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The yields of H2O2 and H2 formed in the sonolysis of aqueous solution under noble gas are representative indexes for understanding the chemical effects of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles. In this study, the yields of H2O2 and H2 formed under Ar were evaluated as a function of the concentration of NaCl or KI. When these yields were analyzed by using a normalization technique, it was confirmed that the yields of H2 were more clearly related to Ar solubility than those of H2O2, suggesting that H2 is a more real probe to understand the chemical effects of cavitation bubbles in water. The effects of NaCl on sonochemical formation of oxidants were also compared with those of KI. When aqueous t-butanol solution was sonicated, the yields of H2 and the maximum temperature attained in a collapsing bubble (bubble temperature) decreased with increasing solution temperature and salt concentration, suggesting that these parameters affected the quantity related to the number (and/or size) of active bubbles as well as the quality related to the bubble temperatures.

Sonchus arvensis is recognized for its high content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, exhibiting various medicinal benefits, including anti-diabetic, anti-depressant, and anti-cancer properties. This has positioned the plant as a significant candidate for commercial food, medicinal, and antioxidant supplements. Salinity may enhance the level of chlorogenic and caffeic acid, which are key secondary metabolites in S. arvensis. To investigate this, a completely randomized design experiment with three replications was implemented in a greenhouse to examine the impact of salinity on the expression of six genes responsible for the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid. Additionally, the study examined how salinity affects the accumulation of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, chicoric acid, and apigenin in the lower and middle leaves of plants. Salinity stress treatments were applied at four different levels: 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl. The results indicated that the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and p-coumaroyl ester 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H) were highest in the middle leaves at a concentration of 150 mM NaCl. Notably, there was an eight-fold increase in C4H expression in these leaves under the same salinity conditions. Conversely, the expression of shikimate/quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and quinate O-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) genes decreased across all salinity treatments. Additionally, the levels of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and chicoric acid were significantly elevated at 50 mM NaCl in both the lower and middle leaves, suggesting that cultivating S. arvensis in mildly saline environments could be beneficial. Furthermore, the findings from this study may serve as a preliminary step towards the cloning and full characterization of the genes examined in S. arvensis.

Salinity diminishes agricultural productivity and quality, resulting in overall economic losses on a worldwide scale. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been found to enhance plant physiological and metabolic processes, as well as increase overall resilience to abiotic stressors. A research study was undertaken to assess the effects of foliar application of chemically produced ZnONPs on tomato plants, both in the presence and absence of a NaCl stressor. The datasets were obtained through the utilization of the shallow mRNA sequencing technology. Six datasets from the SRA were uploaded to NCBI. The aforementioned datasets encompass the Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA), the contigs that underwent blasting, mapping, and annotation from the pre-processed datasets, and the count table derived from the quantification of RNA-seq reads. All the aforementioned data is encompassed under the Mendeley database. Moving forward, the utilization of databases will facilitate the examination of modifications in plant biochemical reactions at the level of gene expression.

Salt substitute has been widely used to prepare low-salt foods due to potential health benefits, though the role of CaCl2 in salt substitute and its unique impacts on food quality have been rarely investigated. In this study, comprehensive research has been conducted to elucidate the effects of replacing NaCl with varying concentrations of CaCl2 on the surimi gel characteristics. The introduction of CaCl2 interacted with surimi proteins differently from NaCl, thus leading to difference in protein aggregation behaviors and surimi gel properties. It has been found that a proper proportion of CaCl2 for NaCl substitution could create salt bridges between surimi proteins more effectively, resulting in an ordered, smooth and dense gel network with an increased water holding capacity (WHC) and improved gel strength. Furthermore, TGase activated by Ca2+ boosted the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine bonds, which cross-linked surimi proteins to form a firm gel with a better three-dimensional structure. However, replacing NaCl with excessive amount of CaCl2 as divalent salts induced more serious protein aggregation, leading to water loss and gel properties deterioration. More specially, replacing NaCl with CaCl2 at 50% showed the best performance, as evidenced by the most abundant disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, highest hardness and chewiness, and greatest storage modulus. This study provided new insights on developing high-quality surimi gels with significantly reduced salt concentration and improved gel characteristics.

Phosphorus (P) starvation in rice facilitates the reutilization of root cell wall P by enhancing the pectin content. NaCl modulates pectin content, however, it is still unknown whether NaCl is also involved in the process of pectin regulated cell wall P remobilization in rice under P starved conditions. In this study, we found that 10 mmol/L NaCl increased the shoot and root biomasses under P deficiency to a remarkable extent, in company with the elevated shoot and root soluble P contents in rice. Further analysis indicated that exogenous NaCl enhanced the root cell wall P mobilization by increasing the pectin methylesterase activity and uronic acid content in pectin suggesting the involvement of NaCl in the process of cell wall P reutilization in P starved rice roots. Additionally, exogenous NaCl up-regulated the expression of P transporter OsPT6, which was induced by P deficiency, suggesting that NaCl also facilitated the P translocation prominently from root to shoot in P starved rice. Moreover, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) can reverse the NaCl-mediated mitigation under P deficiency, indicating the involvement of ABA in the NaCl regulated root cell wall P reutilization. Taken together, our results demonstrated that NaCl can activate the reutilization of root cell wall P in P starved rice, which is dependent on the ABA accumulation pathway.

