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This chapter examines human sleep patterns and habits throughout history and across cultures. Starting with ancient history, and moving through middle ages, the age of enlightenment, and the modern era, we examine historical evidence of typical sleep schedules during each period along with sleep arrangements and beddings. The chapter then discusses how sleep patterns and environments have changed with the industrial revolution in the 19th centuries, followed by the technological advancements in the 20th and 21st centuries and their impact on sleep duration and quality, leading to an epidemic of sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality in the United States. The second part of the chapter focuses on cultural variations in sleep habits and environments, including typical sleeping arrangements, bedroom sharing, sleep schedules, napping, and sleep rituals in different cultures around the world.

The bedroom environment has varied across time and cultures. Cumulating research suggests that the ideal bedroom environment is dark, quiet, and cool. The present chapter examines the bedroom environment through the lenses of four of our senses: vision, touch, hearing, and smell. We begin with a discussion of the historical evolution of the bedroom environment. Then, the role of each of the four senses is examined in terms of promoting healthy sleep. We end with an overview of cultural considerations that can affect the bedroom environment.

A longitudinal study has revealed that 50% of New Zealand children sleep in rooms that fall below the expected standard for thermal comfort during the winter months. Causes include older insulation and glazing standards for residential homes, poor materials, inadequate ventilation, and residents being unable to afford heating. These combined factors result in poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ). This paper aims to analyse experimentally and computationally the thermal comfort in a bedroom occupied by two children (aged eight and three) from 19:00 to 7:00. The experiment was carried out during June 2021. The measured data were particulate matter (PM2.5), relative humidity (RH%), and air temperature ( °C ) , captured with an air image sensor. In order to find appropriate thermal comfort parameters, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models with four heat pump temperature settings (19 °C , 20 °C , 21 °C and 22 °C ) were investigated to assess the predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) and the local air quality index (LAQI) for the expired air. Measurements and CFD results show that setting the heat pump temperature to 22 °C is aligned with the 1.7 Metabolic (MET) - EN ISO 7730, 2005 and ASHRAE 55 recommendation for thermal sensation and the indoor PM2.5 of 1.058 μg/m3, which meets ASHRAE 62.1, 2019 and the New Zealand Standard NZS4246:2016.

This paper presents one of the largest wintertime indoor temperature surveys of English social housing dwellings. Half hourly temperatures were measured in living rooms and main bedrooms of 124 social housing dwellings located in central England. Indoor temperatures were analysed for two distinct periods of “heating season” and “winter” during the assumed occupied hours of 08:00–20:00 for living rooms and 20:00–08:00 for bedrooms. The mean living room and bedroom temperatures when occupied were 19.0 °C and 18.7 °C respectively during the heating season and 18.6 °C and 18.2 °C during the winter. The mean living room temperature during the winter was 2.4 °C lower than the minimum living room temperature of 21 °C recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The living rooms and bedrooms spent 39% and 46% of their occupied hours respectively below 18 °C which is recommended by the Public Health England as a reasonable minimum indoor temperature for homes in winter. Older properties built before 1982 were found at significantly higher risk of low temperatures. The study discusses the need for a method to assess the risk of underheating in homes particularly in social housing dwellings which accommodate vulnerable groups of people who are often less able to tolerate or to adapt to low temperatures.

Associations of asthma and rhinitis with residential traffic proximity were investigated in several studies, but conclusions were inconsistent. From January to April in 2015, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two cities of Shandong, China. Parents-reported questionnaires were collected from 69 kindergartens for 3–6-year-olds preschoolers. Here we investigated associations of four traffic-related facilities (main traffic road, automobile 4S shop, filling station, and ground car park) close to residence with childhood asthma and rhinitis under considering individual and residential characteristics. In the two-level (kindergarten-child) mixed-effect logistic regression analyses among 5640 children who did not change residences since birth, filling station close to residence within 100 m (reference: >200 m) was significantly associated with lifetime-ever asthma (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 2.63, 1.28–5.40), wheeze (2.06, 1.35–3.15), rhinitis (1.69, 1.08–2.64) and current (past 12 months prior to the survey) wheeze (2.11, 1.34–3.34) and rhinitis (1.65, 1.05–2.59). Numbers of the facilities close to residence had dose-response relationships with odds of asthma, wheeze and rhinitis symptoms. These dose-response relationships were generally stronger in children whose bedrooms were in the 1st-3rd floors, and in children with low ventilation in bedroom and kitchen, and in children from families who did not using natural gas for cooking. The similar associations were found in the sensitive analyses among all surveyed 9597 children. Our results indicate that residence close to the traffic-related facilities likely is a risk factor for the occurrence of asthma and rhinitis among preschool children. The studied associations could be modified by household ventilation and air pollutants.

