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Background: Multiple studies have confirmed the mutual enhancement of percutaneous permeation of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), which are effective ingredients in sunscreen products and insect repellents, respectively. However, the association between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in a large general adult population remains to be elucidated., Methods: This cross-sectional study included US adults who had available data on urinary BP-3 and two DEET metabolites, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (DCBA) and 3-(ethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (ECBA), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 2015-2016. We conducted three weighted multivariable linear regression models to investigate the potential correlation between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET, along with trend tests, smooth curve fitting, and subgroup analysis to assess the robustness of the findings., Results: Weighted multivariable linear logistic regression revealed a positive correlation between log 10 BP-3 and log 10 DCBA (β = 0.1678, 95 % CI: 0.0970 to 0.2386) as well as log 10 ECBA (β = 0.1416, 95 % CI: 0.0707 to 0.2125), after adjusting for all covariates. After converting log 10 BP-3 from a continuous variable to a categorical variable (quartiles), the trend tests showed that the results were stable (all P for trend < 0.05). Smoothed curve fitting demonstrated a linear positive correlation between log 10 BP-3 and both log 10 DCBA and log 10 ECBA. In subgroup analyses, the positive correlation between BP-3 and DEET metabolites was more pronounced in participants who were male, middle-aged, non-Hispanic white, had a moderate PIR level and reported always or most of the time using sunscreen., Conclusions: Our findings revealed a statistically significant linear and positive correlation between the percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in the general adult population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Benzotriazole-type ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are emerging contaminants whose exposure to wildlife is of concern. In this study, we investigated the contamination status of BUVSs in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding at Ogasawara Islands, Japan, through chemical analysis of 10 BUVSs and 26 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in adipose tissue (n = 21) and blood plasma (n = 9). BUVSs were detected significant levels in adipose tissue (19 of 21 turtles), and UV-327 (not detected - 14.8 ng/g-lipid, detection frequency: 76 %), UV-326 (not detected - 24.1 ng/g-lipid, 29 %), and UV-328 (not detected - 5.8 ng/g-lipid, 24 %) were frequently detected. Turtles exhibiting sporadically high concentrations of BUVSs (>10 ng/g-lipid) did not necessarily correspond to individuals with high total PCB concentrations (1.03-70.2 ng/g-lipid). The sporadic occurrence pattern of BUVSs suggested that these contaminants in sea turtles cannot be explained solely by diet but are likely derived from plastic debris., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It has been documented in the literature that the use of photo filters to alter one's appearance may negatively impact body image and increase the risk for thinness-oriented disordered eating behaviors. However, the prior research has neglected to investigate the association between use of photo filters and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, which was the aim of this study. Data from the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors (2022; N = 912), a national study of adolescents and young adults in Canada, were analyzed. Linear regression analyses revealed that the use of photo filters was associated with greater muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, including total symptomatology and Appearance Intolerance, among the overall sample. Gender significantly moderated the association between photo filter use and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, whereby boys and young men, compared to girls and young women, who reported photo filter use had greater Drive for Size and Functional Impairment symptomatology. Findings expand prior research by emphasizing that photo filter use is related to muscularity-oriented body image concerns and behaviors. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin this association., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Organic UV filters (UVFS) are used to mitigate the dermal effects associated with health risks from UV radiation, making them essential in personal care products. UVFS are frequently identified in environmental samples due to their high lipophilicity and persistence, underscoring the urgency of comprehensive assessments and regulatory measures aimed at safeguarding ecosystems and human health. The present study reports a multiclass analytical method for determining 16 UV sunscreens and metabolites in breast milk based on an ultrasound-assisted-dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (UA-DLLME) with further chromatographic and chemometric resolution. The experimental conditions of the UA-DLLME were optimized through the implementation of the Design of Experiment tools. To model the responses, least-squares and artificial neural network methodologies were implemented. The optimal conditions were found by employing the desirability function. The samples were analyzed through reverse-phase liquid chromatographic separation, UV diode array, and fast-scanning fluorescence detection. The chromatographic analysis enabled the resolution of 16 analytes in a total time of 13.0 min. