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Highlights • ePIRLS 2016 is a new assessment of online reading skills of primary school pupils. • Spending time on the internet is positively associated with ePIRLS achievement. • Higher achievers in reading use computers less frequently for schoolwork at home. • Better online readers also use computers less frequently for schoolwork at school. • Owning a smart-phone is negatively associated with paper-based reading. Abstract Online reading necessitates the use of both similar and different skills to traditional paper-based reading. Therefore, some overlap is likely in the background and attitudinal factors associated with reading in the two modes. This study uses a multilevel framework and data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS, 2016) to explore the characteristics associated with online and paper-based reading in Ireland. Of independent variables examined, pupil reading confidence has the largest effect size for both PIRLS and ePIRLS. Home background variables have similar effect sizes for the two outcomes. Differences between the models emerge regarding time spent browsing the internet, the frequency of using a computer at school, pupil enjoyment of reading, and pupil ownership of a smartphone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is a material exhibiting a complex microstructure that is composed of a network of fibres at the micro-level. When subjected to external loading or variations in moisture conditions over different time scales, changes in strain that are non-linear with respect to time are observed at the sheet level (macro-scale). In order to investigate this time-dependent behaviour of paper, a creep power law model is implemented within a finite element approach at the level of single fibres. This rate-dependent model is found to capture experimental results available in literature for single fibres with a good agreement (both quantitatively and qualitatively). Based on the identified model at the level of single fibres, the time-dependent hygro-mechanical response is upscaled towards the network scale. To this end, random model networks of ribbon shaped fibres are generated and their response is simulated. The network-scale response, emerging from the rate-dependent fibre model, demonstrates the ability to predict the response of networks subjected to relaxation at a constant moisture level. The developed numerical model predicts lower values of overall stress response in single fibres as compared to networks. Also, stress relaxation predicted by the rate-dependent model in the cross-direction of the networks is in agreement with the experimental observations by Johanson and Kubát (1967). Therefore, one of the remarkable findings of the present work is that the developed rate-dependent model is robust enough to capture the sheet scale response also qualitatively. Based on the study of these computational results, a better understanding is achieved regarding the influence of mechanical and rate-dependent properties of single fibres on the hygro-expansion of complete fibre networks, and in particular of paper sheets. • A rate-dependent non-linear model is developed to study creep in paper networks. • It is calibrated with experiments on the single paper fibres with a good match. • It also captures the experimental response of the networks qualitatively. • One of the remarkable achievement of our work is the robustness of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue (SI) constitutes a small recognition for the research achievements during a half-a-century activity of B. R. Sehgal, G. Yadigaroglu and G. Hewitt. Around forty papers have been collected in the area of Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics (NTH) to honor the memory of those scientists. Namely, the SI is sub-divided into three parts: the first one (which includes the present paper) provides introductory remarks and (SI) planning information; the second one celebrates the life and the scientific achievements of the three eminent researchers; the third part consists of a collection of technical papers representative of nowadays investigations in nuclear thermal-hydraulics. Rather than summarizing the content of the SI, the present paper aims at identifying (a few lines in each case) the main message from each paper in order to create a chain among several topics which constitute NTH. The summary can be useful for more thorough discussion (i.e. more systematic and more comprehensive than what done within the framework of the present SI) among specialists about what is now NTH and how to identify substantial improvement ways-out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The North-South gap of China has widened in recent decades. • This paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer and its impact on emissions. • The North-South transfer aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions across regions in China. • The spillover effect is the dominant path behind the impact of the transfer. In recent years, the gap between the north and the south of China has been expanding, showing a decreasing proportion of value-added and an increasing proportion of carbon emissions in the north of China, and vice versa in the south of China. Based on the most recent inter-provincial input-output table of China in 2012 and 2017, this paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer of manufacturing, quantified its impact on regional carbon emissions, and decomposed the path of impacts. The results suggest that the North-South industrial transfers of China during 2012-2017 indeed aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions in the north and the south of China. Further explorations of path decompositions show that the spillover effect through production linkages is the major path where industrial transfer influences regional carbon emissions, particularly in the north of China. The results provide insightful policy implications for the achievement of carbon emissions reduction targets in China as well as the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESA Solar Orbiter was launched from Cape Canaveral in collaboration with NASA on the February 10, 2020 to start its journey around the Sun, with the commissioning phase ending in April 2020. After commissioning, ESA set a tighter pointing requirement goal to further improve the performance in Fine Pointing Mode, in preparation of the upcoming start of Science Phase. The first part of this paper outlines the end-to-end process which allowed - in just six months – to update the Fine Pointing Mode Design, re-tune the controller with refined assumptions taken from flight data and robust methods and execute full validation of the new AOCS Software on the Avionics Test bench at Airbus Defence and Space. The second part of the paper describes the upload in flight of the new Software and the analysis of the on-orbit pointing performance, which showed a significant improvement with respect to the previous one, thus contributing to the success of the Mission's scientific goals. • Solar Orbiter Payload Instruments required a better pointing jitter performance (Relative Pointing Error) after launch • Root cause analysis on flight telemetry to identify driver contributors to pointing error • Fine Pointing Mode controller design and tuning updated with refined inputs based on flight data and with robust control methods • Controller uploaded in flight significantly improved the Spacecraft pointing performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Loess Plateau is one of the most severely eroded areas in the world. The complexity of the multiple challenges facing the Loess Plateau entails the support of scientific and systematic innovations in