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The present work focuses on preparation of hydroxyapatite from pomegranate peels by precipitation method. The hydroxyapatite derived from pomegranate fruit peels (HA-PP) was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS and BET techniques. The HA-PP has mesoporous in structure and had an area of 99.021 m2/g. Further HA-PP was used as adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) ion particles from K2Cr2O7. The adsorption trials were executed and found the optimized solution using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments included parameters like pH 2, initial chromium concentration 200 mg/L, adsorbent loading 0.8 g, and contact time 60 min, respectively. Cr (VI) removal was 89.4 % at the optimum combination of these process parameters. A mathematical and statistical optimizing technique response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to verify the interactive effects of various parameters on the adsorption capacity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to predict the adequacy of the model (F 82.16) shows developed model is valid with R2 value 0.987, and p-value (>0.1). In this the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model are well explained for Cr (VI) adsorption onto HA-PP. This reaction is spontaneous and endothermic, as indicated by the negative change in the standard free energy (ΔG0 = −0.1732) and ΔH0 (+4.71) value at the selected temperature. The ΔS0 (+15.89) further confirms that the randomness increased at the solid-solution interface during adsorption.

SUMMARY: Pomegranate peel is a byproduct of the pomegranate juice industry, rich in bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and nutritional parameters of eggs from laying hens fed a diet supplemented with a pomegranate peel byproduct (PPB). A total of 48 Isa Brown laying hens were allotted to four groups (12 replicates per group) and offered the following diets for 8 weeks: Control (0% PPB); PPB1 (1% PPB); PPB2.5 (2.5% PPB); PPB5 (5% PPB). Eggs were collected and analyzed for egg quality parameters, yolk Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, fatty acid profile, total phenol content, α-tocopherol, cholesterol and lipidomic profile. Sampling was performed weekly, whereas a complete egg quality analysis was performed every two weeks. The results showed that eggshell weight was greater in PPB5 group compared to Control and PPB1 (P=0.008). Eggshell thickness was greater in PPB5 compared to PPB1 (P=0.016). Egg shape index was increased in PPB2.5 treatment (P=0.006). The higher PPB inclusion levels (2.5% and 5%) increased yolk coloration (P=0.014) and reduced yolk MDA content (P

Food by products are good sources of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals can be extracted, using different methods and utilized in developing different foods. This research aimed to characterize the bioactive phytochemicals extracted from pomegranate peel and to examine the impact of the phytochemicals on the nutritional, physicochemical, and microbial quality of the fortified functional yogurt. In this study, ethanol, methanol, and acetone were used to characterize total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents and total antioxidant activity by the solvent extraction method. The ethanolic extracts showed a higher amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents and total antioxidant activity than the methanolic and acetonic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were used for the fortification of functional yogurt at 0.25 % (S1), 0.5 % (S2), and 0.75 % (S3), respectively, compared with the control (S4). Functional yogurt fortified by pomegranate peel extract contained a higher amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity. The extracts also had a significant (*p ≤ 0.05) effect on lowering pH, reducing syneresis, and increasing water holding capacity, gross energy, yellowing index, titratable acidity and firmness throughout the storage periods. The survivors of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in the fortified yogurt were decreased. In case of sensory qualities, the fortified yogurts were almost identical to the control except S3 due to its pungent flavor. According to the findings, yogurt fortified with 0.5 % pomegranate peel was the best among the treatments, considering all parameters. This research gives an insight into optimizing yogurt fortification with pomegranate peel phytochemicals to improve its physicochemical and nutritional values.

Heavy metals can cause serious environmental and human health problems, and their removal from wastewater is critical to protect our planet and communities. This study investigated the ability of crushed pomegranate peel to remove mercury and cadmium ions from contaminated water as a function of different experimental parameters. The experimental results showed that the pH of the solution influenced the adsorptive removal of heavy metals, with the best performance observed at pH 4.8. Optimization studies and process balance modeling were performed to optimize the process for commercial use. The performance of pomegranate peel was compared with that of other materials, and the highest adsorption capacities for both cadmium (Ca (II)) and mercury (Hg (II)) ions were observed to be 89.59 and 42.125 mg/g, respectively. The results were interpreted using the Langmuir model, which provided the best fit to describe the behavior of the process.