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-square (MCR-ALS) modelling was implemented to resolve analytes that were not fully resolved and to determine analytes that coeluted with endogenous components of the breast milk samples. An enrichment factor of 5-fold concentration was obtained with this methodology, reaching recoveries between 65 % and 105 % for 13 multiclass UV sunscreens and metabolites in breast milk samples with RSD % and REP % lower than 12 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the most detrimental organic ultraviolet filters for marine biota, leading to legislative measures banning its presence in commercial sunscreen formulations of several countries. It remains poorly explored how this contaminant is currently threatening the persistence of critical ecosystems for conservation in the Mediterranean, such as Posidonia oceanica meadows, but it is essential for promoting sustainable coastal tourism. Our investigation aimed to determine the effects of BP-3 on P. oceanica under a short-term laboratory setup, recreating summer conditions while testing three environmentally relevant concentrations for Mallorca, Spain (minimum: 53.6 ng L -1 , maximum: 557.5 ng L -1 and increased: 1115 ng L -1 ) and a control (0 ng L -1 ). Primary productivity was unaffected by the treatments, however, a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen fixation activity associated with rhizomes was evidenced under BP-3 addition. This may be related with oxidative damage, as reactive oxygen species production and catalase activity in P. oceanica leaves were the highest even at minimum BP-3 concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase rates showed inverted trends between old leaves and rhizomes, being enhanced in the former under BP-3 addition and reduced in the latter. These results are of great relevance for the future management of P. oceanica meadows, elucidating that even minimum concentrations of BP-3 reported in coastal waters of Mallorca can induce elevated levels of oxidative stress in the seagrass, that lead to impairments in its photosynthetic pigments production and supply of essential nutrients through belowground tissues., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sunscreen products constitute two distinct categories. Recreational sunscreens protect against high-intensity, episodic sun exposure, often applied over the entire body. In contrast, facial sunscreen products are designed for sub-erythemal, low-intensity daily sun exposure. Such different exposures necessitate distinctive product safety assessments. Building on earlier methods for predicting dermal disposition, a mechanistic model was developed to simulate plasma concentrations of seven organic sunscreen active ingredients: avobenzone, ensulizole, homosalate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone, following facial application. In vitro permeation testing (IVPT) was performed with two different vehicles using a subset of the UV filters. These IVPT results, in addition to previously published IVPT data and published in vivo Maximal Usage Trial (MUsT) data for the UV filters, were used to train the mechanistic dermal model via a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. An external validation of the trained model with real-world in vivo datasets demonstrated that the model's predicted UV filter plasma concentrations align well with experimental measurements and capture the observed inter-individual variability. Predictions of steady-state UV filter plasma concentrations under facial application scenarios at 5% concentration and at the maximal allowable concentrations were then generated by the trained model. Oxybenzone had the greatest predicted plasma concentration following facial application. Homosalate and octisalate predictions had high uncertainty associated with the absence of data. Several application scenarios pertaining to avobenzone, ensulizole, octocrylene and octinoxate were identified in which median plasma concentration levels were at 0.5 ng/ml or below when applied in the recreational or facial product. Model limitations include uncertainty in vehicle/water partitioning, formulation metamorphosis, and UV filter systemic clearance, all of which can be refined with additional data. For UV filters, limiting exposure to facial application reduces human safety concerns based on FDA established thresholds., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: J Frank Nash, John Troutman and Peter Styczynski are full time employees of The Procter & Gamble Company. Heidi Bialk is a full-time employee of Estee Lauder Company. Both companies are manufacturers of facial sunscreen products., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

