Search

Angle of Attack (AOA) is a crucial parameter which directly affects the aerodynamic forces of an aircraft. The measurement of AOA is required to ensure a safe flight within its designed flight envelop. This paper intends to summarise a comprehensive survey on the measurement techniques and estimation methods for AOA, specifically in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. In the case of UAVs, weight constraint plays a major role as far as sensor suites are concerned. This results in selecting a suitable estimation method to extract AOA using the available data from the autopilot. The most feasible and widely employed AOA measurement technique is by using the Multi-Hole Probes (MHPs). The MHP measures the AOA regarding the pressure variations between the ports. Due to the importance of MHP in AOA measurement, the calibration methods for the MHP are also included in this paper. This paper discusses the AOA measurement using virtual AOA sensors, their importance and the operation. Keywords: Angle of attack estimation, Angle of attack measurement, Angle of attack vane, Five-hole probe, Multi-hole probe, Multi-hole probe calibration, Nine-hole probe, Seven-hole probe, Virtual angle of attack sensor

Financial inclusion has gone beyond the rhetoric surrounding social development and financial stability, but also expanding into pathos of arbitrage benefits made from cheap retail deposits by large banks and banks from technologically developed regions. This study investigates whether a higher degree of fintech-based financial inclusion (FFI) intensifies banks’ risk-taking by analysing data from 534 banks from 24 OIC countries. The results indicate that higher degree of FFI controls bank’s risk-taking behaviour. The nexus turns stronger in the post-industrial revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) era. Our results are robust across multiple proxies and estimation methods. We discuss how competition surrounding investing in fintech may expose the banks towards severe uncertainty.

The recently released 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) classifies posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as distinct, yet related, disorders within the spectrum of trauma and stress-related disorders. This study aimed to explore the construct validity of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), a measure of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms among prison governors (i.e., wardens in the U.S. and Canada). Trauma-exposed prison governors (N = 409) aged 26 to 82 years (M = 50.04, SD = 7.97) provided their data online anonymously. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to evaluate the construct validity of ITQ scores. When using the five-point item response scale, our five first-order factor model produced the best fit to the data; however, when using a dichotomous item scale, the first-order two-factor PTSD and disturbances of self-organization (DSO) model produced the best fit to the data. These results indicate that item-coding and estimation methods can significantly impact conclusions about the best-fitting model for this measure among trauma-exposed prison governors.

Earlier studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) and firm productivity have mainly focused on the general impacts of FDI on local firms’ productivity. This current research extends the existing literature by examining the heterogeneity issue in firm productivity by clustering Indonesian manufacturing firms into nine industrial groups. Two estimation methods are applied: stochastic frontier analysis and panel data analysis, which emerge three key findings. Firstly, the impacts of FDI vary among firm clusters, with six out of nine clusters are able to grasp the positive benefits of FDI, whereas three out of nine clusters experience negative productivity effects. Secondly, the labor-intensive clusters tend to receive negative productivity effects, whereas the capital-intensives clusters receive positive productivity impacts. Thirdly, the sources of FDI-productivity vary across clusters, with scale-efficiency as the most dominant source and technology advancement as the second dominant source. These findings justify the importance of estimating firms in homogenous industrial groups to gain precision findings of productivity benefits., Foreign Direct Investment, firms’ productivity, clusters

This study demonstrates the potential use of a shopping street with disaster-proof buildings as a temporary evacuation shelter for local residents at the time of a disaster. We propose a simple estimation method to calculate the number of people for which the retail shops and restaurants in the shopping street can potentially provide food and drink using their inventory. We also estimate the number of evacuees that can be accommodated in the vacant spaces of the buildings. Our proposed method is applied to a shopping street in Kobe, Japan. While 5,200 people in the local community are expected to evacuate at the time of an earthquake, our survey shows that, in the case of power, gas, and water outages, the total amount of available food and drink supplied by the local shops and restaurants would be approximately 1,200 and 1,700 person-days, respectively. In another case, in which alternative facilities provide electricity, gas, and water, the amount of available food increases to about 2,800 person-days. Moreover, the building can provide space for overnight stay for approximately 2,300 people. The results also suggest that, by building stockpiles of food and drink in the unoccupied spaces of the building, the capacity of accommodating the local evacuees will be further enhanced. Future directions for more accurate and widely applicable estimation methods are also discussed.