land use. Based on technological innovation cluster (TIC) theory, this paper develops a self-circulation structure model for the TIC to analyze the hierarchical structure of the land-use innovations in the Loess Plateau. Then, employing the self-circulation structure model and taking the "Gully Land Consolidation Project" (GLCP) as a case study, this paper proposes one TIC-driven sustainable land use mode (TSLUM). A TIC has been developed among innovations in the TSLUM. The structure of TSLUM consists of three types of innovations: basic, related, and infrastructure innovations. Basic innovations are generally radical innovations that breed related, and infrastructure innovations. Diffusion-based and reversal-based mechanisms govern the evolution of the TSLUM. These two clustering mechanisms integrate with each other and jointly promote the development of the TSLUM in a self-circulation way. Furthermore, the TSLUM exhibits multiple functions, such as optimizing gully-slope interaction mechanism, providing continuous driving forces, consolidating the achievements of the "Grain for Green Project", bolstering rural livelihoods, and fostering some feasible ways for food security. The results obtained will be useful for advancing sustainable land use and regional sustainable development in the Loess Plateau via TICs effectively and systematically. ● A self-circulation structure model for technological innovation cluster is developed. ● A sustainable land use mode based on technological innovation cluster is proposed. ● Technological innovation cluster revealed in the study exhibits multiple functions. ● Regional sustainable development can be upheld by technological innovation cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, great progresses have been achieved under the support of memory mechanism when dealing with video object segmentation (VOS) problem. Despite its achievements, existing VOS approaches still suffer from abnormal samples, which derive from intrinsic video artifacts such as occlusion and motion blur. To mitigate the above issue, in this paper, we propose a quality-aware pattern diffusion (QPD) framework to boost the VOS performance. To achieve quality-aware pattern diffusion, a quality alignment mechanism is proposed, and it aims to promote the contributions of those normal samples while suppressing those abnormal ones during the feature propagation/diffusion processes. With our proposed quality alignment mechanism, the diffused instance features could be kept staying in the normal feature space, keeping from feature contamination caused by those low-quality samples. We first introduce a learnable quality evaluator to assess the sample qualities in both the temporal domain (i.e., across the historical frames), as well as the spatial domain (i.e., within the current frame). To achieve adaptive historical feature propagation into the current instance, a quality-aware long-term context propagation module is proposed, with which more stable instance representations could be achieved through the established quality-aware feature propagation process. A quality-aware pattern diffusion module is further introduced to address the spatial-domain abnormal samples, resulting in effective decoder feature refinement through building the quality-aware correspondence weights. Extensive experiments have demonstrated that our proposed quality alignment mechanism could boost the performance by a great margin over a strong baseline while achieving state-of-the-art performances on public VOS benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth, underpinned by augmented production, has been the dominant mode of development, where the focus is to influence the ability to increase the output and income of producers. In this process, differences in economic achievement are influenced collectively by geography, culture and institutions that determine effective capabilities. Yet, disparities associated with place are still widespread. In this paper, we draw some insights on the nature of economic deprivation amongst Pakistan households using Household Integrated Economic Survey (PSLM/HIES) data and treating the residential location as a key parameter of interest. In relating to the well-known discussion on rural–urban divide, we identify some commonalities in location-specific attributes in the achievement of economic-wellbeing. The analyses confirm the existing knowledge that poverty and well-being have strong place attachments, favouring urban areas as locations of greater relative well-being due to low levels of deprivation, in particular health, education and food security. In discussing how location may predispose inhabitants to deprivations or vulnerabilities, we identify some opportunities to realign development focus towards meeting local needs and raising aspirations for self-empowerment by better focusing on the nature of economic linkages that supports livelihood diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achievement goal instructions are instructions that assign the learners' achievement goals beforehand, such as mastery-approach goal instructions that emphasize "to learn as much as possible" and performance-approach goal instructions that emphasize "to be the best player". Achievement goal instructions can induce specific goals in learning, but it is unclear which achievement goal instruction is best for motivation, cognition, and emotion in game-based learning. The purpose of this paper is to investigate 1) how achievement goal instructions affect motivation (i.e., achievement goals), cognition (i.e., mental effort and performance), and emotion (i.e., achievement emotions) in chemistry game-based learning and 2) whether prior achievement goals moderate the effects of achievement goal instructions. Participants were secondary school students (N = 450). In a 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors mastery-approach goal instructions (yes, no) and performance-approach goals (yes, no), participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions: mastery-approach goal instructions condition, performance-approach goal instructions condition, combined mastery-approach and performance-approach goal instructions condition, and control condition. Robust regression analysis revealed that mastery-approach goal instructions and performance-approach goal instructions did not interact. Mastery-approach goal instructions had no effects on mastery-approach goals. Performance-approach goal instructions promoted higher performance-approach goals and higher mental effort but lower posttest performance. Prior mastery-approach goals moderated the effects of achievement goal instructions on mental effort. We conclude that achievement goal instructions in game-based learning affect cognitive and motivational outcomes differently. Educators would do well to consider achievement goal instructions and learners' prior mastery-approach goals. • Achievement goal instructions could induce some achievement goals but not others. • Performance-approach goal instructions increased mental effort but decreased performance. • Multiple goal perspective was not supported. • Prior mastery-approach goals moderate the effects of performance-approach goal instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, agile hardware design (AHD) methodology has been proposed to alleviate the productivity crisis brought by the growing complexity of modern microprocessor design. One of the key techniques in AHD is the adoption of hardware construction languages (HCLs) which have greatly improved the design productivity. However, the adoption of HCLs arises new challenges to design verification. In this paper, we proposed an enhanced coverage-directed dynamic verification technique for microprocessor RTL designs