We hypothesized whether 10% praying-mantis-egg-cake (10% PMEC) can be applied against inflammatory-erectile-dysfunction and whether it could be linked to NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade. Ninety male albino-rats were randomly distributed into nine (n = 10) groups. Group I was given distilled water. Group II and III were pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl and 75 mg/kg MSG, respectively. Group IV was pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl + 75 mg/kg MSG. Group V was administered with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 3 mg/kg Amylopidin. Group VI was given 80 mg/kg NaCl + 10% PMEC. Group VII was treated with 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group IX was post-treated with 10% PMEC for 14 days. Penile PDE-51, arginase, ATP hydrolytic, cholinergic, dopaminergic (MAO-A) and adenosinergic (ADA) enzymes were hyperactive on intoxication with NaCl and MSG. The erectile dysfunction caused by inflammation was linked to alteration of NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade via up-regulation of key cytokines and chemokine (MCP-1). These lesions were prohibited by protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC). Thus, protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC) by a factor of 4 (25%) inhibited penile cytokines/MCP-1 on exposure to mixture of salt-intake through NO-cGMP-PKG dependent-NF-KB signaling cascade in rats

In the present study, hydroponic experiments were performed to explore the mechanistic role of H2S (NaHS (donor of H2S); 40 μM) in alleviating NaCl stress in brinjal and tomato seedlings by analyzing the growth, pigments content, gas exchange parameters, and contents of inorganic nitrogen and activities of enzymes involved in N2 metabolism. While NaCl at 20 mM declined the growth (tolerance index (TI) and plant height), pigment content (total chlorophyll and Chl a/b), and gas exchange parameters (intercellular CO2 concentration; Ci, net photosynthetic rate; A, transpiration rate; E, stomatal conductance; Gs). It also variably affected the inorganic N (NO3−, NO2− and NH4+) content, and the enzymes involved in nitrate (nitrate reductase; NR and nitrite reductase; NiR), and ammonium (glutamine synthetase; GS, glutamate synthase; GOGAT and Glutamate dehydrogenase; GDH) assimilation, whereas the supplementation of H2S showed considerable improvement in all the studied parameters. Furthermore, the addition of H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT; 200 μM) to NaCl + NaHS seized all the recovery on the above parameters caused by the NaHS treatment, suggesting the role of exogenous H2S. While, the addition of an inhibitor of H2S generation propargylglycine (PAG; 100 μM) to NaCl treatments further declined the growth more than NaCl treatment alone, implying the role of endogenous H2S. Altogether, our study highlights the modulatory role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in conferring NaCl stress tolerance in brinjal and tomato seedlings by maintaining the ion homeostasis and the C/N ratio.

Soil and irrigation water salinity are major limiting factor to citrus industry in arid environments.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different salt stress levels on growth and ion uptake of three-month-old citrus rootstocks; sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana). Six levels of NaCl-salinity were used, 0.7 (control), 2, 4, 8, 12 and 15 dS m−1. Salinity increment from 2.0 to 15.0 dS m−1 significantly reduced seedlings height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content index and chlorophyll fluorescence by one to three folds. In addition, leaf and root N concentration reduced by 10%–50%, P 6%–50%, K 8%–47%, Ca+2 7%–51% and Mg+2 7%–50% when salt stress in the irrigation water increased from 2.0 to 15.0 dS m−1. Conversely, salt stress increment (2.0–15.0 dS m−1) increased leaf stomatal resistance (5 folds), proline concentration (1 fold), Na+ and Cl− in the leaf (10 fold) and root (4 fold) when compared to control (0.7 dS m−1). In term of rootstock, Volkamer had higher seedling height, stem diameter, and root constituents (length, fresh and dry weight) than sour orange. While sour orange had higher leaf Cl−, Ca+2 and Mg+2, Volkamer lemon had higher N, Na+, K+, and P. However, root nutrient (N, Na+, Cl−, P and Mg+2) from Volkamer had consistently higher concentration compared to sour orange at 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 15.0 dS m−1. Therefore, we believe that the Volkamer rootstock is more tolerant to salt stress than sour orange.

The impact of Capsicum chinense concentration and salt varieties on cholesterol oxides, physicochemical properties, microbial profiles and organoleptic attributes of Kilishi, a sundried beef jerky, was assessed. Kilishi (KL) was prepared from sundried strips of Biceps femoris and marinated with either 2 % Sodium chloride (NaCl) + 7 % fresh Capsicum chinense (CC) (KL-1), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium chloride (KCl) + 7 % CC (KL-2), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium citrate (C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7 ) + 7 % CC (KL-3), 1 % NaCl + 14 % CC (KL-4), 1 % KCl + 14 % CC (KL-5) or 1 % C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7  + 14 % CC (KL-6), and stored at 29 ± 1 °C for 90 d. The partial or total replacement of NaCl lowered (P < 0.05) the Na content in KL. The KL samples treated with 14 % CC had lower (P < 0.05) 25-hydroxy cholesterol, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, carbonyl, pH, malondialdehyde, and lightness and greater (P < 0.05) redness and Lactobacillus counts than those treated with 7 % CC. The chemical composition, sensory scores and water activity were unaffected by the additives. The taste, flavor, and overall acceptance scores of KL decreased (P < 0.05) after 30 days of storage. The substitution of KCl and C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7 for NaCl and the increase in CC concentration from 7 to 14 % lowered the Na content and selected cholesterol oxides, respectively, without impairing the organoleptic traits of Kilishi., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