This chapter examines the recent empirical evidence on peer effects in education. Such effects may arise when agents interact within a network (e.g., a classroom or school), and their existence allows education policymakers to use network design as a lever to improve academic outcomes. The existing evidence suggests that peer effects are highly context-specific. The increasing availability of more detailed datasets and the development of new estimation methods can bring more clarity to this area of research.

The aim of this study was to develop an estimation method for bacterial injury levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food products. Bacterial growth was monitored in recovery medium and quantified by real-time PCR to quantify the growth delay phenomenon as growth delay time (GDT). The relationship between GDT and stress levels (salt-concentration: 9, 13, 15, and 17%; stress exposure times:0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) was determined. The GDT increased with stress exposure time, and the higher the salt concentration was, the faster the GDT increased. Moreover, bacterial injury levels in 15% NaCl-containing media were estimated by a conventional culture-based method, bacterial membrane destruction assay, NADPH content assay, and intercellular ATP content assay. In these estimations, the result suggested a decrease in bacterial activity and increase in bacterial membrane destruction from 6 to 12 h of exposure, which was consistent with the results of the GDT monitoring method. Furthermore, the estimation of bacterial injury levels in high-salt food (fermented soybean paste) was investigated, and GDT extension was successfully observed until the bacteria completely reached sublethal conditions. Therefore, GDT monitoring by real-time PCR showed the ability to estimate bacterial injury levels along with other existing methods.

Most of the existing roughness estimation methods for water tunnels are related to either unlined or concrete/steel-lined tunnels. With the improvement in shotcrete technology, advancement in tunneling equipment and cost and time effectiveness, future water tunnels built for hydropower projects will consist of rock support with the extensive use of shotcrete lining in combination with systematic bolting and concrete lining in the tunnel invert. However, very little research has been performed to find out tunnel surface roughness for shotcrete-lined tunnels with invert concrete, which is important in calculating overall head loss along the waterway system to achieve an optimum and economic hydropower plant design. Hence, the main aim of this article is to review prevailing methods available to calculate tunnel wall roughness, and to use existing methods of head loss calculation to back-calculate roughness of the shotcrete-lined tunnels with invert concrete by exploiting measured head loss and actual cross-sectional profiles of two headrace tunnels from Nepal. Furthermore, the article aims to establish a link between the Manning coefficient and the physical roughness of the shotcrete-lined tunnel with invert concrete and to establish a link between over-break thickness and physical roughness. Attempts are also made to find a correlation between over-break thickness and rock mass quality described by Q-system and discussions are conducted on the potential cost savings that can be made if concrete lining is replaced by shotcrete lining with invert concrete. © 2017 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction The Accelerated Development of VAccine beNefit-risk Collaboration in Europe (ADVANCE) is a public-private collaboration aiming to develop and test a system for rapid benefit-risk (B/R) monitoring of vaccines, using existing healthcare databases in Europe. The objective of this paper was to assess the feasibility of using electronic healthcare databases to estimate dose-specific acellular pertussis (aP) and whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccine coverage. Methods Seven electronic healthcare databases in four European countries (Denmark (n = 2), UK (n = 2), Spain (n = 2) and Italy (n = 1)) participated in this study. Children were included from birth and followed up to age six years. Vaccination exposure was obtained from the databases and classified by type (aP or wP), and dose 1, 2 or 3. Coverage was estimated using period prevalence. For the 2006 birth cohort, two estimation methods for pertussis vaccine coverage, period prevalence and cumulative incidence were compared for each database. Results The majority of the 2,575,576 children included had been vaccinated at the country-specific recommended ages. Overall, the estimated dose 3 coverage was 88–97% in Denmark (birth cohorts from 2003 to 2014), 96–100% in the UK (2003–2014), 95–98% in Spain (2004–2014) and 94% in Italy (2006–2007). The estimated dose 3 coverage per birth cohort in Denmark and the UK differed by 1–6% compared with national estimates, with our estimates mostly higher. The estimated dose 3 coverage in Spain differed by 0–2% with no consistent over- or underestimation. In Italy, the estimates were 3% lower compared with the national estimates. Except for Italy, for which the two coverage estimation methods generated the same results, the estimated cumulative incidence coverages were consistently 1–10% lower than period prevalence estimates. Conclusion This study showed that it was possible to provide consistent estimates of pertussis immunisation coverage from the electronic healthcare databases included, and that the estimates were comparable with the national estimates.