modeled using PyRTL HCL. The intention of the proposed method is to achieve higher coverage in dynamic verification. The proposed method is a hybrid between symbolic simulation and grammar-based fuzz testing, which offsets the disadvantages of each separate technique. We define Full Multiplexer Toggle Coverage (FMTC) to trace and provide feedback to the verification process. The achievement of high coverage is obtained by interleaving symbolic simulation and grammar-based fuzz testing passes. The symbolic simulation pass is used to generate tests that direct the testing to untouched corners, while the grammar-based fuzz testing pass is used to leverage test generation tasks and to enable the method to deal with microprocessor designs with a specific instruction set architecture (ISA). In addition, to further reduce testing cost, we propose a test compression technique to compress the generated test instructions by dropping redundant instructions. Finally, we implement all the enhancements in a test generation tool, named MPFuzz. Experimental results show that MPFuzz can efficiently generate test instructions for microprocessor RTL designs. The test instructions generated by MPFuzz can achieve higher coverage at least four times than that by the state-of-the-art fuzzing-based RTL test generation tool. • A method to combine fuzz testing and symbolic simulation for RTL verification. • A grammar-based fuzzing method that is suitable for verifying designs with ISA. • An instruction compression technique to remove redundant geberated instructions. • A test generation tool, named MPFuzz, for microprocessor RTL designs in PyRTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general position set of a graph G is a set of vertices S in G such that no three vertices from S lie on a common shortest path. In this paper we introduce and study the general position achievement game. The game is played on a graph G by players A and B who alternatively pick vertices of G. A selection of a vertex is legal if has not been selected before and the set of vertices selected so far forms a general position set of G. The player who selects the last vertex wins the game. Playable vertices at each step of the game are described, and sufficient conditions for each of the players to win is given. The game is studied on Cartesian and lexicographic products. Among other results it is proved that A wins the game on K n □ K m if and only if both n and m are odd, and that B wins the game on G ∘ K n if and only if either B wins on G or n is even. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the Transformer optimizes the interactive modeling of multimodal information in visual question answering (VQA) tasks, helping machines better understand multimodal information. The existing Transformer-based end-to-end methods have made some achievements in applying the Encoder-Decoder (E-D) mode or realizing complete interaction. However, almost no methods combine the advantages of the two well and give full play to them. Thus, this paper designs a complete language-vision interaction network (CLVIN) for VQA based on the implementation of the quadratic E-D mode. Based on the core framework of the modular co-attention network (MCAN), CLVIN achieves the complete interaction of multimodal information by using the E-D mode again, realizing the rational distribution of the question words' weight information. In addition, to reduce the additional consumption of time and memory caused by introducing the quadratic E-D mode, this paper proposes a compact method called CLVIN-c through optimizing the underlying implementation of the scaled dot-product attention in Transformer. Finally, a series of experimental results based on the dataset VQA-v2.0 and CLEVR show that CLVIN has a significant performance improvement, and CLVIN-c achieves further optimizations in model size and performance. Code is available at https://github.com/RainyMoo/myvqa. • Present that incomplete interactions limit rationality for token distribution. • Design a quadratic E-D mode model CLVIN to realize reasonable token distribution. • Propose CLVIN-c to implement further improvements in model size and performance. • Realize significant or comparable performance gain compared to some existing SOTAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a widely accepted definition of human intelligence has been challenging, a situation mirrored by the diverse definitions of artificial intelligence in computer science. By critically examining published definitions, highlighting both consistencies and inconsistencies, this paper proposes a refined nomenclature that harmonizes conceptualizations across the two disciplines. Abstract and operational definitions for human and artificial intelligence are proposed that emphasize maximal capacity for completing novel goals successfully through respective perceptual-cognitive and computational processes. Additionally, support for considering intelligence, both human and artificial, as consistent with a multidimensional model of capabilities is provided. The implications of current practices in artificial intelligence training and testing are also described, as they can be expected to lead to artificial achievement or expertise rather than artificial intelligence. Paralleling psychometrics, 'AI metrics' is suggested as a needed computer science discipline that acknowledges the importance of test reliability and validity, as well as standardized measurement procedures in artificial system evaluations. Drawing parallels with human general intelligence, artificial general intelligence (AGI) is described as a reflection of the shared variance in artificial system performances. We conclude that current evidence more greatly supports the observation of artificial achievement and expertise over artificial intelligence. However, interdisciplinary collaborations, based on common understandings of the nature of intelligence, as well as sound measurement practices, could facilitate scientific innovations that help bridge the gap between artificial and human-like intelligence. • Proposes unified definitions for human and artificial intelligence. • Distinguishes between artificial achievement/expertise and artificial intelligence. • Advocates for AI metrics to ensure good quality AI system evaluations. • Describes artificial general intelligence (AGI) mirroring human general intelligence. • Evidence currently favours presence of artificial achievement over intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In honouring Per Linell's achievements, I pursue how dialogue was traced back to praxis. Hence, I begin with how, countering generative theory as overblown, Linell found a hard middle way and, thus, adopted a modest realism. In early work, he traced phonology to what can be heard and, later, diagnosed exclusive emphasis on things or rules as written language bias. Since much depends on how we speak, verbalizing derives, in part, from the influence of others. In modelling speech performance, he therefore turns to a duality of planning and execution. Activity can be orienting to others and/or their doings and sayings. The pattern recurs in initiative-response analysis which effectively tracks isomorphisms in the push and pull of dialogue (initiative and response). Given samenesses, forms, ways of acting, and uses of wordings, we sustain the sociodialogical consciousness of practical and linguistic knowhow. Praxis prompts people to act, transcend situations, use dialogue, construct practical theories and, slowly, change their languaging. In scaling down, I argue that the future prospects of Linell's work lie in rethinking the interdisciplinary area that is concerned with languages, human practices and, above all, their effects. • The paper honours the work of Per