During a snorkeling trip to Marsa Alam and Hamata (southern Red Sea Riviera, Egypt) I explored the coral reefs and the diverse marine habitats of fish and invertebrate species. The area invites recreational diving and snorkeling, but the beaches are littered with all sorts of solid waste (mainly fragmented plastics). Also, there are no local restrictions on sunscreen use. The development of tourism to the area raises questions about the environmental impact and how its further growth will have on coral reefs. Every year, 1.2 million tourists visit the Red Sea coast (about 3287 tourists per day) and release about 1.7 tons/month of sunscreen into the Red Sea. As an ecologist and editorial board member of Science of the Total Environment, I ask myself how we as scientists can increase public awareness and call for prompt actions to protect the coral reefs. The discussion underlines two major threats to the Egyptian coral reefs: sunscreen use and micro(nano)plastics waste. The discussion closes with possible solutions, future perspectives, and recommendations to protect the coral reefs ecosystem of the Egyptian Red Sea., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Numerous organic ingredients present in Personal care products (PCPs) are being detected in sewage which has a high potential to impact the environment. These compounds are called as Emerging contaminants (ECs) or Contaminants of emerging concern. However, the information on the source and occurrence of ECs present in PCPs is very minimal. Specifically, information on the persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T) is very scarce. The determination of PBT properties is a complex task given the magnitude of chemicals, thus it is necessary to have a tool to quickly screen and prioritize the most important compounds. Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite™ is one such tool authorized by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for screening purposes. In the present study, several organic compounds present in the PCPs viz. body lotion, sunscreens, moisturizers, hair dyes, and some hair care products were identified and their PBT property was estimated. The results from the study indicate that the order of increasing occurrence of PBT chemicals is sunscreens > moisturizers > body lotion > hair care products > hair dyes. The prioritized compounds were given rank 1 (maximum concern) to rank 4 (minimum concern). From the results, the compounds octocrylene in sunscreens and butylphenyl methylpropional in body lotions were prioritized as Rank 1., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hanauma Bay's coral reef system is threatened by sunscreen pollution. Understanding the hydrodynamic nature of the bay is crucial for understanding the transport and fate of pollutants within the bay. This study conducted a comprehensive hydrodynamic analysis, revealing significant aspects of current patterns and their influence on sunscreen pollutant behavior. The analysis demonstrated the formation of flows that drive currents parallel to the shoreline, resulting in increased pollutant retention time over sensitive reef areas. Direct flushing currents were identified as playing a role in reducing pollution buildup. Particle dynamics analysis highlighted the importance of considering temporal dynamics and their implications for pollutant pathways, particularly through the swash zone during high tide phases. The study identified primary current patterns near the reef area and emphasized the circular behavior within the water body, affecting corals' susceptibility to bleaching in the southwestern part of Hanauma bay. To understand where oxybenzone concentrations were a threat to wildlife, we created a geographic model that integrated ecological risk assessment with hydrodynamic behavior in a given system, which we designate the Risk Quotient Plume - the geographic area where the concentration is above the threat level for a chemical. The study found high oxybenzone concentrations throughout the bay, threatening coral, fish, and algae populations. Oxybenzone's distribution indicated a serious threat to the entire back reef habitat and a hinderance to coral restoration efforts. The study also emphasizes the need to consider the hydrodynamic behavior of pollutants and their interaction with microplastics in the bay. Overall, the findings provide insights into hydrodynamics and pollutant dispersion in Hanauma Bay, supporting effective pollution management and conservation strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None to declare.

Occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene in personal care products is a topic of public health concern. Sunscreen products are extensively used to protect skin and hair from UV radiation from sun light. Nevertheless, little is known about exposure doses and risks of VOCs present in sunscreens. In this study, we determined the concentrations of and exposure to three VOCs, namely benzene, toluene and styrene, in 50 sunscreen products marketed in the United States. Benzene, toluene and styrene were found in 80 %, 92 % and 58 %, respectively, of the samples analyzed at mean concentrations of 45.8 ng/g (range: 0.007-862), 89.0 ng/g (range: 0.006-470) and 161 ng/g (range: 0.006-1650), respectively. The mean dermal exposure doses (DEDs) to benzene, toluene and styrene of children/teenagers were 68.3, 133 and 441 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, whereas those of adults were 48.7, 94.6 and 171 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk from benzene concentrations present in 22 sunscreen products (44 % of the samples) for children/teenagers and 19 sunscreen products (38 %) for adults, exceeded the acceptable benchmark risk level (1.0 × 10 -6 ). This is the first study to comprehensively assess the concentrations of and risks to benzene, toluene and styrene present in sunscreen products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is used as a UV-B filter in cosmetics. Two oxidized metabolites of 4-MBC - 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor (cx-MBC) and 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)-6-hydroxycamphor (cx-MBC-OH) - were analyzed in 250 24-h urine samples from young adults in Germany. The samples were from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) and represented exposure in the years 1995, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019. A UHPLC-MS/MS method enabled the sensitive determination of both metabolites, with limits of quantification at 0.15 μg L -1 (cx-MBC) and 0.30 μg L -1 (cx-MBC-OH), respectively. A temporal trend of the internal exposure to 4-MBC was clearly noticeable. The metabolite cx-MBC was frequently quantifiable at the beginning of the period: in 70% of the samples in 1995, and 56% in 2005. After 2005, urinary concentrations and detection rates of cx-MBC dropped to reach very low levels. In 2015 and 2019, the detection rate was only 2% and 0%, respectively. A similar trend was observed for cx-MBC-OH, though overall, this metabolite was detected less often and at lower concentration levels than cx-MBC. Nowadays, measurable levels of urinary 4-MBC metabolites are an extremely rare occurrence in Germany. These trends are consistent with the history of 4-MBC use by the cosmetic industry. The highest measured individual concentration of 16.20 μg L -1 (in a sample of the year 2005) was still more than 30 times below the health-based guidance value (HBM-I). An investigation of the ratios between both metabolites uncovered several features of the 4-MBC metabolism which have been essentially overlooked until now. In particular, stereochemical aspects should be explored in future studies. As urine was collected in autumn/winter in Northwestern Germany, the 4-MBC metabolites measured probably do not arise from sunscreen products in a narrow sense. They rather may reveal the use of other skin care products containing 4-MBC for UV protection as an added feature., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is utilized in austere environments because it is lightweight, durable, battery powered, and portable. In austere settings, weight and space constraints are limitations to carrying dedicated ultrasound gel. Few studies have assessed commonly carried liquids as gel alternatives. The study objective was to assess the suitability of common food and personal care products as ultrasound coupling agents compared with that of commercial gel., Methods: A noninferiority study compared 9 products to commercial gel. Each substance was independently tested on 2 subjects by 2 sonographers covering 8 standardized ultrasound windows. Clips were recorded, blinded, and independently graded by 2 ultrasound fellowship-trained physicians on the ability to make clinical decisions and technical details, including contrast, resolution, and artifact. A 20% noninferiority margin was set, which correlates to levels considered to be of reliably sufficient quality by American College of Emergency Physicians' guidelines. The substances included water, soap, shampoo, olive oil, energy gel, maple syrup, hand sanitizer, sunscreen, and lotion., Results: A total of 300 of 318 (94%) clips met the primary endpoint of adequacy to make a clinical decision. All media, except sunscreen, were noninferior to commercial gel in the ability to make a clinical decision (α=0.05). In terms of secondary outcomes, resolution, artifact, and contrast, all substances were noninferior to commercial gel (α=0.05). The sonographers concluded that all gel alternatives' usability performed similarly to commercial gel, with the exception of energy gel., Conclusions: Of the 9 substances tested, 8 were noninferior to commercial gels for clinical decisions. Our study indicates that several POCUS gel substitutes are serviceable to produce clinically adequate images., (Copyright © 2022 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A wide range of applications are available for kraft lignin (KL). However, the dark color and wide size distribution of KL make it challenging to use in cosmetics and nanoparticle preparation. In this study, we