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The aquaculture area in China's coastal waters has increased rapidly from 6000 km 2 in 1990 to 22,000 km 2 in 2020. Despite extensive research regarding the effect of coastal aquaculture on water and sediment pollution, evaluating the quantitative relationship between aquaculture and pollutants remains challenging. Sansha Bay, the world's largest cage aquaculture base for Pseudosciaena crocea, is a typical enclosed bay used for investigating aquaculture pollution. A cage culture database is established from 2000 to 2020 in Sansha Bay. Meanwhile, 236 sediment samples from 3 sediment cores and 67 water samples from 4 transects are obtained from the bay for experiments. The main indicators are five nutrients (NO 3 - , SiO 3 2- , PO 4 3- , NH 4 + , and NO 2 - ) in the water samples, the grain size, the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, and As) content, and the 210 Pb radioactivity in sediment samples. Based on data obtained and a new calculation method, the annual increment in Zn, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Cr contents in the cultured zone is shown to increase by 2137 %, 1881 %, 506 %, 300 %, 202 %, and 118 % in 2000-2018, respectively, as compared with the levels in a noncultured zone. The activities of the cage culture increased NO 3 - by 9 %, PO 4 3- by 30 %, NH 4 + by 115 %, and NO 2 - by 232 %, compared with natural conservative mixing processes, such as the mixing of SiO 3 2- , in 2020. A novel quantitative approach with broad applicability is proposed to evaluate the magnitude of anthropogenically induced environmental contamination. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through a case study conducted in Sansha Bay, China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)