Linell and focuses on the early decades. • It places weight on the how particulars appear phonology, the plan/execute model of speech performance and in what initiative/response identifies. • It argues that praxis is rooted in 'other orientation' –this, not dialogism, makes Linell's work important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors affecting academic achievement were widely analyzed and compared. This paper studies the effect of some context variables, including Gender, Age and School Resources (namely, General School Resources index ?GSR? and Resources for Mathematics Instruction ?RMI?) on the performance in Mathematics of the Moroccan?s fourth-grade students that participated on the TIMSS 2019 survey. The data collection method uses secondary data from this survey. Two statistical software packages are used (R Core Team, 2017 and SPSS 20) to treat data and apply multilevel modeling. The results of this modeling show that the variance explained at the school level is 39.41 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a multiple approaches to explaining and predicting individual differences in learning. First, this article briefly reviews critical problems with learning styles. Three major concepts are discussed: lack of a clear, explanatory framework, problems of measurement, and a failure to link learning styles to achievement. Next, this paper presents several alternative approaches to learning styles that do a better job of explaining how learning styles might predict achievement. Alternatives to learning styles include individual differences in verbal and visual skills, expertise and domain knowledge, self-regulation and inhibition, and perfectionism. For expertise and domain knowledge, knowledge representation and fluency are specifically discussed. It is recommended that the new approach that focuses on individual differences in learning be used by teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the third in a series of papers that provides an historical record in this journal of contributions made by the most influential figures in the field of fluency disorders. The paper reflects on the long and productive career of Barry Guitar, documenting his outstanding achievements. The paper is based on interviews with him during 2022. Like no one else in our field, Barry Guitar has an understanding of the experience of stuttering and how to cope with it, and, throughout his career, he has used that understanding to inspire others to cope with it. • Barry Guitar met Charles Van Riper in 1961 and it changed his life. • Like no one else in our field, Barry Guitar has an understanding of the experience of stuttering and how to cope with it. • This paper, based on interviews with Barry Guitar, reflects on his career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although GAN-based methods have received many achievements in the last few years, they have not been entirely successful in generating discrete data. The most crucial challenge of these methods is the difficulty of passing the gradient from the discriminator to the generator when the generator outputs are discrete. Despite the fact that several attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, none of the existing GAN-based methods have improved the performance of text generation compared with the maximum likelihood approach in terms of both the quality and the diversity. In this paper, we proposed a new framework for generating discrete data by an adversarial approach in which there is no need to pass the gradient to the generator. The proposed method has an iterative manner in which each new generator is defined based on the last discriminator. It leverages the discreteness of data and the last discriminator to model the real data distribution implicitly. Moreover, the method is supported with theoretical guarantees, and experimental results generally show the superiority of the proposed DGSAN method compared to the other popular or recent methods in generating discrete sequential data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image hiding is a field of research that focuses on covert storage and transmission techniques. It involves embedding a secret image within a container image to create a classified-carrying image that resembles a normal image. Nevertheless,the current image hiding methods based on Invertible neural networks suffer from a critical issue of information loss during the hiding process. This leads to a substantial degradation in the quality of the secret image extracted,thereby preventing the simultaneous achievement of secure transmission, high-capacity transmission, and high fidelity of the secret image in an insecure network environment. To address this issue,we introduce a novel image hiding architecture called FMIN (Fitting Models Based on Invertible Network). FMIN incorporates our innovative fitting model, which fits the loss information and generates a variable z simulating the loss information at the receiver side. This variable z is used as an input to the revealing process,enabling the high-quality extraction of multiple secret images from a single classified loaded image. Additionally,we introduce a novel decoupled training strategy aimed at enhancing the stability of image hiding model during training. Experimental results demonstrate that the image hiding method based on the proposed FMIN architecture in this paper significantly outperforms other SOTA image hiding methods for single-image and multiple-images hiding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental goal of perception is to aid in the achievement of behavioral objectives. This requires extracting and communicating useful information from noisy and uncertain sensory signals. At the same time, given the complexity of sensory information and the limitations of biological information processing, it is necessary that some information must be lost or discarded in the act of perception. Under these circumstances, what constitutes an 'optimal' perceptual system? This paper describes the mathematical framework of rate-distortion theory as the optimal solution to the problem of minimizing the costs of perceptual error subject to strong constraints on the ability to communicate or transmit information. Rate-distortion theory offers a general and principled theoretical framework for developing computational-level models of human perception (Marr, 1982). Models developed in this framework are capable of producing quantitatively precise explanations for human perceptual performance, while yielding new insights regarding the nature and goals of perception. This paper demonstrates the application of rate-distortion theory to two benchmark domains where capacity limits are especially salient in human perception: discrete categorization of stimuli (also known as absolute identification) and visual working memory. A software package written for the R statistical programming language is described that aids in the development of models based on rate-distortion theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic materials are ubiquitous in technologies operating under high mechanical, thermal or chemical constrains. Research in ceramic processing aims at creating ceramics with properties that are still challenging to obtain, such as toughness, transparency, conductivity, among others. Magnetic slip casting is a process where an external magnetic field is used to createcontrolled texture in ceramics. Over the past 20 years of research on magnetic slip casting, dense and textured ceramics of multiple chemistry were found to exhibit enhanced properties. This paper reviews the progress in the field of magnetic slip casting, details the processing parameters and the textures obtained for a diverse range of compositions. The structural and functional properties of the magnetically textured slip casted and sintered ceramics are presented. This overview of the magnetic slip casting process allows to identify critical directions for future advancement in advanced technical ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters for achievement of treatment success sometimes differ between patients and orthodontists, while patients focus on esthetics, orthodontists usually emphasize occlusal criteria. Although smile esthetics is an extensive topic, clinicians must understand the main principles of an ideal smile in order to use the appropriate orthodontic mechanics to enhance facial and smile esthetics. