination of 10%RHA and various amounts of TiO 2 improved strength and durability performances of concrete. • 3% TiO 2 nanoparticles was found to be the optimum replacement level. Sustainable development, climate change and the extensive extraction and consumption of non-renewable mineral resources are the greatest contemporary challenges facing humankind, especially construction industry. Reducing the mining and consumption of raw materials, and CO 2 emission generated by the production of Portland cement clinker as well as improving concrete performance are now achievable targets even with the use of various recycled and by-product materials in a partial replacement of virgin materials. In the present study, concrete designed with Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) Nanoparticles and rice husk ash (RHA) as pozzolanic materials used in a partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) has been investigated. RHA was used in a single amount of 10% while TiO 2 nanoparticles was incorporated at different replacement levels varying from 0 to 5% as a partial replacement of PC. The morphological and mineralogical characteristics of TiO 2 Nanoparticles were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The blended cement concrete mixes have been assessed in terms of mechanical and durability performances including compressive, Flexural and Splitting Tensile strengths, resistance to Acid attack and Chloride Penetration. The results revealed that concrete mixes with a combination of 10%RHA and 3% TiO 2 Nanoparticles as a partial replacement of PC showed the highest strengths and durability performances. Increasing the TiO 2 Nanoparticles beyond 3% has resulted in a drop in strengths and durability properties. Thus, this replacement of 3% nano-TiO 2 might be considered as the optimum replacement level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes efficient immobilization of L-glutaminase free L-asparaginase for developing a new therapeutic system for anticancer therapy. L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) was covalently immobilized on the functionalized aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AONP) and titanium oxide nanoparticles (TONP). The nano-bioconjugates (AONP-ASNase and TONP-ASNase) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectral analysis that revealed the successful immobilization. The nano-bioconjugates were optimally active at pH 7.0 and 40 °C. TONP-ASNase activity was enhanced in the presence of NH 4 + (160%) and Mn2+ (165%) while AONP-ASNase bioconjugates showed increased relative activity with ethyl acetate (142%) and toluene (160%). The nano-bioconjugates displayed excellent reusability and maintained >90% average activity after nine successive cycles. Maximum cytotoxicity (61%) was noticed with AONP-ASNase (10 μg/ml) against human leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Regarding kinetic values, AONP-ASNase showed better affinity (K m 1.9 μmol) to L-asparagine as compared to free L-ASNase. After 23 days storage at 37 °C, bioconjugates retained 40% residual activity while free L-ASNase was completely deactivated. Thermodynamic characterization revealed higher conversion rate of the E-S complex in case of nano-bioconjugates. Unlabelled Image • L-asparaginase-metal oxide nano-bioconjugates were prepared and characterized. • Nano-bioconjugates had longer shelf-life and improved pH and thermal stability. • Immobilized L-asparaginase was recycled without any loss in efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite-based nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation process and coated with a thin layer of silica, eventually doped with calcium, by a modified Stöber method. The potential bioactive behavior of NPs was investigated by dipping samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and analyzing them with Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Silica-coated NPs displayed evidence of HAp grown on their surface and were then used as a filler for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement to impart bioactive and magnetic properties. The influence of the amount of magnetic NPs and the cement mixing method (manual or mechanical) were estimated in terms of NPs dispersion, compressive strength and bioactive behavior. The obtained data evidenced that both the NPs amount and the mixing method influenced the strength of the composites. A delay in the bioactivity was observed for manual mixed cement; moreover, mechanically mixed composites containing a low amount of NPs showed superparamagnetic behavior. These results suggest that the investigated composite bone cements are promising materials for the treatment of bone tumors and associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ru, Pt, Pd-based catalysts supported on Co 3 O 4 with microwave irradiation-polyol method is used for the hydrogen generation from NaBH 4 hydrolysis. Surface morphology and structural properties of the catalysts were studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP/MS). In addition to, an on-demand hydrogen generation system, which can produce hydrogen from NaBH 4 solution and in order to determine the activity of the prepared catalysts, is designed by our group. The effects of solution temperature, amount of catalyst and the initial concentrations of NaBH 4 /NaOH on the hydrogen generation rate are investigated. The highest hydrogen generation rate at 25 οC is obtained from Ru–Co 3 O 4 catalyst with 6514 ml/g cat.min. In addition, the highest hydrogen generation rate from hydrolysis of NaBH 4 with Pt–Co 3 O 4 catalyst is achieved at 55 οC as 23916 ml/g cat.min. The Ea values were calculated as 28.26 kj mol−1, 43.52 kj mol−1 and 65.82 kj mol−1 for Ru–Co 3 O 4 , Pt–Co 3 O 4 and Pd–Co 3 O 4 , respectively. Furthermore, it is observed that the increase in solution temperature had a very positive effect on the hydrogen generation rate of Pd based catalyst. • Ru, Pt and Pd nanoparticles supported on Co 3 O 4 by microwave irradiation method. • The activities of these catalysts were tested for hydrogen generation rate (HGR). • Solution temperature, catalyst amount and initial concentrations were investigated. • Ru–Co 3 O 4 catalyst showed the highest HGR at 25 οC as 6514 ml/g cat.min. • Temperature and NaOH concentration positively affect HGR of Pd–Co 3 O 4 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]