To assess aquatic toxicity of natural wetlands in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) of northern Alberta, fifteen collected water samples were tested for their ability to affect survival and development of fathead minnow embryos. Wetland waters were also assessed for toxicants from natural oil sands bitumen deposits (Na, Cl, metals, naphthenic acids (NAs), naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkylated PAHs). Water samples from four wetlands caused toxicity to fish embryos. The most potent wetland water, HAT-S5, caused significantly decreased hatch success, decreased time-to-hatch, decreased embryonic heart rate and increased deformities (60 % vs controls 2 %). Exposure to wetland waters from Saline Lake (where conductivity was 2320 μS/cm and Na was high) resulted in fish with increased deformities (58 % vs controls 2 %) that were not the results of high conductivity alone. Two other wetland waters (Gateway Bridge and Crane Lake) also disrupted development in fathead minnow embryos. These combined findings suggest that for natural wetland waters causing effects in fish embryos, toxicants other than salinity/conductivity/ions were responsible for the observed effects. The general water chemistry of most wetlands was unremarkable. However, the most potent wetland, HATS5-wtl is a naturally occurring wetland with possible connections to ground water that makes contact with bitumen. The assessment of the toxicity and chemicals present in natural wetlands provides background data for future studies and for design of restoration wetlands for oil sands mining-disturbed landscapes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study examined the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on lipid oxidation induced by oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) in washed turkey muscle (WTM) model. To explore the reasons for observed effects, the pro-oxidant abilities of Hb derivatives (e.g., metHb, oxyHb, hemin, Fe2+, and Fe3+), pH change, and antioxidation of Hb in the presence of NaCl or STPP were also analyzed. The observed lipid oxidation capacity in WTM followed the order metHb > hemin > oxyHb > Fe2+ > Fe3+. Added Fe2+ accelerated auto-oxidation of oxyHb and oxyHb-mediated lipid oxidation. Hb auto-oxidation to metHb increased as the pH decreased from 6.6 to 5.0. NaCl promoted oxyHb-mediated lipid oxidation due to NaCl causing decreased pH value and increased formation of metHb. STPP inhibited oxyHb-mediated lipid oxidation and weakened the pro-oxidative effect of NaCl. This could be attributed to STPP increasing the pH, inactivating free iron, and inhibiting formation of metHb.

In this work, the effect of adding sodium chloride (NaCl) in zinc oxide (ZnO) electron transport layer (ETL) on the photovoltaic performance of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dot (QD) solar cells is investigated. To elucidate that, PbS QD solar cells with pristine ZnO and NaCl passivated ZnO (ZnO–NaCl) as ETLs are fabricated, respectively. The current density–voltage (J–V)​ measurements are performed. The results show a considerable improvement in the current density of the device with ZnO–NaClas ETL, thus boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 7.278% to 9.149%. It is demonstrated that NaCl treatment benefits surface defects and series resistance (Rs) reduction in ZnO ETL, enhancing the carrier transport performance of the device. The strategy of adding NaCl in ZnO ETL provides a promising way for pushing solar cell performance to a high level.

In this paper, sodium chloride(NaCl) was used as the separator agent and the pore-forming agent. Nickel porous materials were prepared by sintering nickel oxalate(NiC2O4) and NaCl after blending and reduction. The pore micro morphology, porosity, pore size, pore size distribution and permeability coefficient of nickel porous materials at different sintering temperatures were studied. The results show that NaCl as a separator can effectively prevent numerous direct contacts between the initial nickel particles and then reduce the sintering agglomeration during the process of blending. Thus, uniformly mixed fibrous nickel powders and NaCl powders are prepared. Nickel porous materials prepared by sintering nickel oxalate and NaCl after blending and reduction have a pore structure composed of lapped pores between the fibrous nickel particles and the prefabricated pores formed by the pore-forming agent. By changing the sintering temperature, the porosity and pore structure characteristics of the materials can be well controlled, and the nickel porous materials with good pore properties are obtained. When the sintering temperature increases from 450 °C to 650 °C, the open porosity is 71.7 % ∼ 79.5 %, the average pore size is from 0. 519 μm ∼ 1.043 μm, and the permeability is from 0.076×10−12 m2 ∼ 0.19×10−12 m2. The pore size distribution shows three peaks at low sintering temperatures. The distribution gradually turns into a double peak and eventually tends to a single peak as the sintering temperature increases.

Polyamines (PAs) play diverse roles in plant growth and development, as well as responses to environmental stimuli. In this study, the effects of PAs on rice salt tolerance were investigated. Salt stress resulted in the alteration of endogenous PAs levels in rice roots and leaves, where spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) contents were increased, and putrescine (Put) content was decreased. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PAs biosynthesis-related genes ADC1, ODC, and Arginase were significantly downregulated by salt treatment; however, SAMDC transcription was significantly upregulated. Exogenous Spm enhanced rice salt tolerance remarkably; however, exogenous Put and Spd undermined rice salt tolerance. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing SAMDC display a higher ratio of Spm/(Put+Spd) and enhanced salt tolerance. Salt stress also increased polyamine oxidase activities in rice, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our findings revealed that accumulation of Put and Spd substantially reduced salt tolerance in rice, likely by facilitating ROS production; whereas, conversion of Put and Spd to Spm contributes to rice salt tolerance.