Eye gaze tracking has been used to study the influence of visual stimuli on consumer behavior and attentional processes. Eye gaze tracking techniques have made substantial contributions in advertisement design, human computer interaction, virtual reality and disease diagnosis. Eye gaze estimation is considered critical for prediction of human attention, and hence indispensable for better understanding human activities. In this paper, Latent Semantic Analysis is used to develop an information model for identifying emerging research trends within eye gaze estimation techniques. An exhaustive collection of 423 titles and abstracts of research papers published during 2005–2018 were used. Five major research areas and ten research trends were classified based upon this study., Computer science; Latent semantic analysis; Eye gaze tracking; Eye gaze tracking applications; Research trends

It is of increasing interest to study “brain age” - the apparent age of a subject, as inferred from brain imaging data. The difference between brain age and actual age (the “delta”) is typically computed, reflecting deviation from the population norm. This therefore may reflect accelerated aging (positive delta) or resilience (negative delta) and has been found to be a useful correlate with factors such as disease and cognitive decline. However, although there has been a range of methods proposed for estimating brain age, there has been little study of the optimal ways of computing the delta. In this technical note we describe problems with the most common current approach, and present potential improvements. We evaluate different estimation methods on simulated and real data. We also find the strongest correlations of corrected brain age delta with 5,792 non-imaging variables (non-brain physical measures, life-factor measures, cognitive test scores, etc.), and also with 2,641 multimodal brain imaging-derived phenotypes, with data from 19,000 participants in UK Biobank., Highlights • It is of interest to study "brain age'', as inferred from brain imaging data. • The delta between brain age and actual age is typically computed. • We describe problems with the most common current approach. • We present potential improvements. • We evaluate methods on simulated data and data from UK Biobank.

Knowing the age is a basic human right, and having it documented is what gives identity to the individual. It determines when a child enters school, if he/she is entitled to minor’s asylum, when he/she can work as well as incriminating offenders rightfully according to their age and protect them and the people around them. In the absence of documents, or when age is disputed, age estimation is inevitable. Teeth are one of the best age indicators of the humans. Dental development is predictable, robust, and least influenced by environmental factors, which made them the subject of research, when age assessment is involved. The process of dental development is divided into two main parts: tooth formation and tooth eruption. Both of which are used to estimate the age of an individual. Choosing the right age assessment method relies heavily on the individual in question, in regard to the presence of teeth in the oral cavity or not and whether the subject is alive or not. In this chapter, dental age estimation methods, most widely used for fetal and children, will be discussed.

Performance-based reserves can be estimated by the material balance method, rate transient analysis method, or well test method, among others. These methods can be combined depending on the characteristics of the gas reservoirs. For fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs, which are characterized by strong heterogeneity, complex fluid properties, multiphase flow in wellbore, production at variable pressure or variable rate, and poor quality of performance data; the traditional material balance method fails to estimate the single-well performance-based reserves. Therefore, a performance-based reserves estimation method integrating well test analysis and advanced production decline analysis is proposed. The new method can be used to effectively estimate the single-well performance-based reserves in fractured-vuggy gas reservoirs. The single-well performance-based reserves, recoverable reserves, and producing reserves estimation methods are illustrated with examples.

