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The individual and societal burdens of living with a chronic disease are a global issue. Diabetes directly increases health care costs to manage the disease and the associated complications and indirectly increases the economic burden through long-term complications that hinder the productivity of humans worldwide. Thus, it is crucial to have accurate information on diabetes-related costs and the geographic and global economic impact when planning interventions and future strategies. Health care systems must work with government agencies to plan national-level pre diabetes and diabetes strategies and policies. Public health services must focus on diabetes screening prevention and remission., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

There is insufficient data regarding the excess direct and indirect costs associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using the Danish National Patient Registry (2002-2016), we identified 83,613 people of any age with a diagnosis of ADHD or who were using central-acting medication against ADHD (primarily methylphenidate, with at least two prescriptions) and matched them to 334,446 control individuals. Additionally, 18,959 partners of patients aged ≥18 years with ADHD were identified, and compared with 74,032 control partners. Direct costs were based on data from the Danish Ministry of Health. Information about the use and costs of drugs were obtained from the Danish Medicines Agency. The frequencies of visits and hospitalizations, and costs of general practice were derived from data from the National Health Security. Indirect costs were obtained from Coherent Social Statistics. The average annual health care costs for people with ADHD and their partners were, respectively, €2636 and €477 higher than those of the matched controls. A greater percentage of people with ADHD and their partners compared with respective control subjects received social services (sick pay or disability pension). Those with ADHD had a lower income from employment than did controls for equivalent periods up to five years before the first diagnosis of ADHD. The additional direct and indirect annual costs (for those aged ≥18 years) including transfers of ADHD compared with controls were €23,072 for people with ADHD and €7,997 for their partners. ADHD has substantial socioeconomic consequences for individual patients, their partners and society., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None, (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the excess direct and indirect costs associated with epilepsy., Methods: From the Danish National Patient Registry (1998-2013), we identified people within all ages with an epilepsy diagnosis and matched them to control individuals. Additionally, partners of people with epilepsy were identified, who were compared with control partners. Direct costs included frequencies and costs of hospitalizations and weighted outpatient use according to diagnosis-related group, and specific outpatient costs based on data from the Danish Ministry of Health. The use and costs of drugs were based on data from the Danish Medicines Agency. The frequencies of visits and hospitalizations, and costs from general practice were derived from data from the National Health Security. Indirect costs included labor supply-based income data, and all social transfer payments obtained from Coherent Social Statistics., Results: A greater percentage of people with epilepsy and their partners compared with respective control subjects received social services (sick pay or disability pension). Those with epilepsy had a lower employment rate than did controls for equivalent periods up to eight years before the diagnosis was made. Mortality was significantly higher in people with epilepsy than in control individuals (hazard ratio 2.38 (95% CI: 2.34, 2.41). The additional direct and indirect annual costs of epilepsy compared with controls were €11,223 for persons with epilepsy and €2,494 for their partners., Conclusion: Epilepsy has major socioeconomic consequences for individual patients, their partners and society., (Copyright © 2017 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: To obtain an accurate picture of the total costs of hypoglycemia, including the indirect costs and comparing the differences between type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Methods and Results: HYPOS-1 was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study which analyzed the data of 2229 consecutive patients seen at 18 diabetes clinics. Data on healthcare resource use and indirect costs by diabetes type were collected via a questionnaire. The domains of inpatient admission and hospital stay, work days lost, and third-party assistance were also explored. Resource utilization was reported as estimated incidence rates (IRs) of hypoglycemic episodes per 100 person-years and estimated costs as IRs per person-years. For every 100 patients with T1DM, 9 emergency room (ER) visits and 6 emergency medical service calls for hypoglycemia were required per year; for every 100 patients with T2DM, 3 ER visits and 1 inpatient admission were required, with over 3 nights spent in hospital. Hypoglycemia led to 58 work days per 100 person-years lost by the patient or a family member in T1DM versus 19 in T2DM. The costs in T1DM totaled €90.99 per person-year and €62.04 in T2DM. Direct and indirect costs making up the total differed by type of diabetes (60% indirect costs in T1DM versus 43% in T2DM). The total cost associated with hypoglycemia in Italy is estimated to be €107 million per year., Conclusions: Indirect costs meaningfully contribute to the total costs associated with hypoglycemia. As compared with T1DM, T2DM requires fewer ER visits and incurs lower indirect costs but more frequent hospital use., (Copyright © 2016 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)