A process is presented for the production of periodic cellular structures based on investment casting of Al-12 wt%Si alloy within a mould that is made of table salt (NaCl) packed around a sacrificial PLA polymer template. Moulding begins by pouring salt grains suspended within brine and packed by vibration around the pattern. This is followed by draining, drying, and pyrolysis of the polymer followed by pressure infiltration of the resulting mould with molten metal. Cast Al-12 %Si structures made of octahedra linked at their vertexes (6 in all three directions) with a relative density of 31% are produced and characterized for their microstructure and compressive deformation. The highly porous structures replicate accurately the polymer pattern in dense metal, have a compressive modulus of 1.2 GPa, a plateau stress of 20 MPa, a densification strain of 77%, and an energy absorption of 15 J/cm3 corresponding to an efficiency of 80% compared to an ideally plastic material.

The impact of basic amino acids (Lysine, Arginine, Histidine) on the formation of total heterocyclic amines (HAs) was investigated in fried beef patties at 1% NaCl level. Different levels of basic amino acids (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%) significantly inhibited the formation of the total and individual HAs at 1% NaCl, and the inhibitory effect was more effective than 3% NaCl (6.19 ng/g, 26.93% inhibition) (P < 0.05). Lys at 1% reduced total HAs the most (2.46 ng/g, 70.88% inhibition), followed by 1% His (2.79 ng/g, 67.03% inhibition) and 1% Arg (3.43 ng/g, 59.51% inhibition). Compared to the 3% NaCl, the quality characteristics (moisture content, frying loss, texture profile, and color) of the fried beef patties were significantly improved when basic amino acids were added at 1% NaCl (P < 0.05). The lipid oxidation of fried beef patties was significantly inhibited by 1% Arg and 1% Lys at 1% NaCl level (P < 0.05). The results indicated that basic amino acids could inhibit the formation of total HAs while maintaining the quality of meat products at low NaCl condition., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Salinity is a challenge to rice production but most studies are dealing with NaCl and rarely consider Na2SO4 despite its importance in numerous areas of the world. To elucidate genome-level responses to chloride or sulfate salinity stress, seedlings from rice cv. IKP have been exposed for 48 h to two types of Na+-isostrength nutrient solution (NaCl 200 mM (EC18.84 dS m−1; Ψs = −0.983 MPa); and Na2SO4 100 mM (EC18.05 dS m−1; Ψs = −0.838 MPa)). A combined transcriptomic (microarray analysis) and physiological study was performed. NaCl was more toxic than Na2SO4 to rice seedlings. Contrasting genes were expressed under sulfate and chloride salinity, the difference being the most remarkable in root. Most of the genes involved in response to salt stress were up-regulated in Na2SO4-treated plants while more genes were down-regulated in NaCl-treated plants. Proline accumulated to a higher extent in NaCl-treated plants in relation to up-regulation of genes coding for Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and Ornithine-δ-aminotransferase which induced a higher activity of these enzymes in plants exposed to NaCl compared to Na2SO4. In contrast, sucrose accumulated in Na2SO4-treated plants while reducing sugars accumulated in NaCl-exposed ones. These differences could be explained by activities of sucrose-phosphate-synthase, sucrose synthase and acidic invertase but not by upregulation of the corresponding genes. Regulations of the expression of genes coding for signal sensing, perception and transduction and for transcription factors were completely different in response to NaCl and Na2SO4 suggesting that the nature of the counter anion is of primary importance in stress perception and plant response.

Active films made of chitosan and fish gelatin blends containing 5% (w/wt of polymers) of tyrosol, ferulic acid or caffeic acid were prepared by the casting method. The kinetic of release was assessed in water or in 1% (w/v) NaCl solution, at three temperatures (4, 25 and 32°C). Partition (Kf/S) and the effective diffusivity (D) was modelled which allowed to characterize the release mechanism. Tyrosol has a faster release at a higher concentration than the other antioxidants, because of its structure and a lower level of intermolecular interactions with the biopolymer matrix. There is less effect of temperature and of the salt content on the release of tyrosol contrarily to the phenolic acids. The NaCl solution (food simulant) induced conformational changes in the biopolymer network due to the modifications of the interactions between the gelatin, chitosan and antioxidants, inducing a less strengthen network and a faster release.

When Portland cement (PC) is used for soil stabilisation, exposure to sodium chloride (NaCl) is a major problem in geotechnical engineering. NaCl's effect decreases the soil's structural stability and weakens its mechanical performances. The recycled powder recycled tyre (PRT) can be utilised to improve the mechanical characteristics of soil while reducing the landfills matters. The resistivity to chloride of cement clay after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing were evaluated. Compressive strength tests (UCS) were performed. Half of which were performed on the control sample (unexposed) and half on the sample exposed to NaCl. The addition of 3 % PRT increased the UCS (qu) value under standard conditions and when exposed to NaCl. The same trend was observed for the addition of 5 % and 10 % PRT. The exposure reduced the UCS value, and the higher PRT dosage showed a better outcome. The analysis has shown that, when exposed to NaCl, cement hydration products, such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), are degraded, causing huge voids.