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to review the two main principles of a beautiful and youthful smile to guide the clinician to visualize the main esthetic goals of orthodontic treatment, and 2) to present two clinical situations where appropriate orthodontic mechanics were used to obtain optimal facial and smile esthetics results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impulsive synchronization problems of a class of multiple discrete-time memristor-based neural networks (DTMNNs) with stochastic perturbations and time-varying delays. The impulsive synchronization problems include the synchronization preservation for stable DTMNNs under impulsive perturbations and the achievement of synchronization for unstable DTMNNs under impulsive control. Firstly, we construct a class of multiple DTMNNs with stochastic perturbations and time-varying delays. Secondly, two sets of sufficient synchronization conditions are respectively established by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals and using two different methods. Under impulsive perturbations, the synchronization preservation for stable DTMNNs is achieved as long as the first set of synchronization conditions is satisfied. Moreover, the desired impulsive control matrix is derived by solving the second set of synchronization conditions. Finally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results, we present two numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular economy (CE) is an umbrella concept for closing material loops towards enhanced environmental performance. Despite the recognized benefits of CE, the intended outcomes are not always achieved due to the occurrence of rebound effects. The lack of consideration of potential rebound effects triggered by CE is delaying the achievement of CE's full potential. This paper aims to further evolve the concept and mechanisms of circular rebound effects by means of a systematic literature review. In this context, this paper proposes a conceptual framework which brings together the main characteristics and mechanisms (incl. the initiating, developer, and mitigating mechanisms) of a rebound effect in the CE context. The four major lessons learned from research on the circular rebound effect were discussed, including its contextual dependencies, the need for new forms of governance, and how direct effects can overshadow the indirect effects of circularity, indicating a need for early-detection instruments. In addition to proposing six avenues of future research, the research provides clarification and a basis for integrating rebound effect concepts into the CE practice, with important implications for a successful CE transition. • Rebound effects undermine the potential benefits of Circular Economy. • Circular rebound is driven by initiating, developer and mitigating mechanisms. • Systemic view of circular economy effects is essential to minimize rebound effects. • Comprehensive research agenda for Circular Economy Rebound is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on a systematic investigation on the microstructure, magnetocaloric effect and thermal transport properties of La-Fe-Si-H/Sn composites prepared by hot pressing. A continuously distributed Sn network is constructed to restore the mechanical integrity of La-Fe-Si-H hydrides. The hot-pressed composites show good magnetocaloric performance and improved thermal conductivity with optimized interface contacts of La-Fe-Si-H/Sn and hot-pressing parameters. A modified Hasselman-Johnson model is adopted in predicting the thermal conductivity of La-Fe-Si-H/Sn composites in terms of reasonable particle size, interfacial contact conditions and porosity. A large magnetic entropy change of 11 J/kg K in 2 T and high thermal conductivity of ∼9 W/mK could be simultaneously achieved in LaFe 11.6 Si 1.4 H x /Sn. This work contributes to the research on high performance magnetocaloric composites with combined outstanding magnetocaloric and thermal transport properties. • The mechanical integrity of La-Fe-Si-H has been restored by Sn matrix. • The large magnetocaloric effect is retained and thermal conductivity is improved. • The principles in the design of high thermal conductive functional composites are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bonus pay policy for teachers in the U.S. is analyzed in this paper. We quantitatively argue that, because of the decentralized education finance system in the U.S., this policy may lead to higher teacher and household sorting across school districts. This then may lead to higher variance of achievement and lower mean achievement. Formally, we use an equilibrium political economy model of education at which households, heterogeneous in exogenously set income, and teachers, heterogeneous in exogenously set quality, are endogenously allocated across two school districts. Public education expenditures, which includes teachers' wage payment and non-teacher related education spending, are financed through local income taxation. Income tax rate in each district is determined via majority voting. Achievement depends on the efforts chosen by teachers and non-teacher related education spending. Teacher efficiency wage per unit of quality is determined at the national teacher labor market. We first calibrate our benchmark model by matching certain statistics from the U.S. data. Then in a computational experiment, we introduce bonus pay for teachers which rises with average achievement. We find that for the recently observed level of average bonus pay (6.59 % of average base salary), variance of achievement is 2.46 % higher and mean achievement is 1.79 % lower than the benchmark. Variance of achievement reaches its peak when average bonus pay is 14.06 % and then it starts falling. Also, mean achievement always falls as average bonus pay rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Closely examining the mathematical details of classroom interaction is essential. • Engaging in details of others' mathematical ideas relates to achievement. • Productive teacher support depends on following up on invitations to students. • Interaction varies across classroom participation structures. This paper traces the development of a program of work that seeks to understand the teacher practices that promote productive dialogue and learning in mathematics classrooms. This work originated in cooperative/collaborative learning research, with a focus on understanding group dynamics effective for student learning. Over time, it layered on increasing attention to the teacher's role, and branched out to consider the multiple participation structures in the classroom (whole-class discussion, small-group collaborative work, private student-student conversations). Each phase of this work brought in a heightened focus on the details of classroom interaction around mathematics—both in the thinking that students share and in the practices teachers use to support student participation—to better understand the development of students' mathematics learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reputation