In recent years, food and packaging industries have worked together to minimize food wastes. Fruit and vegetable by-products, which are known to be among the most abundant food wastes and a great source of bioactive compounds, have the potential to improve food product packaging properties. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate peel in food active packaging have been the subject of numerous studies. Pomegranate peel has an impact on the films' microstructure and physical properties, such as thickness, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, optical properties, and thermal properties. Moreover, pomegranate peel incorporated films demonstrate great antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Reviewing current advancements in the physical and functional properties of active packaging films containing pomegranate peel is the goal of this study.

Pomegranate peels are a great resource of bioactive compounds that have potential for various applications, including functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. However, the drying process is an important consideration that can affect the quality and properties of pomegranate peels. This investigation sought to assess the results of different drying procedures that affect the physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant properties of pomegranate peels. Four alternative drying techniques were used such as freeze drying, microwave drying at 900 W, oven drying at 50 °C, and sun drying. According to the findings, the freeze-drying method exhibited the highest total phenolic content (186.24 mg GAE/g DM), DPPH radical scavenging activity (77.86 %), vitamin C (77.5 mg AA/100 g DM), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (31.1 mg AAE/g DM). The sun-drying technique, on the other hand, had the lowest level of quality parameters. The oven and microwave drying methods exhibited comparable results. These findings provide essential information for the optimization of pomegranate peel drying conditions, enhancing its potential to use as a significant source of bioactive compounds for a range of industrial applications. The freeze-drying method is recommended for preserving the quality of pomegranate peels and can be applied in various industries to produce high-quality products.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers globally. Considering the drawbacks of the traditional treatment phytochemicals have been introduced to the research field with consideration of their minimal, or no side effects and good efficacy against cancer cells. Pomegranate peel and blueberries are very well-known phytochemicals in this context. Material and methods: Methanolic extracts are prepared from both pomegranate peel (PPE) and blueberry (BE) dried powders. The antioxidant content was determined by ORAC assay for both extracts. The cytotoxic levels of the extracts and IC50 on the HNO-97 cell line were defined using the colorimetric SRB assay. Then flow cytometric apoptosis analysis of the IC50 of both extracts was performed. Finally, an investigation of the metastasis through the wound healing assay was performed for both extracts. Results: A significant difference in the antioxidant content was found between PPE and BE ethanolic extracts. The Ic50 for the PPE-treated cell line was 73.35 µg/ml while the BE showed it at 525.38 µg/ml with a significant difference between them. Both PPE and BE showed significant induction of cancer cell apoptosis with much better results with PPE treatment. The wound healing assay showed significant inhibition of cell migration when treated with PPE while there was not any significant effect on cell migration when treated with BE. Conclusion: With the consideration that, the Phytochemicals used are well-known fruits with no harm on normal tissues. Low doses of PPE exert incredibly significant alteration in the HNO-97 tongue cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Meanwhile, treatment with BE needs much higher doses for showing anti-proliferative properties of cancer cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis. This gives promising results for further investigations about using them as a treatment or adjunctive treatment for oral cancer cases.

This study compared the efficacy of aqueous extracts of commercially available pomegranate peel products and a juice powder in inhibiting the growth of two enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains. Cell suspension of each E. coli strain (5 Log CFU/ml) was added into tryptic soy broth amended with 9 or 23% of each extract prepared with two different methods. After treatment for 5, 10, and 24 h at 25 °C, surviving E. coli cells were enumerated on tryptic soy agar to determine cell population reduction compared to the controls. The concentrations of six different ellagitannins and titratable activity in each treatment system were determined and correlated to E. coli cell population reduction. The extracts from three powdered pomegranate peels caused a significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in E. coli population than the extract from the whole peel and juice powder. The higher dose of extracts resulted in a greater cell population reduction than the lower dose. The level of E. coli population reduction correlated positively with the total ellagitannins content (R2 0.67–0.98) and the titratable acidity (R2 0.69–0.98) in the treatment systems. The study suggests that pomegranate peels are promising natural additives or preservatives to control pathogens like EHEC.