Electrical and electronics products become obsolete with technological innovations or changes in customer preferences. Thus, each new product or a new version of an existing product pushes the old one into the E-waste stream. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste types and it seems that this rapid increase will continue due to shortening lifecycles of technological products. Therefore, the estimation of E-waste amount has a crucial role in designing efficient E-waste management and treatment systems. There are various estimation methods in the literature, some of which are drawn from general estimation and forecasting models and others that are specially designed depending on the E-waste constraints and boundaries. This chapter offers a detailed and comparative presentation of E-waste estimation methods. An example for each estimation method is provided to further explain the method. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This chapter deals with the design of estimation algorithms for fractional-order systems (FOSs). In particular, asymptotic and nonasymptotic methods, namely observer-based method and the modulating functions-based method, are presented, respectively. The first approach proposes an adaptive observer to estimate jointly the pseudostate and the parameters of nonlinear commensurate FOSs represented by a pseudostate representation. However, the second approach is concerned with linear noncommensurate FOSs represented by an input-output mapping and for which a modulating functions-based method is introduced to estimate the parameters and fractional differentiation orders. The analytical derivations for both techniques are provided. Moreover, their performance is illustrated through some numerical simulations.

This chapter presents a simplified simultaneous equations model that can be used in the energy-growth nexus (EGN). Key concepts related to simultaneous equations modeling (SEM) are illustrated. SEM estimation methods with cross-sectional, time-series and panel data are also covered, and the framework is used to demonstrate the methods in practice. This chapter concludes with recommendations for future research.

The literature on agent-based models has been highly successful in replicating many stylized facts of financial and macroeconomic time series. Over the past decade, however, also advances in the estimation of such models have been made. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of agents and nonlinearity of agent-based models, fundamental choices have to be made to take the models to the data. In this chapter we provide an overview of the current literature on the empirical validation of agent-based models. We discuss potential lessons from other fields of applications of agent-based models, avenues for estimation of reduced form and ‘full-fledged’ agent-based models, estimation methods, as well as applications and results.

In this paper, the current state of the art of aircraft wing mass estimation methods is reviewed. The phases of aircraft design and the development process are discussed. The open literature on the subject of wing mass estimation methods and their applications in the aerospace industry is discussed, and relevant data are presented to provide the reader with background information on the field. Special attention is given to classifications of wing mass estimation methods. Current challenges and technological difficulties in wing mass estimation methods are identified, and perspectives are drawn and used to propose several key ideas for future research in the field.

Like the foundation of a building, the methods used for physical property estimation determine the integrity of a chemical engineering computation. These days, most engineers rely on commercial simulators to perform their computations, and all commercial simulators these days come with a myriad of property packages, where various property estimation methods have been combined into property packages such as Peng–Robinson, Soave–Redlich–Kwong, BWRS, Grayson–Streed, Braun-K10, NRTL, UNIQUAC, and the list goes on. It is critical to know which property package would be applicable for one's computation. The objective of this chapter is to provide some insight into the workings of those property packages and enable the reader to make the correct selection.

We evaluate the impact of M&A activity on the growth of R&D spending and R&D intensity of 265 acquiring firms and 133 merger targets between 1990 and 2009. We use different matching techniques to construct separate control groups for acquirers and targets and use appropriate difference-in-difference estimation methods to single out the causal effect of mergers on R&D growth and intensity. We find that target firms substantially decrease their R&D efforts after a merger, while the R&D intensity of acquirers drops due to a sharp increase in sales.