and fame, two measurements of social popularity, play an increasing important role in the modern society. Reputation is influenced by one's performance of success, while often divorced from her/his professional achievements. Trying to figure out the relationship between the two measures is crucial for objectively rewarding excellence in all fields, such as entertainment, sports and sciences. Baidu popularity, an index developed by the dominating searching engine company in China, is designed to reflect the reputation of a person in Chinese media and publications. In this paper, Baidu popularity is utilized to quantify the relationship of a person's social popularity and her/his occupation parameters, such as the career length, the values of tournaments, rankings, etc. Taking table tennis athletes as an example, we quantify the relationship between the success and the Baidu popularity. The data collected from web sites is used to measure the Baidu popularity of athletes. A social popularity model (SPM) is constructed by combining the logarithm of the Baidu popularity and the linear combination of the logarithms of the four observed attributes. Experiments show that the model is effective and robust, and also reveals that performance indicators are the root cause of popularity in many areas of human achievement. The real-world data confirms that the SPM model is a timely and appropriate framework to measure the reputation of table tennis athletes. • The social popularity is quantified by the achievement. • Baidu index is introduced to measure the social popularity. • Achievements associate with the ranking, the career length, the matches' number, and the tournament's level. • The social popularity is a timely indices relying on achievements in the match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous reviews show a favourable relationship between physical activity (PA) and brain health in children and youth. The purpose of this systematic review was to extend the generalizability of previous findings using only studies that employed randomized controlled designs in a wider age range. After registration in PROSPERO, PRISMA guidelines were followed. Studies must have used a randomized controlled design; manipulated PA once (i.e., acute) or more (i.e., chronic) in apparently healthy children (1 month-17.99 years); and examined cognitive function, brain function, or brain structure as outcomes. Articles were reviewed for inclusion and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Overall, 84 studies from 83 papers with 12,600 unique participants were included (n range = 10–1,224, M range = 0.77–17 years). Studies were mostly rated as low risk of bias. The majority of studies (n = 52) reported at least one favourable cognitive function outcome associated with a PA intervention. Few studies (n = 6) reported an unfavourable outcome. Examining the multiple cognitive function outcomes within each study, PA had mostly no effect (n acute = 29, n chronic = 47) or a mix of favourable and no effects (n acute = 20, n chronic = 27). For brain function, acute PA was associated with no change (n = 2) whereas chronic PA was associated with a mix of increases, decreases, or no change (n = 3). For brain structure, two overlapping studies found either favourable or no effects of chronic PA. PA is unlikely to harm brain health in children and youth and may confer some benefits. More research is needed to examine the relationship between PA and brain structure and function. • Most results showed null or a mix of null and favourable relationships between physical activity and cognitive function. • Very few studies reported unfavourable results. • Physical activity is unlikely to be detrimental to brain health in children and youth. • More research is need on brain structure and brain function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Many organizations around the world have considered safety culture as an emerging research field to address the needs of safety performance improvement and an important means and enabler of safety. The concept of safety culture was introduced in China in the early 1990s with support and encouragement from all levels of the government. Ever since, safety culture has greatly developed and received increasing attention in China, especially in the 21st century, and its research and practice have been very fruitful. However, such research is little known in the rest of the world because most works were published or introduced in Chinese. The two key objectives of this paper are: (1) to analyze the current state of safety culture research in China and (2) to introduce China's safety culture development, achievements, and prospects briefly. First, the long and dynamic journey of safety culture development in China is introduced. Then the current state of safety culture research in China is explained through literature analysis, and some key achievements in recent years are introduced. Finally, the prospects of safety culture in China over the next five years are introduced by combining the demand of safe development and the current Chinese safety culture research and the suggestions in the Thirteenth-Five-Year Plan for Work Safety formulated on February 3, 2017. However more detailed research needs to be carried out for a deeper understanding of China's safety culture development, research, and implementation. Highlights • China's safety culture development is introduced briefly. • The current state of safety culture research in China is analyzed. • Some key safety culture achievements in China in recent years is shown. • A brief introduction to the prospects of safety culture in China is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Bibliometrics provide surrogate measures of the quality and quantity of research undertaken by departments and individuals. Previous reports have suggested that academic anaesthesia research in the UK is in decline. We wished to provide a comprehensive description of current and historical published output of UK anaesthesia researchers. Methods Bibliometric indices (Web of Science®) were calculated for anaesthesia researchers in the UK for the whole period covered by the database, and for 2004–8. A parallel search was made using the Scholarometer™ tool, which parses output from Google Scholar™. Calculated indices included total number of publications; total number of citations; citations per paper; h-index; g-index; and modified impact index. Results One hundred and four individuals and 23 academic departments were identified. Median values (inter-quartile range) for the indices were: total papers 57 (24–95) (individuals for the whole period), 11 (6–20) (individuals 2004–8), 50 (30–70) (departments 2004–8); total number of citations 571 (175–1328), 93 (38–207), 383 (239–845); h-index 13 (8–20), 6 (3–8), 11 (9–14). Four departments were ranked in the top 5 for all indices. Conclusions The general distribution of bibliometric data is similar to that seen in other specialities in Europe and North America. Four departments contribute to more than 50% of published anaesthesia research output in this data set. These data provide useful comparative tools for individuals, departments, and national bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous study determined that Obstetrics and Gynecology (ObGyn) residency Program Directors (PD) endorse mandatory Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (PAG) training to achieve national PAG objectives. Although barriers exist that limit the achievement of PAG objectives, this paper presents existing PAG tools and curricula. These include the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (NASPAG) short and long curricula, a wide variety of PAG electives available across Canada, more than 25 