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One of the aims of the United Nations (UN) negotiations on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is to develop a legal process for the establishment of area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, in ABNJ. Here we use a conservation planning algorithm to integrate 55 global data layers on ABNJ species diversity, habitat heterogeneity, benthic features, productivity, and fishing as a means for highlighting priority regions in ABNJ to be considered for spatial protection. We also include information on forecasted species distributions under climate change. We found that parameterizing the planning algorithm to protect at least 30% of these key ABNJ conservation features, while avoiding areas of high fishing effort, yielded a solution that highlights 52,545,634 km2 (23.7%) of ABNJ as high priority regions for protection. Instructing the planning model to avoid ABNJ areas with high fishing effort resulted in relatively minor shifts in the planning solution, when compared to a separate model that did not consider fishing effort. Integrating information on climate change had a similarly minor influence on the planning solution, suggesting that climate-informed ABNJ protected areas may be able to protect biodiversity now and in the future. This globally standardized, data-driven process for identifying priority ABNJ regions for protection serves as a valuable complement to other expert-driven processes underway to highlight ecologically or biologically significant ABNJ regions. Both the outputs and methods exhibited in this analysis can additively inform UN decision-making concerning establishment of ABNJ protected areas.

Previous studies assessing climate change impacts on marine fisheries focus on the impacts from changing ocean conditions on fish distribution, catch, and related human well-being. However, these studies often neglect the effects of changing productivity of living marine resources, fisheries management measures, and the economics of fishing on fishers’ behavior and fishing effort. In return, the fishers’ decisions and the dynamics of fishing effort would impact the abundance of fisheries resources. Also the projected impacts on the economies through fisheries have different implications for different countries. Thus, this chapter highlights the importance of projecting and applying plausible fishing and economic scenarios in understanding climate change impacts on fisheries and discusses the importance of projecting fishing effort dynamics. Results from the studies on the economics of fishing and fishing effort dynamics under climate change have great implications on the design of fisheries management plans for adapting to climate change.