Overcrowding has been regarded as indicating material deprivation and treated as a proxy measure for individual socioeconomic status. Conventionally, ‘persons per room’ (PPR) has been employed to identify overcrowded households in UK survey data, though the ‘bedroom standard’ (BS) approach or the ‘modified bedroom standard’ (MBS) approach has been thought to capture overcrowded households better. Little is known about which overcrowding measure will perform well in regard to construct and face validity. In this work, associations between three overcrowding measures and socioeconomic (income and household tenure status) and health (satisfied with health and GHQ12) indicators were assessed, using the UK Household Longitudinal Study Wave 6 data. PPR, BS and MBS were derived using relevant housing grid information and housing information from the dataset, which were aggregated at a household level (N = 18,848). Raw scores were categorised into ‘under occupied (rooms, Highlights • Two newer overcrowding measures moderately agreed with the person per room ratio (82). • All three overcrowding measures were similarly related to other SEP indicators (81). • Components of the overcrowding measures uniquely correlated with the SEP indicators (86). • Overcrowding's complexity suggests relevant household data is needed in surveys. (81).

Objective: To describe the association between electronic devices in the bedroom with sedentary time and physical activity, both assessed by accelerometry, in addition to body mass index in children from São Caetano do Sul. Methods: The sample consisted of 441 children. The presence of electronic equipment (television, personal computer, and videogames) in the bedroom was assessed by a questionnaire. For seven consecutive days, children used an accelerometer to objectively monitor the sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Body mass index was categorized as suggested by the World Health Organization. Results: Overall, 73.9%, 54.2% and 42.8% of children had TV, computer, and videogames in the bedroom, respectively, and spent an average of 500.7 and 59.1 min/day of sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Of the children, 45.3% were overweight/obese. Girls with a computer in the bedroom (45 min/day) performed less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than those without it (51.4 min/day). Similar results were observed for body mass index in boys. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was higher and body mass index was lower in children that had no electronic equipment in the bedroom. Presence of a computer (β = −4.798) and the combination TV + computer (β = −3.233) were negatively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Videogames and the combinations with two or three electronic devices were positively associated with body mass index. Sedentary time was not associated with electronic equipment. Conclusion: Electronic equipment in the children's bedroom can negatively affect moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and body mass index regardless of gender, school, and annual family income, which can contribute to physical inactivity and childhood obesity. Resumo: Objetivo: Descrever a associação entre equipamentos eletrônicos no quarto com tempo sedentário e atividade física, ambos avaliados por acelerometria, além do índice de massa corporal (IMC) em crianças de São Caetano do Sul. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 441 crianças. A presença de equipamentos eletrônicos (televisão ou TV, computador e jogos de vídeo) no quarto foi avaliada por meio de um questionário. Durante sete dias consecutivos, as crianças usaram acelerômetro para monitorar objetivamente o tempo sedentário e atividade física de moderada a vigorosa (AFMV). O IMC foi categorizado conforme sugerido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Resultados: No total, 73,9%, 54,2% e 42,8% das crianças tinham TV, computador e jogos de vídeo no quarto, e gastavam em média 500,7 e 59,1 min/dia de tempo sedentário e de AFMV. Das crianças, 45,3% tinham excesso de peso/obesidade. Meninas com computador no quarto (45 min/dia) faziam menos AFMV do que as que não tinham (51,4 min/dia). Resultados semelhantes ocorreram para o IMC nos meninos. AFMV foi maior e IMC menor nas crianças que não tinham equipamentos eletrônicos no quarto. Computador (β= -4,798) e a combinação de TV com computador (β= -3,233) foram negativamente associados com AFMV. Jogos de vídeo e as combinações com dois ou três equipamentos eletrônicos foram positivamente associados com IMC. Tempo sedentário não foi associado com equipamentos eletrônicos. Conclusão: Equipamentos eletrônicos no quarto das crianças podem afetar negativamente a AFMV e o IMC independentemente do sexo, escola e renda familiar anual, podendo contribuir para a inatividade física e obesidade infantil. Keywords: Physical activity, Sedentary lifestyle, Obesity, Children, Palavras-chave: Atividade física, Sedentarismo, Obesidade, Crianças

