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This work proposes two algorithms to the Bi-objective Shortest Path (BSP) problem, considering a fuzzy objective. Such approaches originally extend two classic label setting algorithms to solve BSP, in particular, the first one using a modified Gandibleux revision of Martin's algorithm and the second one based on the A* algorithm acceleration technique. The proposed extensions differ from the previous classic approaches for two main aspects: the two methods solve BSP problems with a linear objective function and a min–max objective function; the max-min objective considered in the BSP is a fuzzy objective function. This latter aspect represents the main contribution of this paper. The proposed approaches, applied to the selection of paths for the road transport of hazardous materials, generate the set of Pareto optimal solutions among which the decision makers have to evaluate the trade-off between paths with minimum cost and paths with minimum (or min–max) risk. In this paper, a real life case study related to the delivery of petrol from a depot to refueling stations is finally illustrated to compare the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

This chapter investigates the hydrogen infrastructure following an organizational approach. The first section of this chapter presents an introduction to different hydrogen supply chain nodes. In particular, a comparison of different hydrogen production routes is shown, where economic and environmental aspects have been investigated. While the second section investigates the renewable hydrogen as both future fuel and electric bridge.

In Europe, different regulations, standards, and codes exist to guarantee safe and reliable design and operation of a product, facility, and equipment, which involve hydrogen. European Community Directives represent in Europe legal regulations for manufacturing, operation, and maintenance of hydrogen installations. Codes and standards, which are not legal documents, have the function of guidelines, often realized by interested stakeholders, to support safety and common understanding. European and USA codes are often used differently.

The current economy reveals the continuing intensification in global energy consumption and carbon emissions. The gradual transition to alternative and renewable energy can be considered the most probable solution for the prevention of global warming intolerable and for the reduction of fossil fuels uses.

In the scenario proposed by the International Energy Agency in November 2016, a 30% rise in global energy demand to 2040 means an increase in consumption for all modern fuels, but the global aggregates cover a multitude of diverse trends and significant switching between fuels. The World Energy Outlook, Executive Summary, asserts that, globally, renewable energy sees by far the fastest growth. Anyway, the transitions in fuel supply infrastructure, in alternative vehicles and stationary applications for a low carbon systems must be greatly improved, encouraged, and coordinated at the EU level.

The first part of this chapter presents a literature review of the approaches for the planning and design of hydrogen infrastructure including optimization methods, geographical information system (GIS)-based approaches, and evaluation plans toward the transition to hydrogen infrastructure. While the second part presents the modeling and control of hydrogen in a network of green hydrogen refueling stations.

Hydrogen has been often recognized as the likely energy carrier for the future energy systems because it would represent the universal remedy for the growing concerns in accordance with fossil resource depletion, global warming, and increased air pollution. The benefits are motivated given the great number of primary energy sources used for its production, such as natural gas, coal, biomass, and water, contributing toward greater energy safety and flexibility. Generally, hydrogen is produced, stored, and then transported to the end users; in general, it must be transported from production plants to the storage or demand points. So that, the delivery process of its supply chain brings new hazards exposures. Hence, a safe and sustainable transition to the use of hydrogen requires that the safety issues associated with the hydrogen have to be investigated and fully understood. For planning and installing on a large-scale production and distribution infrastructure in urban areas, good standards and best practices are indispensable. Safe practices in the production, storage, distribution, and use of hydrogen are essential for the widespread acceptance of hydrogen technologies. Public authorities have to find the correct balance between socially important standards in terms of safety and promoting R&D in the hydrogen sector. It may be reasonable not to set standards too strictly during premarket development, in order to maintain enough stimuli for private investment in R&D.

This chapter provides an outline of the operation and control of smart microgrids as well demand-side management and demand response programs, in addition to energy market trading. Furthermore, the chapter introduces the concept of coordination and interconnection of a set of smart microgrids in a network, showing its benefits, advantages, and outcomes, and presents an overview of the mathematical modeling of the network and its features as well as a description of robust control methods adapted to optimally control the energy exchanges at the network level considering uncertainties of loads and energy production.

International audience; An important issue in Hazardous Material (hazmat) transportation risk assessment is to evaluate the probability bounds of accidents occurrence, whose values are difficult to be estimated due to its low frequency and the related lack of statistical data. This paper presents an original approach to integrate uncertainty in the quantitative analysis of hazmat transportation accidents. The proposed approach is based on the use of Valuation-Based Systems (VBSs) and belief functions theory. Furthermore, we propose to identify the factors for which the reduction of epistemic uncertainty (imprecision) gives the greatest impact on the uncertainty of the final results by using some proposed measures. The applicability and generality of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a case study.

The installation of a multifunctional railway portal (or TCCS – Train Conformity Check system) can contribute to improve the safety of a railway infrastructure. The TCCS can detect the conformity of the trains traveling along the tracks, and can transfer the status information to a main traffic control center. This paper proposes a methodological approach based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the optimal locations to install a TCCS on a railway section. The eligibility and ranking of the potential sites have been defined with respect to constraints related to the rail line track layout and geometry, the TCCS technological features, and the required safety distance allowing the train to stop. The proposed approach has been applied to a real case study on the Italian railway.

Saltwater intrusion and upconing phenomena affect coastal aquifers worldwide. These phenomena can be partially mitigated by an adequate management of the aquifer. In this work, the optimal pumping schedule for one coastal well has been defined by a decision model that minimizes desalination and pumping costs, while taking into account the aquifer salinity levels near the well. The dynamics of the aquifer is described in terms of two state equations related to salinity concentration in the pumped water and cumulative pumped water up to a specific instant. A case study is presented with application to a well in Hawaii islands.