In this work, a holistic approach for the management of pomegranate wastes towards the recovery of value-adding components, is proposed. Regarding pomegranate peels, free phenolic components were recovered from defatted material with the aid of ultrasound-assisted extraction at the optimum conditions determined in a prior work studying the effect of the used solvent (water, ethanol, methanol, 50% aqueous ethanol, and 50% aqueous methanol) on the total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, as well as punicalagin and ellagic acid content of the obtained extracts, using various in vitro assays and RP-HPLC-DAD, respectively. In the case of pomegranate seeds, the potential of enzymatic pretreatment to enhance the recovery yield of ultrasound-assisted oil recovery was investigated. This procedure was optimized in terms of pretreatment time (60–240 min), type of enzyme (cellulase:pectinase) (0–100% cellulase), enzyme concentration (2–4% w/w), and water/seeds ratio (2–6 mL/g). The optimum efficiency achieved (27.53 g oil/100 g seeds at 1.8 h or 97.8% oil extraction) was higher to the efficiencies achieved by other recovery techniques, including maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical extraction cold pressing, and superheated fluid extraction at comparable or longer extraction times. Findings of the present work seem promising for the holistic valorization of pomegranate industry byproducts towards the recovery of valuable compounds as well as their future application as natural additives to functional products, minimizing, at the same time, the environmental hazard.

ABSTRACT: The effects of pomegranate peel on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the cecal microbial community were investigated in broilers challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks (120 males and 120 females) were randomly and evenly allotted into 4 treatment groups (each with 6 biological replicates each of 10 chicks), i.e., negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and 2 experimental groups treated with 0.2% fermented pomegranate peel (FP) and 0.2% unfermented pomegranate peel (UFP), respectively, with PC, FP, and UFP groups challenged with APEC O78 (5 × 108 CFU) on day 14. Results showed that the challenge of APEC O78 decreased the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers from 1 to 28 d (P < 0.01). These broilers exhibited more pathological conditions in the heart and liver and higher mortality rates in 28 d compared to the NC group. Diet supplemented with pomegranate peel (either fermented or unfermented) significantly increased BW, ADG, and the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of small intestine in 28 d compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Results of the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiota showed that compared to the NC group, the APEC challenge significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < 0.01). Compared to the PC group, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus_torques_group in FP group was increased, while the relative abundance of Alistipes was decreased. In summary, our study showed that the dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel could maintain the intestinal microbiota at a state favorable to the host, effectively reduce the abnormal changes in the taxonomic structure of the intestinal microbiota, and improve the growth performance in broilers treated with APEC.

Nowadays, the revalorization of high-value components of waste is the business goal for the development of food supplements in personalized nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The objective of this study was to simulate and upgrade the extract quality of the medicinal plant Punica granatum L. peel powder by using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The central composite design was implemented for optimized parameters ethanol concentration of (50%), solvent: solid ratio (25:1 mL/g), extraction time (4 min), microwave power (450 W), on yield of 47.3%, total phenolic content of 432.05 mg GAE/g, DPPH reduction of 87.34%, was observed. The extract obtained after MAE of phenolic compounds contained 279.2 mg TAE/g DM of the highest total ellagitannin content and 25 mg QE/g DM of the flavonoid content of pomegranate peel powder. The structural characterization of bioactive compounds before and after MAE was performed using FTIR, SEM, and XRD. FT-IR technique was used to identify the functional groups in the pomegranate peel extract. The highest antioxidant active rich pomegranate peel extract proved that it can be utilized for the preparation of functional foods. This ‘green technology’ can be applied to various by-product processing and can be useful for upgrade studies for the value-addition of food products using an extraction approach. Practical applications: This study aims to establish a sustainable prototype for agro-industrial wastage management using an approach to process pomegranate peel that can deliver better economic and environmental outcomes. In this case, the application of the pomegranate peel extract is presented as an alternative to synthetic preservatives due to its highest antioxidant capacity. The advantage of the MAE procedure was the higher yield of up to 50% of extract per gram of peel powder. Our study demonstrates that statistically designed experiments allow for significant enhancement of the extraction process, which application could aid better use of natural resources and deliver more potent extracts than those obtained by currently recommended procedures.