316L stainless steel has recently gained relevance as metal for additive manufacturing thanks to its high versatility in many laser deposition processes combined with its excellent mechanical and corrosion properties. However, its use in oil & gas, marine or biomedical applications is limited by its poor tribocorrosion performance, since it is prone to wear-accelerated corrosion. On the quest for extending the applicability of 316L components deposited by laser processes to tribocorrosion applications, the present work develops 316L laser claddings reinforced with titanium carbonitride grains. An agglomerated and sintered (Ti,Mo)(C,N)-Ni powder was designed for preserving the chemical integrity of the hard phases during the laser deposition process. This results in 316L composites with homogeneously distributed titanium carbonitride reinforcements with a size ranging from sub-micrometre up to about 2 µm. These 316L composites improve the tribocorrosion performance in artificial seawater by over 10 fold in open circuit potential conditions and over 30 fold at an applied passive potential. The passivity of the 316L composites is maintained even though of a lower break down potential. These results highlight the enormous potential of 316L reinforced with titanium carbonitride deposited by laser processes for wear resistant components operating in saline environments.

In this study combined effect of ultrasound-induced acoustic cavitation and microbubbles during meat brining on pork loin (Longissimus dorsi) was evaluated. Cylindrical shape (diameter 15 mm, height 80 mm) pork loin samples were cut and immersed in 200 g L-1 NaCl brine and treated with the following brining methods for 180 min: static brining (SB), ultrasound assisted brining (US) and ultrasound combined with microbubbles in brine (USMB). Ultrasound was generated with 20 kHz frequency, 5,09 W/cm2 maximum intensity and 100 W maximum power. Microbubbles in brine were produced by a gas–liquid mixing pump. Effect of ultrasound and microbbubles on NaCl content and diffusion in pork loin, mass balance, water binding capacity (WBC), protein denaturation and meat tissue microstructure were evaluated. The US and USMB brinings enhanced the NaCl diffusion into meat compared to meat brined under static conditions. The constant diffusion coefficient (D) model precisely described the NaCl diffusion kinetics during brinings. The ultrasound and microbbubles resulted in microscopic pores on the surface of myofibers. Decreasing WBC was observed for all brining methods. Myosin was not detectable in any of the brining methods. Denaturation temperature of actin showed a decreasing tendency with increasing brining time independently the brining methods.

The texture of soybean protein-based products is primarily influenced by the aggregation and gel morphology of the protein, which is modulated by manufacturing factors. Interactions involved in protein morphology changes include disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Notably, an interaction perspective probably provides a new way to explaining the aggregation and gel morphology, which could help overcome the hurdle of developing a textured product. Based on the interaction perspective, this review provides detailed information and evidence on aggregation, conformational stability, and gel network morphology of soybean protein and its components induced by pH, NaCl, and temperature. pH-induced electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, NaCl-induced electrostatic interactions, and temperature-induced hydrophobic interactions and disulfide linkages are the main motivations responsible for changes in soybean aggregation and gel morphology. By reducing the proportion of strong-interactions, such as disulfide linkages and hydrophobic interactions, and increasing the proportion of weak-interactions, such as electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, the protein total surface area expands, indicating increased conformational stretching and decreased cohesion. This possibly results in reduced hardness and increased toughness of textured proteins. The opposite effect can be observed when the proportion of strong interactions is increased and that of weak interactions is decreased., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the event of a radiological accident or attack, it is important to assess and quantify radiation dose to the population. This could be done using materials in the vicinity that are sensitive to ionizing radiation. Common salt (NaCl) is known to be a sensitive thermoluminescence (TL) phosphor. Luminescence properties of common salt (NaCl) used in Nigeria were investigated using an automated luminescence reader Risø TL/OSL-DA-15, with attention focused more on the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). Strong radiation-induced TL and OSL signals were observed. The TL peaks occurred at about 100 °C, 240 °C and 280 °C. The dose response of both the TL and OSL signals showed a linear relationship. From the OSL pulse anneal curve with TL curve, a preheat temperature of 190 °C for 10 s was found adequate for the OSL measurements. There was no significant difference in the OSL decay for stimulation temperatures of 100 and 120 °C. Fading experiment over a storage period of 14 days showed about 13 and 3% decrease in the OSL signal of sample 1 and sample 2, respectively. The ratios of measured to given dose for dose recovery test were within ±19% of unity. Within the limit of error the samples could be used as a complementary emergency dosimeter in radiological accident situation.

Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of crop production in estuarine and coastal zones. Improvement in salt tolerance of major food crops is an important way for the economic utilization of coastal zones. This study proved that the application of salicylic acid (SA) improved the growth and yield under salt stress conditions and investigated its physiological mechanisms for salt tolerance. The investigation on the effect of SA for salt tolerance during germination showed that the decreased rates of germination and growth (in terms of shoot and root lengths) by the salt stress were significantly increased by the SA application (SA + NaCl). The treatment of SA to the high and low saline soils enhanced the growth, yield and nutrient values of rice. The effects of SA on Na+, K+ and Cl– ionic accumulation were traced under salt stress condition by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. It was revealed that the increased accumulation of Na+ and Clˉ ions by the salt stress were reduced by SA application. An increased concentration of endogenous SA level was detected from the SA-treated rice varieties (ASD16 and BR26) by liquid chromatography electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were increased by salt stress whereas decreased by the SA application. The study proved that the application of SA could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the regulation of physiological mechanism in rice plants. In spite of salt stress, it can be applied to the coastal and estuarine regions to increase the rice production.

