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Various studies have been conducted on the effect of medicinal plants in the treatment of different diseases, including diabetes. Nigella Sativa (N. sativa) is a plant with edible and medicinal properties that are of interest to scientists in traditional and complementary medicine, and much research has been conducted on this plant. Comprehensive reports are used to investigate the effect of N. sativa in vitro, animal models, and clinical trials in the treatment of diabetic diseases. An online database search was conducted to investigate the potential anti-diabetic effect of N. sativa. The results of various studies indicate that this plant can act as hypoglycemic, and due to antioxidant properties, it can have positive results in reducing blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and controlling insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. The effect of N. sativa in animal models has shown that N. sativa oil can eliminate oxygen-free radical species similar to hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide radical anions. Therefore, in this review study, we intend to address all the therapeutic aspects and effects of the black seed plant in the cellular and animal environment and clinical trial studies for the optimal use of this medicinal plant. In conclusion, the antidiabetic activities of N. sativa are indeed well established. However, in some cases, the molecular modulation underlying these activities remains unknown. N. sativa has been demonstrated to improve blood glucose and insulin levels, mitigate diabetes complications, and stimulate glucose absorption. Its antioxidant function, flavonoid and triterpenoid components, and potency to modulate insulin secretion in pancreatic cells introduced it as a safe medicinal herb for dietary adjuvant with antidiabetic medications. However, it has been declared to a decline in blood lipid profiles, and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 Diabetes patients. Further research must concentrate on patients unresponsive to available anti-diabetic drugs and hyperlipidemia T2D. Thus, further studies into its medicinal effects are recommended.

Zeaxanthin, an oxygenated form of carotenoid, is a well-known natural pigment and an anti-oxidant agent. Its anti-oxidant function has been shown in many studies, and it has shown no significant signs of toxicity, making it safe for therapeutic use against biologicals, chemicals, and radiation-induced toxicities. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the protective and antidotal effectiveness of zeaxanthin in mitigating the toxic effects generated by biological agents, chemical substances, natural toxins, and radiation exposure. Many studies suggest the protective effects of zeaxanthin against chemical, natural, and radiation-induced toxicities. Zeaxanthin can decrease apoptosis and inflammation, oxidative stress, pathological changes, and other effects of toxins. Besides an anti-oxidant agent, zeaxanthin can be used against many other toxicities and toxins. However, prior to utilizing zeaxanthin as a therapeutic agent for various disorders, it is imperative to conduct more clinical trials and human investigations.

This investigation aims to determine how hesperidin and hesperetin, natural flavonoids found abundantly in citrus fruits, affect cardiovascular diseases. From inception until January 2024, relevant literature was reviewed using a systematic review methodology and databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Hesperidin and hesperetin counteract atherosclerosis, a key contributor to heart disease, by ameliorating lipid profiles, inhibiting plaque formation, and reducing inflammation. These flavonoids protect against drug-induced cardiotoxicity, safeguarding the heart from injury developed by arsenic trioxide, cisplatin, and doxorubicin. They enhance endothelial function, regulate blood pressure, and counteract oxidative stress. Furthermore, clinical trials also support the potential benefits of hesperidin supplementation in improving blood pressure, endothelial function, and inflammatory markers. This thorough review presents significant evidence advocating the inclusion of hesperidin and hesperetin as supplementary, innovative, and cost-efficient remedies for cardiovascular diseases.

We aimed to evaluate the effects of seven weeks of aerobic exercise training and piperine on paraquat-induced lung damage. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (230 g, six-eight weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): sham, paraquat (5 mg/kg three times a week; intraperitoneally), paraquat + piperine (10 mg/kg/day; orally), paraquat + aerobic exercise training, paraquat + piperine + aerobic exercise training; and paraquat + vitamin E (20 mg/kg/day; orally) as a positive control. Rats were sacrificed on day 50, and both lung tissues were isolated to measure oxidative (MDA), anti-oxidative (GSH), inflammatory (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) markers, and histological evaluations (hematoxylin-eosin staining). The results of the present study revealed that paraquat significantly decreased body weight, GSH, GSH/MDA ratio, IL-10, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio while increasing MDA, TNF-α, and histopathological damage in lung tissue (P

Introduction: This study examined the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Capparis spinosa L. (caper) in order to determine its medicinal potential in the treatment of acute colitis. Method: Sixty male rats were divided into six groups. After the experimental period, distal colonic extension was collected for determination of colonic damage, oxidative stress markers, along with antioxidant markers. The impact of altered levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues on the underlying mechanisms examined. Results: The results showed that administering different doses of caper led to significant decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 levels when compared to the control colitis group (p

Post-operative peritoneal adhesions (PA) are a common and important clinical problem. In this study, we focused on the ameliorative efficacy of ginger and gingerol compounds on surgical-induced peritoneal adhesion, and their strategies that disrupted the PA formation pathways to suppress their incidence. First, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was established to separate and identify several chemical groups of ginger rhizome extract. In the next steps, male Wistar albino rats were randomly selected and divided into various groups, namely sham, control, ginger extract (0.6, 1.8, 5 %w/v), and gingerol (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 %w/v). Finally, we investigated the macroscopic parameters such as wound healing, body weight as well as spleen height and weight. In addition, visual peritoneal adhesion assessment was performed via Nair et al and Adhesion Scoring Scheme. Moreover, the microscopic parameters and biological assessment was performed via and immunoassays. The present findings revealed significant improvement in wound healing and reduction of the adhesion range, as Nair et al. and Adhesion Scoring Scheme scoring, in both the ginger and gingerol groups compared to the PA group (P