In this research, the different methods (acid extraction, alkaline extraction and enzymatic extraction) were used to extract soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from pomegranate peel and compared with water extraction. Results revealed that all three extraction methods influenced the structure, physicochemical and functional properties of SDF. Especially, SDF extracted by enzymes (E-SDF) and SDF extracted by alkali (A-SDF) had higher yield (27.30% and 27.17%), molecular weight and thermal stability than SDF extracted by water (W-SDF). Higher oil holding capacity (OHC) was found in SDF extracted by acid (C-SDF) (3.18 g/g), A-SDF (3.18 g/g) and E-SDF (5.36 g/g) compared with W-SDF. In addition, A-SDF showed the smallest particle size, lowest ζ-potential and highest viscosity among the tested samples. E-SDF presented a more porous structure, better glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) and antioxidant activity than C-SDF and A-SDF. To sum up, A-SDF and E-SDF may have great potential to be functional food ingredients in the food industry.

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit native to South Asia, and currently can grown in tropical and subtropical areas, including Mexico, which produces approximately seven thousand metric tons per year. Pomegranate stands out for its rich flavor and functional properties, which is why it has gained acceptance in different countries in the marketing of assorted products such as jellies, jams, drinks, and its effectiveness against diseases and pathogenic microorganisms. Scope and approach: This review summarizes information about the bioactive compounds of pomegranate and its nutritional properties as functional food, with emphasis on its by-products (aril, seed, and peel). Punica granatum contains bioactive compounds, the peel has a higher content of these compounds and in vitro biological properties reported by different authors. Key findings and conclusions: Pomegranate and its by-products have functional properties, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral, even against SARS COV-2 virus in vitro studies; activities attributed to punicalagin, punicalin, ellagic acid, punicic acid, and anthocyanins. It is important to further analyze this fruit's functional and nutritional effects, especially the peel. To study the mechanisms involved, to develop industrial processes for the development of a nutraceutical or functional food product.

With the use of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract in the present study, a safe and affordable method of biosynthesizing Ag–ZnO nanocomposites has been developed that follows all green chemistry principles. Different analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, were utilized to identify the unique properties of synthesized nanocomposites. Based on the characterization results, these nanocomposites have a spherical shape with dimensions ranging from 40 to 77 ​nm and a wurtzite structure with hexagonal facets. Considering the upcoming water crises and the importance of treating water contaminated with industrial and organic dyes, this study investigates how biosynthesized nanocomposites using ultraviolet lamps and sunlight can be used to remove one of the most common organic dyes, methylene blue. In order to identify the most optimal conditions for removing methylene blue from polluted water, this study used two light sources, different nanocatalyst concentrations, and various pH value ranging from 2 to 10. When the ideal conditions for this reaction are met, the prepared nanocomposites can catalyze the pollutant dye within 14 and 50 ​min, when exposed to ultraviolet light and sunlight. In this study, it was determined that plant wastes are biogenic sources capable of providing active ingredients (AI) for the biosynthesis of metal nanocomposites for applications such as decomposition and degradation of organic dyes.