Smartphone technology has dramatically changed the way people interact with the physical and online world. Research shows both positive and negative impacts of smartphone and social platform use. Positive outcomes relate to social capital and engagement, while negative impacts result from compulsive usage, negative comparisons and the stress of being ‘always on’. Little evidence is available regarding wellbeing impacts of smartphone use at particular times of day. This study measures the impact of overnight smartphone use on wellbeing. Experimental group participants abstained from smartphone use in the bedroom for one week. The Subjective Happiness Scale, Quality of Life Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale and Intensity & Time Affect Survey were issued at the beginning and end of the week. Paired sample T-Tests compared pre and post intervention participant surveys scores. It was hypothesised that subjective wellbeing would increase. In three out of four measures (SAS-SV, SHS and QOLS) the hypothesis was upheld, although impacts were relatively small. 93.6% of experimental group participants said they “might’ or “would” consider self-imposing intervention conditions moving forward, suggesting that participants experienced greater benefits not measurable through the questionnaires selected. Some qualitative analysis supports exploration of findings. Further research to explore other wellbeing impacts is encouraged.

Teaching learners to be organized is something that can begin when they are young. Caregivers and practitioners can come up with organizational schemes that their young children are expected to start following early. This chapter presents lessons that can help practitioners, educators, and parents teach organization skills to learners, such as cleaning their bedroom, organizing homework and school supplies, and organizing their personal spaces. Specifically, step-by-step procedures for teaching learners to organize their bedroom, bathroom, school backpack, and desk are outlined. This chapter also explains how to teach learners to identify what items to keep, throw away, donate to charity, put in storage, and move to another room. Data sheets and graphs are provided for tracking progress.

Objective: This study aimed to describe sleep patterns and to examine the association between short sleep time and family relationships and the availability of media devices among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a self-reported questionnaire was performed among a representative sample of adolescents (13-19 years old) enrolled during the 2011-2012 academic year in high schools in Barcelona, Spain. Adolescents reported sleep patterns and family-related variables such as family relationships, the availability of media devices in the bedroom, and watching television at dinner. Sleep time was then calculated from sleep patterns. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses with robust variance were conducted to determine the association between short sleep time (

Environmental radon exposure of residents of domestic premises in the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere in Europe is estimated on the basis of the measured radon concentrations in, and the relative occupancies of, the principal living room and bedroom. While studies on radon concentration variability in the individual units in apartment blocks in various countries have been described, little data has been reported on variability in two-storey single-family dwellings, and the majority of extant studies consolidate living room and bedroom data early in the analysis. To investigate this further, detailed analysis was made of radon concentration data from a set of thirty-four homes situated in areas of Northamptonshire known to exhibit high radon levels. All homes were of typical UK construction of brick/block/stone walls under a pitched tile/slate roof. Approximately 50% of the sample were detached houses, the remainder being semi-detached (duplex) or terraced (row-house). Around 25% of the sample possessed cellars, while 12% were single-storey dwellings (bungalows), reflecting the typical incidence of this type of dwelling in England. In the two-storey homes, all monitored bedrooms were on the upper floor.Distribution of the ratios of bedroom/living room radon concentrations (BR/LR ratio) in individual properties was left-skewed (mean 0.67, median 0.73, range 0.05–1.05) with a tail extending to just above 1.0. The mean is consistent with the outcome of earlier extensive studies in England, while the variability depends principally on the characteristics of the property, and not on seasonal factors. In a small set of homes, the BR/LR ratio was anomalously low, (mean 0.3). BR/LR ratios in single-storey homes clustered around a value of 1.0, indicating that house design, rather than lifestyle, is the dominant factor in determining bedroom radon concentrations. Homes with higher mean annual radon concentrations showed lower BR/LR ratios, supporting our proposal that, in some homes, radon emanation from building materials may comprise a significant component of the overall radon level. Keywords: Radon, Environment, Health, Building materials

This chapter discusses the experience of Robert Brodie, the author, at the Whitby and Loftus Railway, which had been started by an independent company that went into liquidation. The line, only partially constructed, had lain derelict for some years until taken over by the North Eastern Railway Company who let the contract for its completion to John Waddell & Sons. John Waddell in the meantime took his eldest son George into partnership. This railway had several viaducts and tunnels mostly at the two ends, and work was well advanced when the author arrived. He operated from contractors' offices at Eastrow and Hinderwell, but the central section was not far advanced; after a few weeks at the Eastrow office, he was sent to Kettleness to take charge of the engineering on the central portion, under Percy N. Meares who then acted as contractors' agent on the whole contract. Therefore, the author spent the winter of 1881–82 at this small hamlet consisting of about half-a-dozen cottages. He was able to secure a comfortable sitting-room and a bedroom with a dear old widow and used his sitting-room as an office.