In 2004, a review by the Institute of Environment and Health (IEH) made recommendations on occupational exposure limits (OELs) for manganese and its inorganic compounds for inhalable and respirable fractions respectively. These OELs were based on a detailed comprehensive evaluation of all the scientific data available at that time. Since then, more published studies have become available and a number of occupational standard-setting committees (EU SCOEL, US ACGIH-TLV, and German MAK) have proposed OEL’s for manganese and its inorganic compounds that are somewhat lower that those proposed in the 2004 review. Based on current understanding, the key toxicological and human health issues that are likely to influence a health-based recommendation relate to: neurotoxicology; reproductive and developmental toxicology; and mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. Of these, it is generally considered that neurotoxicity presents the most sensitive endpoint. As such, many of the studies that have been reported since the IEH review have sought to use those neurofunctional tests that appear to be particularly sensitive at identifying the subtle neurological changes thought to associate with manganese toxicity. These recent studies have, however, continued to be limited to a significant extent by reliance on cross-sectional designs and also by use of unreliable exposure estimation methods. Consequently the strength of the potential association between manganese exposure and these subtle subclinical cognitive or neuromotor changes is still poorly characterised and the relevance of these minor differences in terms of either their clinical or quality of life consequences remains unknown. Based upon the overall evidence, it is concluded that the 8-h time weighted averages (TWA) for respirable (0.05 mg/m3 as Mn) and inhalable (0.2 mg/m3 as Mn) fractions as recommended by the SCOEL in 2011 are the most methodologically-sound, as they are based on the best available studies, most suited to the development of health-based OELs for both respirable and inhalable fractions. The dose-response characterisation informed by the examined studies used can be considered to establish a true human NOAEL for all the neurofunctional endpoints examined within the selected studies.

Researchers in reliability and system safety have proposed specific algorithms for rare event estimation methods. In most cases, these methods consider sampling strategies based on geometrical approximations of the limit state function { x |ϕ( x )=T} x | ϕ ( x ) = T . They may be more efficient than simulation techniques presented in a previous chapter, but some assumptions could reduce their applicability.

In order to improve and optimize food traceability, it is highly recommended to start implementing a real-time tracking and remote monitoring at some stage. Wireless sensor technologies have been proven of high value due to their remote communications when retrieving data was not possible in a traditional way. The implementations of the Internet of Things (IoT) will provide intelligence to the traceability system that, combined with the most recent advancements, such as Near Field Communication (NFC) tags and temperature estimation methods, can create solid and reliable food traceability. All these concepts have to be applied to the cold chain, where most of the goods transported or stored are characterized by a limited shelf life, and the intensive control can lead to money savings. There are still many limitations and challenges, but it is shown in this chapter how real-time tracking and remote monitoring can reveal, in many cases, unseen issues, reduce undesired situations, reduce handling of goods, and reduce food waste.

Ecotoxicological models are widely applied first of all for Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA). It has given occasion to development of different types of toxic substance models. We distinguish between fate models and effect models and FTE models that are a combination of fate and effect models. The fate models may be divided into three classes focusing on a region or country, focusing on a specific case and models that are a hybrid of the two classes. The effect models are classified according to the hierarchical level of concern: an organism, a population, an ecosystem, a landscape (region), or the entire ecosphere. Most ecotoxicological models are biogeochemical models because they are based on mass conservation principles, but ecotoxicological models concerned with populations are of course population dynamic models. The characteristics of ecotoxicological models are presented and in this context we distinguish between food chain models, steady state models of toxic substance flows, toxic substance models in one trophic level, ecotoxicological models in population dynamics, and ecotoxicological models with effect components. A comprehensive overview of ecotoxicological models published the last 40 years is furthermore presented. Many toxic substance models were developed from 1980 to 2000 because the ecotoxicological problems were very much in focus. We are using in the industrialized countries about 100,000 different chemical compounds and it implies of course that we need to use a very high number of parameters to be able to develop models for all these compounds. There is therefore a need for estimation methods to estimate the parameters (the properties) for the compounds that have not been determined by measurements and it is the major number of the 100,000 compounds. An introduction to the estimation methods is included in Section 8.4 of this chapter. A case study is presented to illustrate the considerations that we have to make to model toxic substances in the environment. The last section is devoted to illustrate how models in general, but here illustrated by toxic substance models, can be used as an experimental tool.