This work aimed to exploit the effects of pomegranate peel (PP) addition (10 %) and homogenization process (0-12,000 rpm) on the film-forming behavior and interactions of starch film to improve its microstructures and properties. Microrheology results showed that the viscosity of the film suspension was reduced by homogenization, and the amylopectin aggregation was restricted by PP particles under film formation. This helped improve the accessibility of starch and PP, increasing the hydrogen bond energy in the composites from 18.12 to 19.35 kJ/mol and promoting the ester bonds as confirmed by the FTIR results. As a result, the starch film reinforced by PP and homogenization showed a uniform and compact microstructure with reduced water activity, increased UV-blocking capacity (from 67.46 % to 90.11 %), enhanced mechanical resistance, and reduced water vapor permeability (from 4.70 to 2.21 × 10 -10 ·g·m -1 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 ). Additionally, the starch film with 10 % PP also presented superior antimicrobial properties and antioxidant activity with rates of over 86 %, providing an effective strawberry preservation function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from pomegranate peel obtained through enzyme (E-SDF) and alkali (A-SDF) extractions on the structural, physicochemical properties, and in vitro digestibility of sweet potato starch (SPS) were investigated. The expansion degree of SPS granules, pasting viscosity, gel strength and hardness were decreased after adding E-SDF. The setback was accelerated in the presence of A-SDF but E-SDF delayed this effect during the cooling of the starch paste. However, the addition of A-SDF significantly reduced the breakdown of SPS and improved the freeze-thaw stability of starch gels, even at low concentrations (0.1 %), while E-SDF showed the opposite result. The structural characterization of SDF-SPS mixtures showed that A-SDF can help SPS form an enhanced microstructure compared with E-SDF, while polar groups such as hydroxyl group in E-SDF may bind to leached amylose through hydrogen bonding, leading to a decrease in SPS viscoelasticity. In addition, the results of in vitro digestion analysis indicated that A-SDF and E-SDF could decreased the digestibility of SPS and increased the content of resistant starch, especially when 0.5 % E-SDF was added. This study provides a new perspective on the application of SDF from pomegranate peel in improving starch-based foods processing and nutritional characteristics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the present study, the adsorption potential of pomegranate peel for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated in a batch system. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of adsorption were conducted. The rate adsorption of RhB was rapid, attained equilibrium at about 120 ​min, at which the adsorption capacity is close to 30,47 ​mg/g, and this in the initial dye concentration of 100 ​mg/L. The kinetic modeling of RhB adsorption was investigated using four celebrated models: pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion. According to the values of R2, RMSE, ARE, and χ2 it was found that the pseudo-second order model provided a better fit to kinetic data. The results also show that intraparticle diffusion is not the only rate-limiting step on RhB adsorption onto pomegranate peel. Moreover, the thermodynamic study revealed no-spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process.

Pomegranate peel (PP) is one of the interesting agri-food by-products because of its abundant bioactive phytochemicals. However, the bioactivity of valuable compounds is affected due to the extraction method used. A pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) was carried out to intensify the extraction efficacy with reduced power and time. Influence of several process variables viz. peel solids/ solvent ratio, sonication power, duty cycle, and extraction time was studied using empirical quadratic models followed by multicriterial numerical optimization with respect to face-centered composite design. Power-duty cycle combination was found to be most significant (p

Over the last decade the world has been generating a high quantity of tangerine peel waste (TPW), pomegranate peel waste (PPW) and banana peel waste (BPW). These peels have several economic benefits but there is mismanagement or inappropriate valorisation that could present risks to environment and public health. In the current review, we discussed the use of TPW, PPW and BPW directly for animal feed, soil fertilization, specific compost production and bio-adsorbent. We also discussed the valorisation of these peels for manufacturing the value-added products including enzymes, essential oil and other products that can be used in human food, in medical and cosmetic industry. Additionally, recent studies concerning the valorisation of these peels by biorefinery for bioethanol, biogas and biohydrogen production have been discussed. In the same context some other recent studies about valorisation of microorganisms isolated from these peels for medical, agronomic and industrial interests have been also discussed.

This study examined the antioxidant status and quality of breast meat in broiler birds fed diets supplemented with pomegranate peel powder meal (PPPM). During the 35-d feeding trial, broiler birds were fed six experimental diets: diet with 0% additives (negative control; NEGCON); diet with α-Tocopherol acetate at 200 g/tonne (positive control; POSCON); and four levels (2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg) of PPPM, designated as PPPM2, PPPM4, PPPM6, and PPPM8. Breast muscle pH was determined 15mins and 24hrs postmortem. The breast muscles were then stored at 4 °C to determine shelf-life attributes (pH, colour, hue angle, and chroma) for 16 days. Meat from the 8 g/kg PPPM had the highest thawing loss, whereas cooking loss was lowest at 2 g/kg PPPM inclusion. The meat of birds fed 2 g/kg and 4 g/kg PPPM had the highest (P