Background Age-independent variability in childrens’ napping duration may be influenced by parental preference and attitudes and childrens’ availability or lack of opportunity to nap. Our study examined English preschool childrens’ napping duration, frequency and location, and the association of daily nap duration with parents’ attitudes towards napping. Methods Parents of three-year-old children in deprived and nondeprived areas of a town in North-East England were interviewed regarding their attitudes towards child napping and completed four-day and five night sleep diaries documenting their childrens’ daytime and nighttime sleep. Results Of 84 children, half had at least one nap during the four-day study period (median [interquartile range] daily nap duration across all children was 1 [21] min; for nappers only was 21 [34] min). Naps tended to be infrequent and short and few (6%) occurred in a bedroom. Children whose parents allowed or encouraged napping had significantly longer daily nap duration (n = 25, median [interquartile range] daily nap duration 21 [34] min) compared to those whose parents tried to prevent them from napping (n = 29, 1 [21] min), and those whose parents reported that children did not want to nap (n = 30, 0 [0] min) (U = 23.21; p Conclusion Positive parental attitude towards napping was associated with longer child nap duration. Napping appeared to be mainly sporadic and opportunistic and was negatively perceived and prevented by one-third of parents. The consequences of premature nap cessation are not known; given the importance of sufficient sleep in childhood, we should possibly consider enabling young children to nap more freely.

Publisher Summary Fear of the dark is the most common fear in children aged 4–7 years. It is often confounded with going to bed, time to get to sleep, calling to parents, and/or getting into the parents' bed. These often lead to child–parent problems and family stress. Parents' frustration and anger may lead to other problems, including child abuse. The games are particularly useful for darkness fear in children approximately 4–10 years old. This fear may manifest in many ways, including statements about being afraid, crying at night-time, clinging to parents in dark situations, trembling when in or approaching dark situations, having tantrums at bedtime, refusing to sleep in a bedroom alone, insisting on a parent staying in room until the child is asleep, insisting on lights being on, having restless nights, and frightened calling out to parents.

Publisher Summary The excuse-me drill (EMD) is a behavioral protocol to promote independent sleep initiation skills and reduce bedtime problems in young children. EMD is designed to reduce bedtime problems and frequent nighttime awakenings in young children. The procedure combines the complementary forces of extinction and reinforcement to teach young children the key skill of independent sleep initiation. The protocol relies heavily on parents' most salient reinforcer, their own presence and attention, to address problematic child behaviors such as bedtime tantrums, frequent requests, and coming out of the bedroom. The EMD protocol enhances the effectiveness of EXT by adding a differential reinforcement schedule to teach young children adaptive behaviors during the presleep period. The reinforcement schedule starts out rich to help young children establish newly acquired behaviors, and is gradually thinned to a partial reinforcement schedule to maintain these behaviors over time.

In our daily lives, we go through various types of light, probably without thinking about it. We wake up in the morning and turn on a lamp; go to our offi ce, which is probably lit with fl uorescent tubes; walk outside into the daylight for lunch; and then go back home at dusk. All of these environments bathe us in different colors of light, but we generally don't register the color shifts because our brains adapt so well. Walk from a sunlit bedroom into the closet where you've got the overhead light on. It's probably dimmer than the bright bedroom and the color you see is actually a different color, but our brains and eyes quickly compensate, and the stuff in the closet appears to be the right color and the room doesn't seem so dark. Our white shirt pretty much always looks white to us, wherever we are. In realty, it is a different white depending on the light source in which we fi nd ourselves.

In this chapter, we are going to create a bedroom—perhaps in a luxury penthouse above the city rooftops. The foreground of the picture will be dominated by the bedroom itself, with a Japanese screen and a generously sized bed. The bedroom has dark wood parquet flooring. A wall of glass blocks separates the bedroom from the bathroom. With its minimalist interior and stylish small tiles, it completes the elegant overall atmosphere. The window spans the whole length of the room and offers a great view of the city skyline.