The objective of this exposure assessment was to reconstruct cumulative historical exposures for workers who have been exposed to multiple chemicals and chemical groups to better understand a cluster of brain cancers within a research and development lab. Chemicals of interest, including acrylates, bis-chloromethyl ether (BCME), chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME), isothiazolones and nitrosoamines, were selected on the basis of the plausibility of penetrating the blood–brain barrier and the uniqueness of the chemical's biological activity.In a complicated exposure setting such as a chemical R&D facility, multiple exposure estimation methods were needed. First, similarly exposure groups (SEGs) were created for these materials based on department group, time period of the department's existence and function associated with job titles. A probabilistic framework for assessing exposures was developed using Bayesian analysis of historical monitoring data, mathematical exposure modeling and professional judgments of current and former industrial hygienists at the facility were used to reconstruct the exposure history for acrylates, BCME and CMME for each SEG over the time period of interest. Since sufficient measurement data for isothiazolones and nitrosoamines were not available, the exposure histories for each SEG for these chemicals were estimated. This was done using objective formaldehyde levels and subjective employee interviews. The interviews assessed workplace determinants of exposure as distinct surrogates for estimating inhalation and dermal exposures. The exposure assessments by these methods were compared against each other to estimate the potential for exposure misclassification. A job exposure matrix (JEM) was constructed that contained the exposures obtained from above multiple approaches for each of these chemical groups for each SEG for each year of interest. The combination of methods used in this work is a unique and potentially helpful framework that can be used in analogous workplace settings involving multiple exposures with incomplete objective measurement information. Keywords: Exposure reconstruction, Exposure modeling, Expert judgment, Exposure modifier, Exposure misclassification, JEM

Screening is widely used to prioritize chemicals according to their potential environmental hazard, as expressed in the attributes of persistence, bioaccumulation (B), toxicity and long range transport potential (LRTP). Many screening approaches for B and LRTP rely on the categorization of chemicals based on a comparison of their equilibrium partition coefficients between octanol and water (KOW), air and water (KAW) and octanol and air (KOA) with a threshold value. As experimental values of the properties are mostly unavailable for the large number of chemicals being screened, the use of quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPRs) and other computational chemistry methods becomes indispensable. Predictions by different methods often deviate considerably, and flawed predictions may lead to false positive/negative categorizations. We predicted the partitioning properties of 529 chemicals, culled from previous prioritization efforts, using the four prediction methods EPI Suite, SPARC, COSMOtherm, and ABSOLV. The four sets of predictions were used to screen the chemicals against various LRTP and B criteria. Screening results based on the four methods were consistent for only ∼70% of the chemicals. To further assess whether the means of estimating environmental phase partitioning has an impact, a subset of 110 chemicals was screened for elevated arctic contamination potential based on single-parameter and poly-parameter linear free energy relationships respectively. Different categorizations were observed for 5 out of 110 chemicals. Screening and categorization methods that rely on a decision whether a chemical's predicted property falls on either side of a threshold are likely to lead to a significant number of false positive/negative outcomes. We therefore suggest that screening should rather be based on numerical hazard or risk estimates that acknowledge and explicitly take into account the uncertainties of predicted properties. Keywords: Partitioning property estimation, Chemical screening, Long range transport potential, Bioaccumulation potential, Quantitative structure–property relationship, Linear free energy relationship

Accurate prediction of range of an electric vehicle (EV) is a significant issue and a key market qualifier. EV range forecasting can be made practicable through the application of advanced modelling and estimation techniques. Battery modelling and state-of-charge estimation methods play a vital role in this area. In addition, battery modelling is essential for safe charging/discharging and optimal usage of batteries. Much existing work has been carried out on incumbent Lithium-ion (Li-ion) technologies, but these are reaching their theoretical limits and modern research is also exploring promising next-generation technologies such as Lithium–Sulphur (Li–S). This study reviews and discusses various battery modelling approaches including mathematical models, electrochemical models and electrical equivalent circuit models. After a general survey, the study explores the specific application of battery models in EV battery management systems, where models may have low fidelity to be fast enough to run in real-time applications. Two main categories are considered: reduced-order electrochemical models and equivalent circuit models. The particular challenges associated with Li–S batteries are explored, and it is concluded that the state-of-the-art in battery modelling is not sufficient for this chemistry, and new modelling approaches are needed.