The effects of pomegranate peel on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the cecal microbial community were investigated in broilers challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks (120 males and 120 females) were randomly and evenly allotted into 4 treatment groups (each with 6 biological replicates each of 10 chicks), i.e., negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and 2 experimental groups treated with 0.2% fermented pomegranate peel (FP) and 0.2% unfermented pomegranate peel (UFP), respectively, with PC, FP, and UFP groups challenged with APEC O78 (5 × 10 8 CFU) on day 14. Results showed that the challenge of APEC O78 decreased the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers from 1 to 28 d (P < 0.01). These broilers exhibited more pathological conditions in the heart and liver and higher mortality rates in 28 d compared to the NC group. Diet supplemented with pomegranate peel (either fermented or unfermented) significantly increased BW, ADG, and the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of small intestine in 28 d compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). Results of the taxonomic structure of the gut microbiota showed that compared to the NC group, the APEC challenge significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < 0.01). Compared to the PC group, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus&#95;torques&#95;group in FP group was increased, while the relative abundance of Alistipes was decreased. In summary, our study showed that the dietary supplementation of pomegranate peel could maintain the intestinal microbiota at a state favorable to the host, effectively reduce the abnormal changes in the taxonomic structure of the intestinal microbiota, and improve the growth performance in broilers treated with APEC., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tannic acid (TA) is hydrolysable tannin found in the leaves and bark of many herbaceous and woody plants. Purification of TA is important due to its antibacterial, antihistaminic, antioxidant, antimutagenic and antitussive properties. In this study, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based TA-imprinted particle embedded cryogel (TA-MIP) was synthesized to purify TA from pomegranate peel. Furthermore, non-imprinted particle embedded cryogel (NIP) was synthesized to determine specific adsorption properties of TA-MIP, and control cryogel was synthesized without embedding procedure. The synthesized cryogel columns were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and swelling studies. Particle-embedding procedure resulted in a significantly higher specific surface area of particle-embedded columns (TA-MIP and NIP, 29 m 2 /g and 25 m 2 /g, respectively) than the specific surface area of control cryogel (9 m 2 /g). Adsorption studies were performed from aqueous solutions and maximum TA adsorption was found to be 34.4 mg/g for TA-MIP, 3.9 mg/g for NIP, and 2.8 mg/g for control cryogel. Within the scope of selectivity study, it was demonstrated that the synthesized columns have a high selectivity for TA against gallic acid (GA) and quercetin (QCT). Finally, purification of TA directly from pomegranate peel extract was studied and results were confirmed by HPLC. Furthermore, it has been proven that TA-MIP cryogel columns can be repeatedly used up to ten-times without any remarkable reduction in the TA adsorption amount., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pomegranate peel was converted into activated carbon using microwave induced and KOH activation techniques. The prepared activated carbon (PPAC) was characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and nitrogen-adsorption surface area (BET). BET measurements gave remarkable increase in both the surface area (941.02 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.470 cm3/g). Various operational parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and solution temperature in batch systems were investigated on the use of PPAC in the adsorption of remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye. At pH 2, the optimum dye removal was 94.36%. The amount of dye removed was dependent on initial dye concentration and solution temperature. Adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek and Brouers – Sotolongo isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption data most with the highest correlation (R2≥0.99) and lowest normalized standard deviation, ∆qe. Both intra-particle and film diffusion governed the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibbs free energy (∆G0), standard enthalpy (∆H0), standard entropy (∆S0), and the activation energy (Ea) were calculated. The adsorption of RBBR dye onto PPAC was found to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. This study shows that the adsorption follows physisorption mechanism.