A total of 128 passive diffusion tube samplers have been used to measure the average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide inside and outside of 32 homes in Bahrain. The tubes were placed for a period of 14 days. Nitrogen dioxide in the kitchen, hall, bedroom, and outdoors averaged 52.3, 22.1, 15.2, and 26.0 μg/m3, respectively. The overall mean of the indoor concentrations was 29.8 μg/m3, and the mean indoor/outdoor ratio was 1.2. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of NO2 in the kitchen and the number of meals cooked per week. In 6% of the houses, the average kitchen NO2-levels were higher than the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 100 μg/m3. All houses had liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookers with the exception of one which used an electric cooker. The mean levels of NO2 in this house were 14.5, 10.5, 11.5, and 28.2 μg/m3 in the kitchen, hall, bedroom, and outdoors. The results of the study show that indoor sources of NO2 contribute more than outdoor sources to the overall concentrations of NO2 in the houses in Bahrain.

With the possible exception of “bedroom DJs” (people who mix and scratch for fun at home), there are probably more mobile Disc Jockeys out there than any other category of DJ, and for good reason. You can make some good dough.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the second inquiry into a famous case in which a woman was assaulted beyond recognition at her home. On September 14, 1964, Alexander McLeod-Lindsay went to work in a “hotel” in a suburb of Sydney. After midnight, Mr. Lindsay left work and drove home. He entered the kitchen and removed a flashlight from the top of the refrigerator, then proceeded down the hall toward the bedrooms. The flashlight beam showed his wife resting against a large wardrobe in the farthest bedroom but facing the length of the hall. From the extent of her injuries later described in medical records, she probably did not look human at that point. Her nose was gone. Her cheeks were shattered, and brain pulp was oozing from her forehead. She was covered with so much blood that early observers thought she was naked, when in fact she was still dressed in her pajama top. An essential part of this case was that the medical records were excellent and available. Indications of both dried and wet stains were noticed on the bedroom wall and door, identifying events that occurred at different time periods. A fragment of clot was seen sliding down the door from one of the elongated streaks. This indicates a time span with different events overlapping. Further, the case is discussed with an objective approach interpretation and to show what can be learned from this case.

This chapter deals with a case study, where an elderly man with a history of alcoholism, was found in home, dead from blood loss. Although the victim's body was found between the hall and the bathroom, bloodstains were noted leading to the bedroom, along a hallway, into the bathroom. The victim had been beaten around the face and head. A clinical pathologist made no mention of arterial damage in the autopsy report, but the cause of death was listed as exsanguinations blood loss. Injury occurred to the middle finger of the fight hand, resulting in the finger being mashed at the tip. Although not a commonly recognized source of arterial damage, the tips of the fingers do involve arteriole (very small arterial vessels) that lead into the capillary beds and on to the venous system. There is some pressure involved. This can account for weak arterial distribution from injury to the fingers, and arterial-like projection of drops distributed from squeezing punctures to the fingertips. Initial review of the scene focused on three patterns on the wall near the victim's bed. One pattern was a clearly defined oval whole pattern shape, with randomly distributed spatters of variable sizes, with directions of travel almost perpendicular but showing some orientation toward gravity (directly down). The second small pattern was to the left of the bed near a chair and a third largest pattern next to sheer curtains. A few of the stains had inclusions suggestive of saliva, which would fit the classification of exhalation (expiration, respiratory) distribution.

This chapter discusses a case study where a teenage boy was accused of beating a woman who he had never met. It was alleged that the victim was asleep in a mobile home with a pillow over her head to keep daylight. The accused came into the bedroom and, without knowing who was sleeping in the bed, beat the victim with a golf club from one of the many sets present around the residence. All identification was made from photographs of the scene with medical reports to confirm the nature of the victim's injuries and health care after the assault. Injury to the head provided blood for all patterns identified. On the ceiling over the middle of the bed was an area of convergence (point of convergence) showing where an impact had occurred directly beneath. Two impact spatter patterns were seen on the wall, directly under the line from the area of convergence on the ceiling. More important to the question of whether the face was seen during the assault was the presence of a blockage transfer (void), positioned between the two areas of convergence on the wall. This corresponded to the size and location of the victim's head when she was seated near the middle of the bed. To each side of the blockage pattern were moving transfers (swipes) in addition to pie-wedge-shaped spatter patterns. This case illustrates that attorneys can benefit greatly from the information regarding bloodstain patterns in their cases, regardless of the other evidence collected. To delay requesting this information can result in serious miscarriages of justice, which may go uncorrected in the legal system.