Our goal was to investigate the effects of various conditions of media (NaCl, sucrose, pH, and temperature) on the steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of a concentrated ternary gum mixture system (1.0 wt%) containing xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Regardless of the media conditions, all gum mixtures exhibited a high shear-thinning behavior with a low flow behavior index (<0.30). NaCl addition resulted in a decrease in the consistency index (K, 32.8-16.1 Pa·s n ) and apparent viscosity at 50 s -1 (η a,50 , 1.00-0.75 Pa·s), as well as the elastic modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G″) due to the charge screening effect. Similar result was observed with an increase in acidity of media. The presence of sucrose also induced the decrease in the η a,50 , K, G', and G″ values of the ternary gum, but tan δ (G″/G') decreased, indicative of higher weak gel-like properties. No effect of NaCl or sucrose addition on the temperature dependence of G' values was observed, whereas pH adjustment was impacted. These results demonstrated that the presence of co-solute, the acidity of media, and temperature influenced the rheological properties of ternary gum, and in particular acid condition gave a great impact., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An adsorption experiment and a pot experiment were executed in order to explore the mechanisms by which biochar amendment in combination with reduced irrigation affects sodium and potassium uptake, root morphology, water use efficiency, and salinity tolerance of cotton plants. In the adsorption experiment, ten NaCl concentration gradients (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 500 mM) were set for testing isotherm adsorption of Na + by biochar. It was found that the isotherms of Na + adsorption by wheat straw biochar (WSP) and softwood biochar (SWP) were in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the Na + adsorption ability of WSP (55.20 mg g -1 ) was superior to that of SWP (47.38 mg g -1 ). The pot experiment consisted three factors, viz., three biochar amendments (no biochar, WSP, and SWP), three irrigation strategies (deficit irrigation, partial root-zone drying irrigation - PRD, full irrigation), and two NaCl concentrations gradients (0 mM and 200 mM). The findings indicated that salinity stress lowered K + concentration, root length, root surface area, and root volume (RV), but increased Na + concentration, root average diameter, and root tissue density. However, biochar amendment decreased Na + concentration, increased K + concentration, and improved root morphology. In particular, the combination of WSP and PRD increased K + /Na + ratio, RV, root weight density, root surface area density, water use efficiency, and partial factor productivity under salt stress, which can be a promising strategy to cope with drought and salinity stress in cotton production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study was conducted to evaluate the alterations of some morphological and biochemical parameters of sunflower cultivars (‘08-TR-003’, ‘TR-3080’ and ‘TARSAN-1018’) under salt stress. For this aim, the seedling of sunflower cultivars was irrigated with tap water as a control, and with salinised water with 50, 150 and 250 mM NaCl for 30 days under controlled conditions. Salinity caused an apparent reduction in morphological parameters (plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry matter and water content) in all cultivars. Salt stress significantly (P

Several Al/SiC MMCs having several volume fractions up to 15 vol.% and different SiC particulates average sizes, typically, 11, 6 and 3 μm were fabricated using conventional powder metallurgy (PM) route. The effect of the size and volume fraction of SiC particulates on the microstructural and corrosion behavior of Al/SiC metal matrix composites (MMCs) were studied. The results revealed that the Al/SiC MMCs exhibited higher density than pure Al matrix. The static immersion corrosion tests of Al/SiC MMCs in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution at several temperatures showed that, at ambient temperature, the Al/SiC MMCs have better corrosion resistance than the pure Al matrix. Reducing the SiC particles size and/or increasing the volume fraction of the SiC particulates reduce(s) the corrosion rate of the Al/SiC MMCs. In contrast, the Al/SiC composites exhibited higher corrosion rates at 50 °C and 75 °C than the pure Al matrix.

Salt stress contains osmotic and ionic stress, while iso-osmotic polyethylene glycol (PEG) has only osmotic stress. This study aimed to compare the different effects on the activity of H+-ATPase, proton pump and Na+/H+ antiport in Malus seedlings between osmotic and ionic stress. Species of salt tolerant Malus zumi, middle salt tolerant Malus xiaojinensis and salt sensitive Malus baccata were used as experimental materials. Malus seedlings were treated with NaCl and iso-osmotic PEG stress. The activity of H+-ATPase, proton pump and Na+/H+ antiport of plasmolemma and tonoplast in Malus seedlings were obviously increased under salt stress, and those in salt-tolerant species increased more. Under the same NaCl concentration, the activity of H+-ATPase, proton pump and Na+/H+ antiport of plasmolemma and tonoplast in salt-tolerant species were all obviously higher than those in salt-sensitive one. Higher Na+/H+ antiport activity of plasmolemma and tonoplast in salt-tolerant species could help to extrude and compartmentalize sodium in roots under salt stress. The ascent rate of activity of H+-ATPase, proton pump and Na+/H+ antiport in Malus seedlings under the three salt concentration stress was all obviously higher than that under the iso-osmotic PEG stress. It indicated that the sodium ion effect had more stimulation on the activity of H+-ATPase, proton pump and Na+/H+ antiport in salt-tolerant species, and salt-tolerant species has higher capability of sodium extrusion and compartmentalization in roots and is therefore more salt tolerant.