This study aimed to evaluate a pomegranate peel extract (PPE), selected for its level of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities, as a nitrite substitute in dry sausages, as well as its effect on lipid and protein oxidative changes and instrumental colour during the drying period (28 days). Of the extraction solvents screened, water: acetone 3:7 (v/v) was the most effective extraction solvent, yielding extracts with the highest content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and condensed tannins and antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP). Four batches of dry sausages were produced with different incoming amounts of sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) and PPE: 1) 150 ppm NaNO 2 ; 2) 0 ppm NaNO 2 ; 3) 0 ppm NaNO 2  + 1% PPE (v/w) and 4) 0 ppm NaNO 2  + 2% PPE (v/w). Nitrite removal increased lipid oxidation in uncured dry sausages, while nitrite and PPE caused lower TBA-RS values in cured and PPE treated sausages. During drying, both nitrite and PPE addition significantly decreased carbonyl and thiol contents compared to the uncured dry sausages. A dose-response was found for PPE, with lower carbonyl and thiol concentrations, the higher the level of PPE added. PPE significantly modified instrumental colour coordinates L*a*b* producing significant total colour changes compared to cured dry sausages., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Ramon Cava Lopez reports financial support and administrative support were provided by FEDER and JUNTA DE EXTREMADURA., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Antioxidant and antimicrobial chitosan (CS) films incorporated with different concentrations (0, 3, 6 and 9% w/w based on chitosan) of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) were prepared through a simple and low-cost process and characterized. The physicochemical property, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were investigated. Results showed that incorporation with PPP increased the thickness, water solubility (WS), water vapor permeability (WVP), opacity and total phenolic content (TPC) of chitosan films, but decreased the moisture content (MC) and mechanical property. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan and PPP. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis presented that microstructural attributes of chitosan film changed by enriching with pomegranate peel. The films with concentrations of PPP at 6 and 9% presented great ultraviolet-visible light barrier properties. Moreover, the antioxidant ability of films with PPP was significantly increased compared to the chitosan film. The addition of PPP also promoted the antibacterial capacity of the control film. These results revealed that incorporation of PPP in chitosan film could fabricate an economical active film with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and which had the potential for developing food-grade packaging material., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The growing demand for natural food preservatives has promoted investigations on their application for preserving perishable foods. Consequently, the meat market is demanding natural antioxidants, free of synthetic additives and able to diminish the oxidation processes in high-fat meat and meat products. In this context, the present review discuss the development of healthier and shelf stable meat products by the successful use of pomegranate peel extracts containing phenolics as natural preservative agent in meat and meat products. This paper carries out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on the main active phenolic compounds of pomegranate peel identified and quantified by advances in the separation sciences and spectrometry, and its biological activities evaluation. Moreover, the impact of pomegranate peel use on the quality and oxidative stability of meat products is also evaluated. As natural preservative, pomegranate peel phenolics could improve stored meat products quality, namely instrumental color retaining, limitaion of microflora growth, retardation of lipid and protein oxidation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This work proposes a method to separate proteins and polyphenols in a food byproduct with high bioactive properties and demonstrate by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry its efficiency. Bioactive substances were extracted using high intensity focused ultrasounds. Resulting extract (SR) was submitted to a step for the purification of proteins and to obtain a protein isolate (PI). Both extracts (SR and PI) were digested using two different enzymes (alcalase and thermolysin). Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive properties of hydrolysates were explored. High antioxidant capacity, mainly due to the presence of polyphenols, was observed in SR and its hydrolysates. Hydrolysates obtained from PI using the alcalase enzyme showed simultaneously a high capacity to inhibit cholesterol esterase and to reduce micellar cholesterol solubility. Hydrolysate obtained from PI using the thermolysin enzyme showed a high antihypertensive capacity. Peptides and polyphenols in hydrolysates were identified by RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. Hydrolysates obtained from PI showed a high amount of peptides and a negligible amount of polyphenols while polyphenols were mainly present in hydrolysates from SR., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, pomegranate peel (PGP) as an antimicrobial agent as well as a reinforcing agent was utilized in developing starch-based films. Hydroxypropyl high-amylose starch