The Office: Finding a location that will enable you to conduct your business in an efficient and safe manner is one of the challenges facing a filmmaker whether you live in a major city, town or village. Getting this element of your career or project right is a major step towards success. It is not a good idea to try and use your second bedroom at home. Firstly, it is unprofessional. Secondly, the volume of traffic to and from your front door will most likely irritate anyone you share the space or common entrance with. Thirdly, there is something uplifting and motivating about saying to yourself every morning ‘Time to go to the office’, even if it means walking through your garden to a converted garage.

Parents and children can drive each other mad. At one moment, a parent may be encouraging and affectionate toward the child; in the next, the parent may be sending the child to his or her bedroom. Similarly, a child who seems helpful and cooperative can suddenly turn belligerent. Parents and children may partly resolve the mixture of negative and positive feelings they experience in such situations by remembering their basic love for each other. Nevertheless, the conflicting sentiments will be stored in the memory of both parties, contributing to a long-lasting melange of conflicting beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. What are the psychological consequences of this state of affairs in relationships?

In most apartments and many homes, it is inconvenient to convert a closet, kitchen, or bathroom into a darkroom. Therefore, one of the rooms that is normally used as a bedroom or spare room can be the location for the darkroom.

Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and time spent in various locations were measured for 66 family members from 19 homes in the Portage, WI area during March 1981. Passive diffusion NO2 monitors were placed outdoors, in the kitchen, and in one bedroom on each floor of the homes, and were worn by family members. Individuals from gas-cooking homes had significantly higher average NO2 exposures than those from homes using electricity for cooking (mean difference 19.37 μg/m3). Personal exposures were more closely related to bedroom levels than to kitchen or outdoor concentrations for both cooking fuel groups. Several preliminary models are presented which relate average personal NO2 exposure to indoor and ambient levels, and also to the proportion of time spent in different locations. These models are capable of explaining nearly 90% of the variation about the mean in personal exposure.

Very low air velocities were measured in six occupied homes and one unoccupied house particularly when forced-air air-conditioning systems (i.e., HVAC) were turned off. Segregating the velocity data by monitoring site, median velocities of 4.2, 4.3, 10.2, and 12.4 cm/s were found in the master bedroom, basement, and kitchen of the six occupied homes and the dining/living room of the unoccupied house, respectively. In the occupied homes, the comparatively high velocities in the kitchens correlated with increased occupant activities and the use of ceiling and/or exhaust fans. Segregating the data by use of forced-air HVAC systems, the median velocities increased from 5.8 to 6.2, 3.2 to 5.7, 1.5 to 8.1, and 4.4 to 15.5. cm/s with HVAC operation in three occupied houses and one unoccupied house, respectively. The lowest median velocity of 1.1 cm/s was found in a parent's bedroom, where occupant activities were purposely limited and the HVAC was off. These low air velocities raise concern that air movement may sometimes be inadequate for quantitative passive monitoring of pollutant vapors. Ten and 50% reductions in sampling rates are reported in the literature for passive monitors at air velocities ranging from

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of British financial institutions. The most important single source of capital is self-finance: just as the private householder relies heavily on his own savings when he buys capital equipment such as a motor car, a washing machine, or a bedroom suite, so the average business usually turns first to appropriations from profit as a source of capital. For public companies, the most important source was the new issue market. Issues of stocks and shares through the new issue market cannot be made by private companies as the flotation, unless it takes the form of a private placing of shares with no provision for their subsequent sale to the public, has to be accompanied by an application to the stock exchange for permission to deal and no dealings in the shares of private companies can take place on the stock exchange. Issues in 1979 by quoted nonfinancial companies totaled £1507 m. The banking business of England and Wales is largely in the hands of four banks, Barclays, Lloyds, the Midland, and the National Westminster that, together with two smaller banks, Coutts and Williams & Glyn's, enjoy clearing facilities through the London Clearing House. The six clearing banks had total sterling deposits at the end of 1980 in excess of £40 000 m and in addition owned a number of subsidiaries with substantial funds. About 40% of the deposits of the London clearing banks are on current account: these earn no interest, are withdrawable on demand, and can be drawn upon by check.