online clinical cases, and a simulation curriculum. This paper details these resources and provides a 4-week PAG schedule to accommodate ObGyn residency training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyses the difference in academic achievement between indigenous and nonindigenous children that attend rural primary schools in Guatemala. The gap ranges between 0.8 and 1 standard deviation in Spanish, and approximately half that in Mathematics. A decomposition procedure suggests that a relatively small portion of the achievement gap is explained by differences in the socioeconomic status of indigenous and nonindigenous families. Other results are consistent with the notion that school attributes play an important role in explaining the achievement gap. The paper discusses several explanations—such as the lack of bilingual education—that are consistent with the empirical findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology meeting in Chicago in 2022 was thrilled to recognize Dr. Robert Sapolsky with the Bruce McEwen Lifetime Achievement award. This is the second year for the award to be named to honor Bruce McEwen and it marks the completion of a special issue edited by Blazej Miziak and Robert Paul Juster in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology dedicated to Bruce's legacy and the unfathomable contribution of Allostatic Load to the stress field. Yet, as our award winner writes, Bruce's legacy is more than scientific as he was well known for mentorship and being an exemplary person, theorist, and scientist. Perhaps understandably for a career favored by humble introverts and shy reclusives, the science shines in the spotlight and personal reflections are cut to accommodate word count limits. For scholars entering the field, stargazing at larger than life luminaries in the field is thrilling yet intimidating as it feels impossible that these experts have the same doubts and distractions as the rest of us primates. Thus, Psychoneuroendocrinology is thrilled to kick off the first perspectives piece in the Cell to Selves series with Dr. Robert Sapolsky sharing that, like his Baboon troops in Kenya, he too sometimes has a bad-hair day. This paper is a written version of a lecture I gave on September 8th, 2022, when receiving the first Bruce McEwen Lifetime Achievement Award from the ISPNE. This was a bittersweet honor; Bruce was my graduate advisor at Rockefeller University and over the next forty years, he was my mentor, teacher and father figure. His death in 2020 left a hole in my life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research has suggested that mindset is one powerful predictor of students' academic achievement and that students are likely to hold self-beliefs about the malleability or stability of their academic abilities. In the domain of mathematics education, a belief in 'math brain' – as something you do or do not possess – is widely prevalent. Studies have shown that teachers and students are more likely to consider achievement in mathematics than achievement in other academic domains to be due to inborn ability. Most growth mindset-related research in schools is domain-general; however, given the prevalence of strong beliefs about the innateness of mathematical ability, possible idiosyncratic effects of mindset interventions in the mathematics domain may have been overlooked by research reviews and meta-analyses that do not examine domain-specific effects. The purpose of this paper is to compile and synthesise quantitative and qualitative research on interventions in mathematics classrooms that aim to change or foster teachers' and/or students' beliefs/mindset in primary and secondary schools and the reported impacts of these interventions (16 studies). The interventions in these studies were identified and sorted based on their targets (teacher-focused or student-focused), content (implicit theories of intelligence (ITI) intervention for general domains or in mathematics domain), and delivery mode (technology-based or in-contact). The results suggested most of the considered studies were quantitative and used student-focused interventions. Moreover, when ITI interventions were conducted specifically in the mathematics domain, positive results were reported, regardless of the intervention target or content or mode of delivery, whereas general ITI interventions yielded mixed results. Future studies should therefore consider the impacts of domain-specific effects and intervention targets when designing mindset interventions. • The 'key' to a growth-mindset intervention success might be domain specificity. • Mindset interventions should not be isolated from changes in classroom practices. • Impacts of domain-specific mindset beliefs are critical in mathematics interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares mortality between Gold and Silver medalists in Olympic Track and Field to study how achievement influences health. Contrary to conventional wisdom, winners die over one year earlier than losers. I find strong evidence of differences in earnings and occupational choices as a mechanism. Losers pursued higher-paying occupations than winners according to individual Census records. I find no evidence consistent with selection or risk-taking. How people respond to success or failure in pivotal life events may produce long-lasting consequences for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a systematic literature review to examine the association between children and young people’s participation in arts activities and their academic achievement. The 24 studies that met our criteria for inclusion and weight of evidence (2004–16) had mixed findings. Whilst many of the research designs employed would not meet positivist criteria for rigour – such as sample size, statistical significance and causality – typically required by public bodies to justify expenditure, there are examples throughout the literature reviewed of academically-related benefits to participants, such as increased confidence, creativity or more positive attitude towards their studies. Overall, there appears to be some justification from the literature for public investment in high-quality, long-term arts education programmes for children and young people in schools and community settings, on the basis of its potential to enhance academic achievement. However, there may be more intrinsic benefits to arts participation than the instrumental, essentially economic justification of improved academic standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the field of adolescent delinquency has, for some time now, shown a positive correlation between mentoring relationships and increased social capital, such as self-esteem, education, and employment achievements. Youth who have a mentor are also likely to have lower rates of some measures of problem behaviors. These findings, however, are complicated by factors such as type of mentor and characteristics of the mentoring relationship. In this paper, we use life-course theory and the sociological construct of “mattering” derived from social learning theory, as frameworks for disentangling predictors of delinquency and the role of mentors. Given the usually positive influence of mentors in the lives of youths, especially those considered “at-risk,” we explore the role of natural mentors in the delinquency and dangerousness outcomes of adolescents using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data (Add Health), waves I-III (N = 10,120). Results show that natural mentors reduce delinquency over time depending upon characteristics of the mentoring relationship. A key finding is that mattering to others is in fact a vital part of the relationship between natural mentors and delinquency outcomes. The implications of these findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “China Dream” is an “Urban Dream”. Urbanization is an inevitable requirement for promoting social progress. The Chinese government sees sustainable urbanization as an engine of modernization and economic growth. And the country's urbanization has followed a unique course and is perhaps the greatest human-resettlement experiment in the world history, unprecedentedly transforming the Chinese society in a very short period of time. Yet problems have arisen during the historical process, China's unique path to urbanization has avoided many of pitfalls existing in the developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America. This paper attempts to conclude the good jobs as well as problems in China's urbanizing process which might provide successful experience for the underdeveloped nations and regions to promote urbanization. The most brilliant achievement of urbanization in China is that thousands of years' agriculture-dominated country has ended and a new urbanized country has formed, which only consumed several decades. The country's urban infrastructure, living conditions and public service for urban residents have made great improvements. The fostering urban agglomerations are considered to lead the country's socio-economic transformation and possess the greatest potential for the urbanization and economic growth in the coming decades. In general, the traditional land-centered urbanization in China is a typical “incomplete urbanization” and “low-quality urbanization”, presenting impressive characteristics of “four highs and five lows”—high investment, consumption, emission and expansion, and low level, quality, harmony degree, inclusiveness and sustainability. Undoubtedly, the traditional urbanization of China is increasingly difficult to continue and the transformation process should be speeded up as soon as possible. The country should actively explore a people-oriented new-type urbanization way, i.e. an intensive, efficient, rural-urban integration, harmonious and sustainable urbanization model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explored gender gaps in school students' reading, writing, spelling, and grammar and punctuation NAPLAN test results. • Boys were outperformed by girls in all NAPLAN literacy assessments from 2008 to 2021. • The largest literacy gender gap was writing while the smallest was reading. • The developmental trajectories of the literacy gender gaps were different. • The transition from primary to secondary school was a problematic time for boys' literacy outcomes. There is general agreement in primary education that boys as a group face greater challenges becoming literate than girls. Studies have found gender to be a strong predictor of student achievement on standardised literacy tests, fuelling arguments that boys are being failed by contemporary schooling. Australia's large-scale standardised assessment—NAPLAN—has tested students' literacy skills annually since 2008. Little research has investigated NAPLAN results with the aim of making visible patterns underlying literacy gender gaps in the Australian context. This paper analyses NAPLAN language conventions results between 2008 and 2021 and complements this with results from the NAPLAN reading and writing tests to determine which aspects of literacy cause boys most difficulty, and how boys fall behind girls at particular stages of schooling. We offer possible explanations and suggest where policymakers and schools should direct their attention to close the literacy gender gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The tourism and hospitality industry produces a variety of economic and social benefits. • To explore whether the tourism destination is managed following specific sustainable goals we administered a paper survey to local tourism and hospitality entrepreneurs. • Less attention is posed on the implementation of sustainable tourism practices. • Local tourism entrepreneurs and citizens are not engaged in the complex process of decision-making and management of the protected areas. According to previous research, in several countries, the achievement of the objectives for tourism development and the better functioning of protected areas is affected by bad governance activities. This paper provides a framework based on the combination between the Viable Systems Approach (vSa) and the actor engagement theory for improving the managerial effectiveness of protected areas. Exploring the case of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, a well-known tourism destination in Southern Italy, we gave empirical evidence of the risks that can occur when the governing body of protected areas does not adopt a systems-based management approach, and therefore cannot handle the complexity of the territory, generate socio-economic benefits for local populations, resolve conflicts with local actors, or advance sustainable tourism goals. Findings suggest that the governing body should adopt specific strategies to engage local actors in decision-making and idea-generation processes. Such strategies could help to integrate resources within the system, co-create value and handle conflicts when the goals are not mutually aligned. Hence, actor engagement is necessary for achieving conditions of systemic consonance and resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During recent years, the practice of adding game design to non-game services has gained a relatively large amount of attention. Popular discussion connects gamification to increased user engagement, service profitability, goal commitment and the overall betterment of various behavioral outcomes. However, there is still an absence of a coherent and ample body of empirical evidence that would confirm such expectations. To this end, this paper reports the results of a 2 year (1 + 1 year – between-group) field experiment in gamifying a service by implementing a game mechanic called ‘badges’. During the experiment a pre-implementation group ( N = 1410) was monitored for 1 year. After the implementation, the post-implementation (the gamified condition) group ( N = 1579) was monitored for another full year. Results show that users in the gamified condition were significantly more likely to post trade proposals, carry out transactions, comment on proposals and generally use the service in a more active way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a recurrent participant's problem in everyday interaction: how the speaker of an extended, multiunit, (story)telling turn is able to resume their telling after its progressivity was temporarily halted due to an intervening course of action. It investigates resumption as an interactional practice whereby tellers use special devices to make it known to their co-participants that what comes next is not a continuation of just-prior talk, but a return to a previously suspended (story)telling sequence. Using video recordings of mundane interactions in English as data, the study discusses some of the regularities involved in how these special devices are used and identifies a systematic, multimodal practice for resumption. The study focuses on resumptions prefaced with the discourse markers ‘ but ’ and ‘ anyway ’, which seem to be used interchangeably in this sequential position but also exhibit subtle differences in terms of their interactional import. Further, video data reveals that simply focusing on the verbal features of resumptions would provide a somewhat narrow view of how they are accomplished in co-present interaction. Resuming a suspended line of telling involves the teller's complex and systematic – but also, situated – use of verbal, prosodic as well as embodied resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]