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Background: The Le Fort I osteotomy is a commonly employed and predictable surgical technique used to treat maxillofacial deformities. While considered technically safe, orthognathic surgery can cause significant vascular complications. Presentation: This case report describes a 20-year old male who had undergone a routine Le Fort I osteotomy to treat maxillo-mandibular discrepancy, and subsequently developed an internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysm that caused uncontrolled hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability. The patient ultimately required interventional radiology coil embolization for source control. Discussion: Although rare, internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysms continue to be reported as postoperative complications in Le Fort I osteotomies, wherein coil-embolization technique remains a viable option for treatment. Additionally, the presentation of temporal swelling and retrobulbar pain may be useful in diagnosing the existence of a maxillary artery pseudoaneurysm. Conclusion: Pseudoaneurysm of the internal maxillary artery is a possible sequela of orthognathic surgery, and proper monitoring and management can avoid morbid outcomes.

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic disorder resulting in high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Genetic testing for FH is recommended but is not available in most of Canada. Consequently, there is a paucity of data regarding patient experiences with genetic testing. The objectives of this study were to investigate the attitudes and perspectives of patients with FH who underwent genetic testing. Methods: We administered an anonymous online survey to participants in the British Columbia Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry who had undergone research-based genetic testing for FH. The survey included 25 questions and explored patients’ experiences with the genetic testing process, willingness to recommend genetic screening, and motivation to lower cholesterol levels. Results: Among 183 respondents, 38 (20.7%) had a positive genetic test result, 27 (14.8%) had a negative result, and 118 (64.4%) were awaiting their results. Compared with individuals awaiting their test results, participants with a positive genetic test were more likely to believe lipid-lowering therapy was highly important (74.3% vs 55.4%; P = 0.05). They were also more likely to strongly agree that a diagnosis of FH was important to them (71.1% vs 46.2%; P = 0.008), and were more likely to recommend genetic screening to their family members (85.9% vs 72.9%; P = 0.04). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study in Canada to explore the perspectives of patients with FH who underwent genetic testing. These results suggest that genetic testing for FH might offer benefits in important patient-centred outcomes. Résumé: Introduction: L’hypercholestérolémie familiale (HF) est une maladie génétique fréquente qui entraîne des concentrations élevées de cholestérol à lipoprotéines de faible densité et un risque accru de maladies cardiovasculaires athérosclérotiques. L’analyse génétique de l’HF est recommandée, mais n’est pas disponible dans la plupart des régions du Canada. Par conséquent, il existe peu de données sur les expériences des patients ayant subi une analyse génétique. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient d’enquêter sur les attitudes et les points de vue des patients atteints d’HF qui avaient subi une analyse génétique. Méthodes: Nous avons administré une enquête anonyme en ligne aux participants inscrits dans le registre British Columbia Familial Hypercholesterolemia qui avaient subi une analyse génétique fondée sur la recherche pour l’HF. L’enquête comptait 25 questions et portait sur les expériences des patients sur le processus d’analyse génétique, la volonté de recommander le dépistage génétique et la motivation à abaisser les concentrations de cholestérol. Résultats: Parmi les 183 répondants, 38 (20,7 %) avaient des résultats positifs à l’analyse génétique, 27 (14,8 %) avaient des résultats négatifs et 118 (64,4 %) attendaient leurs résultats. Comparativement aux individus qui attendaient leurs résultats d’analyse, les participants qui avaient des résultats positifs à l’analyse génétique étaient plus susceptibles de penser que le traitement hypolipémiant était très important (74,3 % vs 55,4 %; P = 0,05). Ils étaient aussi plus susceptibles d’être tout à fait d’accord sur le fait que le diagnostic d’HF était important pour eux (71,1 % vs 46,2 %; P = 0,008) et de recommander le dépistage génétique aux membres de leur famille (85,9 % vs 72,9 %; P = 0,04). Conclusions: À notre connaissance, au Canada, c’est la première étude sur les points de vue des patients atteints d’HF qui avaient subi une analyse génétique. Ces résultats indiquent que le dépistage génétique de l’HF pourrait favoriser des résultats importants axés sur le patient.

We present the unique case and treatment of condylar resorption of the temporomandibular joint due to childhood physical trauma in a 38-year-old woman. The patient suffered mandibular trauma as a child, developing severe facial skeletal deformities that caused significant esthetic and functional deficiencies. This case demonstrates that hemimandibular hypoplasia and condylar resorption in the setting of past trauma can be successfully treated with a LeFort 1 osteotomy, sagittal split mandibular osteotomy, inverted L mandibular osteotomy, genioplasty, and an anterior iliac crest bone graft without any significant complications or need for total joint replacement, resulting in substantial improvement in occlusion and facial symmetry.

Background: The Eastern Cape province of South Africa has one of the highest burdens of HIV in the world. Emergency Departments (EDs) can serve as optimal clinical sites for the identification of new HIV infections and entry into care. We sought to determine the current burden of HIV disease among ED patients in the Eastern Cape. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional observational study in the EDs of three Hospitals in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa from June 2017 to July 2018. All adult, non-critical patients presenting to the ED were systematically approached and offered a Point-Of-Care (POC) HIV test in accordance with South African guidelines. All HIV-positive individuals had their blood tested for the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the presence of viral suppression (≤1000 copies/ml). HIV incidence was estimated using a multi-assay algorithm, validated for a subtype C epidemic. Findings: Of the 2901 patients for whom HIV status was determined (either known HIV-positive or underwent POC HIV testing), 811 (28.0%) were HIV positive, of which 234 (28.9%) were newly diagnosed. HIV prevalence was higher in Mthatha [34% (388/1134) at Mthatha Regional Hospital and 28% (142/512) at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital], compared to Port Elizabeth [22% (281/1255) at Livingstone Hospital]. HIV incidence was estimated at 4.5/100 person-years (95% CI: 2.4, 6.50) for women and 1.5 (CI 0.5, 2.5) for men. Of all HIV positive individuals tested for ART (585), 54% (316/585) tested positive for the presence of ARTs, and for all HIV positive participants with viral load data (609), 49% (299/609) were found to be virally suppressed. Interpretation: Our study not only observed a high prevalence and incidence of HIV among ED patients but also highlights significant attrition along the HIV care cascade for HIV positive individuals. Furthermore, despite developing an optimal testing environment, we were only able to enrol a small sub-set of the ED population. Given the high HIV prevalence and high attrition in the ED population, HIV services in the ED should also develop strategies that can accommodate large testing volumes and ART initiation. Keywords: HIV testing, HIV in men, South Africa, Emergency medicine, HIV and trauma