fractionated KL from a paper-making enterprise using ultrafiltration membrane fractionation, and obtained four kinds of lignin with different molecular weights, namely ultrafiltration lignin (UL). Following that, lignin nanoparticles (ULNPs) were formed by self-assembly from four types of UL. Analyzing the UL and ULNP properties, the low molecular weight lignin, such as ULA, exhibited good antioxidant properties (89.47 %, 5 mg/mL), high brightness (ISO% = 7.55), high L ⁎ value (L ⁎  = 72.3) and low polydispersity index (PDI = 1.41). The ULNP showed a narrow size distribution (0.8-1.4 m) and high dispersibility in sunscreen. When ULNP was added to sunscreen with 5 % load, its sun protection factor (SPF) value increased from 14.93 to 63.74. Therefore, this study offered an effective way for the comprehensive utilization of pulping waste KL., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Protection against sunburn, skin damage and the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet light are the primary health benefits associated with UV filters used in topical sunscreen drug products. Countries such as Europe have 30+ UV filters approved for sunscreen products while the US has about 10, greatly reducing the options to provide diverse, effective sun protection products. Bemotrizinol (BEMT) is the first new sunscreen active ingredient to be evaluated for inclusion in the Over-The-Counter (OTC) sunscreen monograph using FDA's new Generally Recognized as Safe and Effective (GRASE) testing guidelines. An in vitro skin permeation test (IVPT) and clinical pilot pharmacokinetic Maximum Usage Trial (MUsT) were completed to support the GRASE determination for 6% BEMT. IVPT results indicated an oil +10% ethanol as the model sunscreen intervention for the pilot MUsT. The open-label trial revealed: BEMT concentrations rarely exceeded FDA's defined threshold (0.5 ng/mL) in plasma; no evidence for BEMT accumulation or steady-state concentrations above threshold; only one moderate and few mild treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Therefore, maximal topical applications of 6% BEMT in a model sunscreen formulation did not contribute to meaningful systemic exposure. These results support the safety of BEMT 6% for human sunscreen use., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Carl D. D'Ruiz reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products Inc that includes: employment. James R. Plautz reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products AG that includes: consulting or advisory. Rolf Schuetz reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products AG that includes: employment. Carlos Sanabria reports a relationship with Spaulding Clinical Research that includes: employment. Jody Hammonds reports a relationship with Spaulding Clinical Research that includes: employment. Cassandra Erato reports a relationship with Spaulding Clinical Research that includes: employment. Jochen Klock reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products AG that includes: employment. Juergen Vollhardt reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products AG that includes: employment. Szilivia Mesaros reports a relationship with DSM Nutritional Products AG that includes: employment. DSM manufactures and sells the UV filter bemotrizinol under the tradename PARSOL Shield and has sponsored the non-clinical andclinical studies reported in this manuscript; C. D'Ruiz, R. Schuetz, J. Klock, J. Vollhardt, S. Mesaros areemployed by DSM; J. Plautz served as consultant to DSM for this work. C. Sanabria, J. Hammonds, C.Erato are employed by Spaulding Clinical Research, the contracted clinical site paid by DSM forexecuting the reported study., (Copyright © 2023 DSM Nutritional Products AG. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Compounds in sunscreen such as ultraviolet (UV) filters protect human skin from damage caused by UV radiation exposure. However, sunscreen components reach marine ecosystems after their release from human skin during activities such as swimming and washing, and are potentially toxic to marine organisms. TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used as inorganic UV filters. In this study, we explored the effects of TiO 2 and ZnO NPs on natural phytoplankton assemblages in coastal seawater. Growth rates of natural phytoplankton assemblages were significantly decreased by 10 mg L -1 TiO 2 and 1 and 10 mg L -1 ZnO NP treatments. NP addition also modified the size structure of phytoplankton assemblages, and small phytoplankton (mainly cyanobacteria) are vulnerable to NPs. Because herbivore food preferences depend strongly on algal cell size, NP contamination could also affect higher trophic levels. Notably, small phytoplankton are an important component in microbial loop, and this energy transfer pathway may be more vulnerable to NP contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Light pollution from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is gaining growing concerns, as the emissions and burning of fossil fuels destroyed the ozone layer. Seeking a solution against skin exposure to excessive radiation