Atmospheric pressure plasmas can serve as double phase reactors to produce plasma activated water for water treatment. However, the physical-chemical processes involving plasma-supplied atomic oxygen and reactive oxygen species in an aqueous solution remain unclear. In this work, quantum mechanics (QM)/molecular mechanics (MM) molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) have been performed to directly observe the chemical reactions occurring between atomic oxygen and a NaCl solution at the gas-liquid interface using a model containing 10,800 atoms. During simulations, the atoms in the QM and MM Parts are dynamically adjusted. To examine the effects of local microenvironments on the chemical processes, atomic oxygen is used as a chemical probe to scan the gas-liquid interface. The excited atomic oxygen reacts with water molecules and Cl - ions to produce H 2 O 2 , OH, HOCl, ClO - , and HO 2 - /H 3 O + species. The ground-state atomic oxygen is significantly more stable than the excited atomic oxygen, although it can react with water molecules to produce OH radicals. However, the branch ratio of ClO - computed for triplet atomic oxygen is significantly larger than that determined for singlet atomic oxygen. This study can help achieve a better understanding of the fundamental chemical processes during plasma-treated solution experiments and promotes advances in applications of QM/MM calculations at the gas-liquid interface., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Urinary tract infections are common. Here, we delineate a role of extracellular DNA trap (ET) formation in kidney antibacterial defense and determine mechanisms of their formation in the hyperosmotic environment of the kidney medulla. ET of granulocytic and monocytic origin were present in the kidneys of patients with pyelonephritis along with systemically elevated citrullinated histone levels. Inhibition of the transcription coregulatory, peptidylarginine deaminase 4 (PAD4), required for ET formation, prevented kidney ET formation and promoted pyelonephritis in mice. ETs predominantly accumulated in the kidney medulla. The role of medullary sodium chloride and urea concentrations in ET formation was then investigated. Medullary-range sodium chloride, but not urea, dose-, time- and PAD4-dependently induced ET formation even in the absence of other stimuli. Moderately elevated sodium chloride promoted myeloid cell apoptosis. Sodium gluconate also promoted cell death, proposing a role for sodium ions in this process. Sodium chloride induced myeloid cell calcium influx. Calcium ion-free media or -chelation reduced sodium chloride-induced apoptosis and ET formation while bacterial lipopolysaccharide amplified it. Autologous serum improved bacterial killing in the presence of sodium chloride-induced ET. Depletion of the kidney sodium chloride gradient by loop diuretic therapy diminished kidney medullary ET formation and increased pyelonephritis severity. Thus, our data demonstrate that ETs may protect the kidney against ascending uropathogenic E. coli and delineate kidney medullary range sodium chloride concentrations as novel inducers of programmed myeloid cell death., (Copyright © 2023 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lygeum spartum L. (Poaceae) is a plant of commercial relevance used as raw material for manufacturing paper. This species is a newly found salt tolerant species, but its physiological responses to salinity are poorly understood. The effect of salt stress (50 and 100 mM NaCl) on growth, leaf water relations, soluble sugars and free amino acids in L. spartum has been investigated. Fresh and dry weights were reduced significantly above 50 mM NaCl. Transpiration, water potential (Ψω) and osmotic potential (Ψπ) decreased with elevated NaCl. No change was observed in the turgor potential (Ψτ). Subsequently, the composition of free amino acids estimated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated a significant increase in free amino acid content. It appears that valine was the main amino acid accumulated significantly by the plants for both NaCl treatments. However, tyrosine levels decrease by salt treatment compared to control. Contents of Na+ and Cl− increased with an increase in salinity. The concentration of Na+ of salinized plants (100 mM NaCl) was ∼70-fold greater than that measured in control plants, and this was associated with significant reductions in leaf K+ and Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, a significant accumulation of soluble sugars, probably associated with osmotic adjustment and protection of membrane stability, occurred in roots of salinized plants. Based upon these results, a possible physiological role of soluble sugars and free amino acids was suggested in L. spartum to maintain turgor.

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0.0, 60, 120, 240 mM) on growth, osmotic potential, chlorophyll content, protein content of (Vicia faba L.) seedlings was investigated. NaCl caused an increase in plant height with low and medium concentrations and a decrease with the highest concentration, in both measurement periods. No significant effect was observed in the number of leaves or leaf area with low concentration, while a decrease was noticed for each, with two higher concentrations and in both measurement periods. Salinity increased both fresh and dry weights of the shoot in the two measurement periods. Osmotic potential (O.P.) showed a significant decrease with the increase in concentrations, and in the duration of the stress periods. Salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll ‘a’ content in both measurement periods. It also significantly reduced chlorophyll ‘b’, total chl., and carotenoids contents after ten days of treatment. An increase was observed in the protein content in the two measurement periods due to the impact of salinity stress. A directly proportional relationship was found between protein content and the increase in salt concentrations in the first measurement period, while it was inversely proportional in the second.