plasticized by water and glycerol was used in this work. The microstructure and performance of films were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical analyzer, tensile testing, drop impact testing and disc diffusion test. Results clearly demonstrated that PGP inhibited the growth of both gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (Salmonella) bacteria. Meanwhile, PGP also increased Young's modulus, tensile strength and stiffness of the starch-based films. Both OM and SEM observations indicated reasonably good compatibility between starch and PGP particles. The XRD results indicated that PGP retained its semi-crystalline structure in the film, which can be used to explain the mechanism of mechanical reinforcement. Since all the components are food ingredients, so it is expected that the developed material can be used as an edible film and food grade packaging material., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Molecular characteristics, structural properties and immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharides from pomegranate peel were evaluated after 0.1 M HCl, Cellic CTec2 and buffer extractions. The isolated polysaccharides were mainly formed of neutral sugars (32.1%-51.1%) and uronic acids (19.9%-30.8%) as well as varying levels of proteins (15.0%-39.5%). Different levels of sugars including glucose (44.9%-68.1%), galactose (14.6%-19.4%), mannose (3.4%-18.1%), arabinose (3.1%-18.1%) and rhamnose (3.5-6.0%) constructed the structure of isolated polysaccharides. The average molecular weight (M w ) of polysaccharides differed notably and ranged from 422.5 × 10 3 to 18,631.8 × 10 3  g/mol. Polysaccharide molecules obtained using Cellic CTec2 enzyme induced RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells to release considerable amount of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. The polysaccharide stimulation of macrophage cells initiated through NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways and activation of p-NF-κB, p-JNK, p-ERK and p-p38 proteins. The most potent immunostimulatory polysaccharides were consisted of (1 → 3)-linked glucose, (1 → 6)-linked galactose, (1 → 4)-linked mannose and (1 → 4)-linked arabinose residues with branching points at C6 and C3. These results indicated that the lower molecular weight of polysaccharides isolated with Cellic CTec2 enzyme could be one of the major determinant structural characteristics in stimulating macrophage cells., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, based on response surface methodology (RSM), an optimized method of extracting water-soluble polysaccharide from pomegranate peel (PPP) with pectinase was proposed. Additionally, the chemical composition and the antioxidant activities of the extracted PPP were studied. The effects of three factors of enzymolysis time, ratio of liquid to solid and dosage of enzyme on the PPP yield were investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions were as following: enzymolysis time 19.70 min, ratio of liquid to solid 20.5:1(mL/g), dosage of enzyme 0.68%. Under the best conditions, the maximum PPP yield was 27.3 ± 0.08%. FT-IR and GC-MS revealed that PPP was the typical acidic heteropolysaccharides and mainly consisted of d-mannose (19.30%), d-galactose (47.93%) and l-arabinose (23.08%). Moreover, the antioxidant activity assay in vitro showed that PPP exhibited strong reducing power and good scavenging activities on superoxide anion, hydroxyl, and DPPH radicals. The PPP extracted with pectinase had excellent antioxidant properties and could be developed into a new type of dietary supplement or functional food., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pectins were extracted from pomegranate peels with citric acid, according to a central composite design with three variables: pH (2-4), temperature (70-90°C), and extraction time (40-150min). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to follow changes in material composition during the main steps of pectin extraction, and also to determine the degree of methyl esterification and galacturonic acid content of pectins produced under different conditions. Harsh conditions enhanced the extraction yield and the galacturonic acid contents, but decreased the degree of methoxylation. The optimum extraction conditions, defined as those predicted to result in a yield of galacturonic acid higher than 8g/100g while keeping a minimum degree of methoxylation of 54% were: 88°C, 120min, pH 2.5. Close agreement was found between experimental and predicted values at the extraction conditions defined as optimum., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ultrasound assisted extraction of pectin from waste pomegranate peel was investigated and optimized using Box-Behnken response surface design coupled with numerical optimization technique. The individual and interactive effect of process variables (solid-liquid ratio, pH, extraction time and temperature) on the pectin yield was studied. The experimental data obtained were analyzed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA) and second-order polynomial models were developed using multiple regression analysis. The models developed from the experimental design were predictive and good fit with the experimental data with high coefficient of determination (R(2)) value. The optimal extraction condition was found to be 1:17.52 g/ml of solid-liquid ratio, 1.27 of pH, 28.31 min of extraction time and 61.90 °C of extraction temperature respectively. Under the optimal conditions, experimental yield was very close to the predicted values., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)