The crucial roles of innate and acquired immunity in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases have been well highlighted based on molecular mechanisms. Thus, the modulation of unregulated and unabated inflammatory responses is a therapeutic strategy in allergic diseases. One of the most important natural compounds with a high immune modulation and anti-inflammation potency is quercetin, found in various fruits and vegetables, namely onions, shallots, apples, and berry crops. Therefore, in this study, we reviewed the influences of quercetin against allergic conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and anaphylaxis. Scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Sciences, and EMBASE, were searched in English until March 2024. Quercetin’s beneficial effects have been attributed to its anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and also a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes production, inhibition of histamine release, and suppression of interleukin IL-4 production. It can reduce the production of antigen-specific IgE antibodies and improve the Th1/Th2 balance. These qualities of quercetin can be used as a strategy to treat asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and anaphylaxis. According to the findings of these investigations, quercetin may have a beneficial influence on allergy illnesses.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by thickening the epidermis with erythema, scaling, and proliferation. Noscapine (NOS) has several anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects, but its low solubility and large size results in its lower efficacy in the clinic. In this regard, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) encapsulated NOS (SLN-NOS) were fabricated using the well-known response surface method based on the central composite design and modified high-shear homogenization and ultrasound method. As a result, Precirol® was selected as the best lipid base for the SLN formulation based on Hildebrand-Hansen solubility parameters, in which SLN-NOS 1 % had the best zeta potential (−35.74 ± 2.59 mV), average particle size (245.66 ± 17 nm), polydispersity index (PDI, 0.226 ± 0.09), high entrapment efficiency (89.77 %), and ICH-based stability results. After 72 h, the SLN-NOS 1 % released 83.23 % and 58.49 % of the NOS at pH 5.8 and 7.4, respectively. Moreover, Franz diffusion cell’s results indicated that the skin levels of NOS for SLN and cream formulations were 46.88 % and 13.5 % of the total amount, respectively. Our pharmacological assessments revealed that treatment with SLN-NOS 1 % significantly attenuated clinical parameters, namely ear thickness, length, and psoriasis area and severity index, compared to the IMQ group. Interestingly, SLN-NOS 1 % reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β, while elevating IL-10, compared to the IMQ group. Histology studies also showed that topical application of SLN-NOS 1 % significantly decreased parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and inflammation compared to the IMQ group. Taken together, SLN-NOS 1 % showed a high potential to attenuate skin inflammation.

Caffeic acid (CA) and its derivatives, caffeic acid phenyl ethyl amide (CAPA) and caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), were shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Therefore, in this systematic review, a literature search was conducted from inception until June 2023 on major electronic databases (ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) to find studies evaluating the impacts of CA and its common derivatives on diabetes and its complications in different cellular, animal, and clinical studies. CA and its derivatives therapy mitigated levels of blood glucose, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines while increasing levels of anti-oxidative markers in different cellular and animal models of diabetes. Furthermore, they remarkably propagated insulin secretion and ameliorated insulin resistance. CA and its derivatives also revealed protective effects against diabetes complications, such as diabetic-induced hepatic damage, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, retinopathy, cognitive deficit, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

In addition to the anti-diabetic effect of metformin, a growing number of studies have shown that metformin has some exciting properties, such as anti-oxidative capabilities, anticancer, genomic stability, anti-inflammation, and anti-fibrosis, which have potent, that can treat other disorders other than diabetes mellitus. We aimed to describe and review the protective and antidotal efficacy of metformin against biologicals, chemicals, natural, medications, pesticides, and radiation-induced toxicities. A comprehensive search has been performed from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from inception to March 8, 2023. All in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were considered. Many studies suggest that metformin affects diseases other than diabetes. It is a radioprotective and chemoprotective drug that also affects viral and bacterial diseases. It can be used against inflammation-related and apoptosis-related abnormalities and against toxins to lower their effects. Besides lowering blood sugar, metformin can attenuate the effects of toxins on body weight, inflammation, apoptosis, necrosis, caspase-3 activation, cell viability and survival rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB, TNF-α, many interleukins, lipid profile, and many enzymes activity such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. It also can reduce the histopathological damages induced by many toxins on the kidneys, liver, and colon. However, clinical trials and human studies are needed before using metformin as a therapeutic agent against other diseases.

Caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) are natural compounds that have been found in various foods and plants. These compounds have attracted much attention in recent years due to their potential health benefits, including their ability to protect against natural and chemical toxins. This article comprehensively reviews the promising effects of caffeic acid and CAPE against natural and chemical toxins. Mechanisms supporting the protective effects of these compounds, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, are discussed. Studies have shown that caffeic acid and CAPE can protect against a wide range of toxins, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, and environmental toxins. These compounds have also been shown to protect against chemical toxins such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Overall, the promising effects of caffeic acid and CAPE against natural and chemical toxins make them potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics and functional foods.