The market risk of returns for BRIC Eurobonds has not been thoroughly analyzed via nonparametric estimation methods. The significance of risk and jumps is examined in a monthly sampling frequency. A detailed comparison upon significance of risk and jumps between BRIC Eurobonds is provided. Comparison concerns risk and jumps during the international financial crisis period: February 2007 up to February 2010. Among the BRIC countries, Chinese Eurobonds are the most significant in terms of both risk and jumps. The most significant estimator is the monthly Yang & Zhang range across the set of BRIC Eurobonds. The shorter the expiry period, the higher is the significance of risk and jumps. This is evident in all BRIC Eurobonds. Risk and jump estimates are higher for theoretical prices rather than for actual prices according to all risk and jump significance measures.

Transporting radioactive materials involves radiological risks as well as the ordinary risks of transport. Transportation accidents to a vehicle carrying radioactive material naturally involve risk, even when the package carrying the radioactive material is not damaged. Routine transport of radioactive material that takes place without incident also involves radiological risk. This chapter discusses how these risks are estimated and evaluated, the assumptions underlying the estimation methods, and the implication of these estimates for transport safety and transport regulation.

of a presentation that was present at the NSA 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting, 26-28 November, Hobart, Australia. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Moshtaghian, H., Louie, J., Flood, V., Charlton, K., Probst, Y., Gopinath, B. & Mitchell, P. (2014). Changes in added sugar intake and its major food sources in older Australians during a 15-year follow-up. Abstracts of HSA 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting (pp. 1-1). Australia: HSA. Authors Hanieh Moshtaghian, Jimmy Chun Yu Louie, Victoria M. Flood, Karen E. Charlton, Yasmine Probst, Bamini Gopinath, and Paul Mitchell This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/2345 CHANGES IN ADDED SUGAR INTAKE AND ITS MAJOR FOOD SOURCES IN OLDER AUSTRALIANS DURING A 15-YEAR FOLLOW-UP H Moshtaghian, J Louie, V Flood, K Charlton, Y Probst, B Gopinath, P Mitchell School of Medicine, University of Wollongong NSW; School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney; St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney; Faculty of Health Sciences, and Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney Contact e-mail: hm389@uowmail.edu.au Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the changes in added sugar (AS) intake and its food sources during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of older Australians. Methods: Dietary data were collected from the participants of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), aged ≥ 49 years, using a 145-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). AS content of FFQ items was determined using recipes, food labels and other estimation methods. Eight hundred and sixty four participants who provided usable FFQs at both baseline (1992-1994) and follow-up (2007-2009) were considered for the analysis. Paired t-tests were used to assess the changes in intake between baseline and follow-up. Results: Mean (SD) intake of AS and percentage of energy from AS (%EAS) were 47.1 (32.3) g and 9.0% at baseline and 46.3 (28.4) g and 8.8% at follow-up, respectively. There were no significant changes in mean intake, energy adjusted mean intake or %EAS during follow-up (p > 0.05). The major sources of AS intake at both time points were sugar products and dishes (sugar, honey, jam and syrup) (baseline: 21.3 g, follow-up: 19.5 g), followed by confectionery (lollies and chocolate) (baseline: 7.1 g, follow-up 7.9 g). During follow-up, the contribution of sugar products and dishes to AS intake decreased by 3.2% (p = 0.008), while the contribution of confectionery increased by 2.2% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Older Australians of this cohort did not decrease their AS consumption during 15 years of follow-up but their intake from food sources of AS changed. Funding source(s): NHMRC

This article provides an introduction to the economic costs and burden of foodborne disease. After a brief overview of the different types of societal costs of foodborne disease and a discussion of why they are important to be estimated, the article discusses some of the main epidemiological and methodological challenges when estimating the economic costs and burden of foodborne disease, and the most common estimation methods. The article concludes with a sample of US and international estimates of the economic costs and burden of foodborne disease and a discussion of future directions. The views expressed here are the author’s and may not be attributed to the Economic Research Service or the US Department of Agriculture.

