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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacillus that causes superficial and deep infections, which can be minor to life-threatening. Recently, P. aeruginosa has gained significant relevance due to the increased incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains that complicate antibiotic treatment. Due to MDR strains, alternative therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), are presented as a good option to treat nonsystemic infections. PDT combines a photosensitizer agent (PS), light, and oxygen to generate free radicals that destroy bacterial structures such as the envelope, matrix, and genetic material. This work aimed to identify the development stage of the PDT applied to P. aeruginosa to conclude which research stage should be emphasized more., Methods: Systematic bibliographic search in various public databases was performed. Related articles were identified using keywords, and relevant ones were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA protocol., Results: We found 29 articles that meet the criteria, constituting a good body of evidence associated with using PDT against P. aeruginosa in vitro and less developed for in vivo research., Conclusions: We conclude that PDT could become an effective adjunct to antimicrobial therapy against P. aeruginosa. This effectiveness depends on the PS used and the location of the infection. Many PS already demonstrated efficacy in PDT, but the evidence is supported significantly by in vitro and very few in vivo studies. Therefore, we conclude that further research efforts should focus on demonstrating the safety and efficacy of these PSs in vivo in animal infection models., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prognostic significance of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in patients without coronary artery disease and with normal range left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction., Background: Nonischemic patterns of LGE with normal LV volumes and ejection fraction are increasingly detected on cardiovascular magnetic resonance, but their prognostic significance, and consequently management, is uncertain., Methods: Patients with midwall/subepicardial LGE and normal LV volumes, wall thickness, and ejection fraction on cardiovascular magnetic resonance were enrolled and compared to a control group without LGE. The primary outcome was actual or aborted sudden cardiac death (SCD)., Results: Of 748 patients enrolled, 401 had LGE and 347 did not. The median age was 50 years (interquartile range: 38-61 years), LV ejection fraction 66% (interquartile range: 62%-70%), and 287 (38%) were women. Scan indications included chest pain (40%), palpitation (33%) and breathlessness (13%). No patient experienced SCD and only 1 LGE+ patient (0.13%) had an aborted SCD in the 11th follow-up year. Over a median of 4.3 years, 30 patients (4.0%) died. All-cause mortality was similar for LGE+/- patients (3.7% vs 4.3%; P = 0.71) and was associated with age (HR: 2.04 per 10 years; 95% CI: 1.46-2.79; P < 0.001). Twenty-one LGE+ and 4 LGE- patients had an unplanned cardiovascular hospital admission (HR: 7.22; 95% CI: 4.26-21.17; P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: There was a low SCD risk during long-term follow-up in patients with LGE but otherwise normal LV volumes and ejection fraction. Mortality was driven by age and not LGE presence, location, or extent, although the latter was associated with greater cardiovascular hospitalization for suspected myocarditis and symptomatic ventricular tachycardia., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Supported by the Cardiovascular Research Centre at Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, the Alexander Jansons Myocarditis UK and the Wellcome Trust. Dr Lota was funded by a British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship (FS/17/21/32712). Dr Prasad has received funding from the Alexander Jansons Myocarditis UK, Rosetree Trust, British Heart Foundation, the Medical Research Council and the Coronary Artery Disease Research Association; and has received honoraria for talks from Bayer Schering. Dr Pennell has received research support from Siemens, has performed consultancy work for Bayer and Apotex and is a stockholder of CVIS. Dr Cleland has received non-financial research support from BSCI and Medtronic and speaker honoraria from Medtronic. Dr Cook is a consultant for Illumina and a shareholder in Enleofen Bio. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)