Caiman meat is considered exotic and its consumption has significantly increased due to its nutritional quality. This study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of water content (WC) and salt content (SC) at different temperatures (1, 5, 10 and 15 °C) and to evaluate the use of mathematical models to predict the mass transfer kinetics until equilibrium conditions during the wet salting of caiman tail fillets. Moisture and chloride analyses were performed throughout the wet salting process. Four models (Peleg; Weibull; Zugarramurdi and Lupín; Diffusion) were tested to predict WC and SC kinetics in caiman tail fillets subjected to wet salting. The increase in the temperature resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in WC and an increase (P < 0.05) in SC. Nonlinear effects on WC and SC kinetics were observed between the different temperatures evaluated. Furthermore, the effective diffusion coefficients (D w and D s ) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing temperature. Peleg, Weibull, Zugarramurdi and Lupín, and the Diffusion model satisfactorily represented WC and SC rates throughout the process. The kinetic behavior of the parameters of the models corroborated the effects of temperature on those parameters. Peleg was the best model for predicting WC and SC kinetics, and Zugarramurdi and Lupín was the best for predicting the equilibrium conditions of the process (WC ∞ SC ∞ ), all parameters which can be used to describe the mass transfer kinetics during wet salting of caiman tail fillets., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The effect of permanganate and phosphate anions on the corrosion of Cu-Zn alloys in NaCl solution has been studied using open circuit potential, potentiodynamic, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The addition of increasing concentrations of permanganate and phosphate anions decreases the corrosion rate, which indicating the corrosion inhibition effect. The adsorption characteristics of these anions on the Cu-Zn alloy surface play a significant role in the inhibition processes. The effect of different anions on the corrosion behavior of Cu-Zn samples I and II (with different composition) was also studied in NaCl solution.

Sodium caseinate (SC) is widely used as a biological macromolecular emulsifier in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. However, the SC-stabilized emulsions were unstable. High-acyl gellan gum (HA) is an anionic macromolecular polysaccharide that improves emulsion stability. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HA addition on the stability and rheological properties of SC-stabilized emulsions. Study results revealed that HA concentrations >0.1 % could increase Turbiscan stability, reduce the volume average particle size, and increase the zeta-potential absolute value of the SC-stabilized emulsions. In addition, HA increased the triple-phase contact angle of SC, transformed SC-stabilized emulsions into non-Newtonian fluids, and effectively inhibited the movement of emulsion droplets. The effect of 0.125 % HA concentration was the most effective, allowing SC-stabilized emulsions to maintain good kinetic stability over a 30-d period. NaCl destabilized SC-stabilized emulsions but had no significant effect on HA-SC emulsions. In summary, HA concentration had a significant effect on the stability of SC-stabilized emulsions. HA altered the rheological properties and reduced creaming and coalescence by forming a three-dimensional network structure, increasing the electrostatic repulsion of the emulsion and the adsorption capacity of SC at the oil-water interface, and thereby improving the stability of SC-stabilized emulsions during storage and in the presence of NaCl., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The effects of different dosage of NaCl and sucrose on the structural and functional properties of debranched quinoa starch-oleic acid complexes (DQS-OA) under baking were investigated. The results showed that the resistant starch content of the baked DQS-OA increased by 17.15 % than DQS-OA. The addition of NaCl destroyed the thermal stability, short-range molecular order and crystalline structure of the complexes. The results of particle size, SEM and amylose content showed that NaCl accelerated the degradation of starch granules, which reduced the enzyme resistance of starch. In contrast, the enthalpy (7.28 J/g-7.78 J/g) and crystallinity (54.29 %-56.69 %) of the samples with sucrose significantly increased, and the molecular structure of the complexes became more ordered. Furthermore, with the increase of sucrose concentration, the resistant starch content also increased from 28.80 % to 31.41 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In mediterranean environments, rapeseed is grown in fall-winter with late-summer sowing and this implies that germination and initial seedling growth may occur in soils with low water content and/or high salinity. Lab experiments were carried out to study the effect of the level and timing of salt and osmotic stress application on the germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus var. oleifera Del.) cultivars with different stress tolerance. After a preliminary screening on eighteen cultivars, four hybrids with different stress tolerance during germination were chosen to study germination on Petri dishes at 14 increasing concentrations of PEG 6000 (ψs up to -1.5 MPa) and 12 increasing concentrations of NaCl (up to 600 mM). Seedlings from seeds germinated at 0 and 250 mM of NaCl were then grown into boxes for the slant test containing NaCl solutions 0 mM and 100 mM, while seedlings from seeds germinated -0.8 and -0.03 MPa (PEG) were grown in pots containing siliceous sand with a water content equivalent to field capacity or half of field capacity. In both experiments seedlings were grown for 11 days under controlled light/temperature conditions. Therefore, for both salt and osmotic stress experiments, the following four combinations for “germination-growth” conditions were obtained for each cultivar: optimum-optimum; optimum-stress; stress-optimum; stress-stress. The following determinations were performed: final percentage germination, time to 50% germination (T50), and base water potential of seeds; dry and fresh weights, and shoot and root lengths of seedlings at the end of the growth period (i.e. 11 days after plant transfer to the growth medium), and correspondent relative growth rates between the start and the end of the growth period. The different degree of stress tolerance observed among rapeseed cultivars for germination was in the order of 150 mMol for NaCl concentration and 0.2-0.3 MPa for osmotic potential. Nonetheless, cultivars did not differ substantially for growth parameters of seedlings exposed to stressing conditions, and in some cases cultivars with higher tolerance during germination resulted even more sensitive during growth, especially under salt stress. The severe stresses applied reduced seedling growth, and root more than shoot growth. Agronomic implications for the different stress tolerance of cultivars are discussed.