This chapter discusses a simple solar home heating scheme. It is advisable to allow at least 10% of collector size for heat losses that will occur and to leave room to add more collector sections if needed later. The storage tank should be large enough to hold 100 liters of water for every square meter of collector in temperate climates and 50 liters in hot climates. The collector would be put outside an upper window and the collector/storage tank on the bedroom ceiling or anywhere else in the room, provided it was above the top of the collector.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the reduction of need by design. The responsibilities are shared with all other humans in society and there is a recurring need to fulfil them regularly and adequately. Arising from these daily responsibilities, one must make provision for obtaining necessary materials. This involves them in the processes of education, training, and employment. The care services of the country have been established to meet these needs, based on such unavoidable responsibilities. If a responsibility cannot be met by an individual, then a need remains unsatisfied and requires intervention to avert the consequences. To reduce the left hand side of the equation, (1) either improve the ability of the population or (2) reduce the demands of the environment. Any increase in the level of public spending, however, would seem most unlikely. The starting point for introducing low handicap technology should be in the home. This requires a considerable amount of redesign to improve the equipment that is used in the bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen.

This chapter describes how Charles Dickens decides to give his family a taste of Paris. The house they rented was such a mixture of beauty and oddity that Charles called it the strangest house ever furnished. Charles invites Forster to stay at his new rented house, but also warns him how cold the place is, with the water in the bedroom jug freezing into solid masses from top to bottom. While still here Dickens had to go to England on business, so he decided to take Charley from his school, Kings College, then to a dinner party at Gore House. When the boy sat down to the dinner table, he noticed that the chair next to him was vacant.

This chapter describes the pain that Charles Dickens and his wife had to endure following their daughter's death and John Forster's visit. Mary Hogarth, then only 17 and an even more precious member of the house hold, had a sudden choking seizure and sent out an anguished cry for help. Charles and Kate rushed to her bedroom and Fred was sent flying for a doctor. But it was no use. In the arms of an incredulous and trembling Charles, the young heart, deprived of air, ceased to beat and Mary was dead. For Kate, expecting her second child, the shock and grief brought on a miscarriage. For Charles, that man of deep emotions and tenderness, it meant dark depths of sorrow that for many months was so acute that he was unable to continue his work and the following numbers of Pickwick and Oliver Twist were suspended. Indeed it remained embedded in his mind for the rest of his life and its projection into his novels gave readers the deaths of Little Nell and Paul Dombey over which to wring their hearts and weep. Charles rented a house, Collins Farm in Hampstead, for two weeks and there a new friend, John Forster, came to dine. He and Charles had met at the home of Harrison Ainsworth and had instantly taken a liking to each other.

This chapter highlights Margaret Sanger's life account as a nurse in New York. During the years in New York trained nurses were in great demand. Few people wanted to enter hospitals; they were afraid they might be ‘practiced upon, and consented to go only in desperate emergencies. Sentiment was especially vehement in the matter of having babies. A woman's own bedroom, no matter how inconveniently arranged, was the usual place for her lying-in. The wives of small shopkeepers were her most frequent cases, but she had carpenters, truck drivers, dishwashers, and pushcart vendors. As soon as the neighbors learned that a nurse was in the building, they came in a friendly way to visit, often carrying fruit, jellies, or gefullter fish made after a cherished recipe. The submerged, untouched classes were beyond the scope of organized charity or religion. No labor union, no church, not even the Salvation Army reached them. They were apprehensive of every one and rejected help of any kind, ordering all intruders to keep out; both birth and death they considered their own business.

This chapter describes how a farewell luncheon was organized at Devonshire Terrace, January 1, 1842, for the travelers who were to be shipped to America in the S. S. Britannia. The ship arrived at Liverpool and was set to sail on January 4th. On first January, they gave a farewell luncheon at Devonshire Terrace. Besides the members of their families, the guests were Mr. and Mrs. Macready, Daniel Maclise, and John Forster. The house had been let to General Sir John Wilson but apparently, he was not to have access to the wine cellar. Maclise, knowing how distressed Kate had been at the thought of leaving her children, had done a special drawing of them, just the right size for travelling. It proved to be a great comfort and wherever they went in America, it was excitedly unpacked and displayed in their bedroom. The menu for the luncheon included roast saddle of mutton; stewed pigeons; mashed and brown potatoes; and pound pudding.