The chapter describes various aspects of battery management systems for lithium-ion batteries. The lithium-ion batteries can be used only in specified conditions, and therefore battery management system (BMS) is necessary in order to monitor battery state and ensure safety of operation. The different BMS structures have been compared and their advantages have been shown depending on battery system size. Moreover, typical functions of BMS have been described with special attention to state of charge (SoC) estimation. Advantages and drawbacks of various estimation methods have been introduced that help a BMS user with understanding when a SoC indication might be misleading.

Emerging countries are held to be subject to more frequent and more pronounced external and internal shocks than their developed counter-parts. This suggests that key variables pertaining to their markets, including their exchange rates, will be marked by greater likelihood of extreme observations and large fluctuations. We focus on the hypothesis that compared to developed country exchange rates, emerging country exchange rates will be more pronouncedly heavy-tailed. We find support for the hypothesis using recently proposed robust tail index estimation methods which, in particular, perform well under heavy-tailed dependent GARCH processes that are often used for modeling exchange rates. According to the estimation results reported in the paper, variances may be infinite for several emerging country exchange rates. Tail index values ζ = p ∈ (2.6, 2.8) appear to be at the dividing boundary between the two sets of countries: while the moments of order p ∈ (2.6, 2.8) are finite for most of the developed country exchange rates, they may be (or are) infinite for most of the emerging country exchange rates. We also study the impact of the on-going financial and economic crisis, and find that heavy-tailedness properties of most exchange rates did not change significantly with the onset of the crisis. At the same time, some foreign exchange markets have experienced structural changes in their heavy-tailedness properties during the crisis.

The past 20 years have provided us with an unprecedented ability to observe, monitor, and forecast the oceans. In situ and remotely sensed ocean observations in combination with ocean general circulation models using data assimilation and state estimation methods underpin climate applications. State estimation aims to provide a dynamically consistent estimation of ocean fields, of errors of these fields, and of certain model parameters such as mixing coefficients. Conversely, data assimilation tools have been developed predominantly for ocean prediction applications and ocean reanalyses. This chapter describes approaches used by state estimation and data assimilation systems in synthesizing observations and model dynamics. We highlight some applications, including their limitations for climate research, and address the challenges ahead in relation to the ocean observing system.

The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to provide an accessible introduction to the methods of structural estimation of discrete choice dynamic programming (DCDP) models and (2) to survey the contributions of applications of these methods to substantive and policy issues in labor economics. The first part of the chapter describes solution and estimation methods for DCDP models using, for expository purposes, a prototypical female labor force participation model. The next part reviews the contribution of the DCDP approach to three leading areas in labor economics: labor supply, job search and human capital. The final section discusses approaches to validating DCDP models. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results for the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point for organic compounds in tabular form. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and chemical abstracts registry number (CAS No) are also provided in columns. The next column provides the normal boiling point and the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point. The last column gives the code for the tabulation. In preparing the tabulation, a literature search is conducted to identify data source publications. Both experimental values for the property under consideration and parameter values for estimation of the property are included in the source publications. The publications are screened, and copies of appropriate data are made. These data are then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values for compounds for which experimental data are available. The database also serves as a basis to check the accuracy of the estimation methods. Upon completion of data collection, estimation of values for the remaining compounds is performed. The compilations of CRC, Daubert and Danner, TRC, and Yaws are used extensively. Estimates for the enthalpy of vaporization at the boiling point are primarily based on the Kistiakowsky rule and Riedel method.