is an urgent requirement. In this study, nicotinamide (NA), the main component of vitamin B3, was introduced as a new modifier into Tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) together with the physical cross-linking with tannin acid (TA) to improve anti-UV performance of the nanocomposite films. Incorporation of NA into the films presents distinguished UV shielding capability UVB wavelength range from 200 nm to 320 nm (NTA1-5) due to the introduced functional groups like CO and benzene rings. Moreover, mechanical properties were notably enhanced, which overcome the low strength of common nanocellulosic materials. The stress increased from 69.8 MPa to 116.3 MPa, and the toughness can reach 131.58 MJ/m 3 by tuning the additional amount of NA. Meanwhile, TGA and DTG analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of amide bonds and TA into the composite films greatly improved the thermal stability. Thus, the proposed materials fabricated from natural biomolecules show great potential in serving as new kinds of UV-resistant products in the application areas of sunscreen, protective clothing, and building materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing financial interests to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study focuses on the spectroelectrochemical quantification of four UV filters, butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane (BM), benzophenone-3 (BP3), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EM) and octocrylene (OC) used as sunscreens in cosmetics. Three of them exhibited electrochemical activity resulting in the modification of their absorption spectrum under the application of an oxidizing potential of +1.8 V vs. Ag. When working with a mixture containing both electroactive and nonelectroactive UV filters, UV-vis absorption spectra recorded before and after the application of the potential differed. The combination of spectral deconvolution of the spectra pair allowed a more accurate identification and quantification of UV filters than spectral deconvolution of the initial absorbance spectrum alone. This method was effective for the assessment of UV filters in model mixtures and commercial sun creams., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Organic UV filters are present in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to the use of these compounds in many personal care products (PCPs) and their subsequent release into the wastewater system from showering/bathing. Once in the wastewater system, organic UV filters generally partition into the solid phase but might also undergo other processes, such as degradation by microorganisms. To further understand the fate of organic UV filters in WWTPs, the degradation of 7 UV filters by WWTP sludge was investigated The UV filters 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (ES), homosalate (HS), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM) and octocrylene (OC) were degraded after 20-60 days. The rest of the filters tested, namely, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) and diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), did not degrade even after 120 days of incubation. The microbial community from the microcosms degrading ES, HS, OC and BM was transferred every 30 days into new microcosms to enrich for microorganisms capable of utilizing the individual UV filters for growth. The enrichment cultures continued to degrade throughout 20 transfers. The microbial community was clearly different between the enrichments degrading ES, HS, OC and BM, meaning that the microbial community was strongly influenced by the UV filter present. Furthermore, several strains were isolated from OC-degrading cultures and two of these strains, Gordonia sp. strain OC&#95;S5 and Sphingopyxis sp. strain OC&#95;4D, degraded OC with and without other carbon sources present. These experiments show that several organic UV filters can be degraded by a specific set of microorganisms. The lack of degradation observed for BEMT, MBBT and DBT is probably due to limited bioavailability. Indeed, this is the first biodegradation study of these filters, in addition to being the first description of ES and HS degradation in microcosm experiments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The work reported in this article was financed in the context of the Pierre Fabre Laboratories’ Conscious Care Approach and the Skin Protect Ocean Respect commitment of the brand Eau Thermale Avène. It was neither supervised nor audited by Pierre Fabre Laboratories. The interpretation and views expressed in this manuscript are not those of the company. The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Facial cosmetics are the most commonly consumed product, mainly by the women from all over the world irrespective of their age. The facial cosmetics may be contaminated with several toxic elements, which can get absorb on to the facial skin and migrate to the blood vessels. Hence the absorbed toxic elements can cause further adverse effects on the human body. The present study aims to assess the toxic element contents (arsenic, lead, nickel, mercury, and cadmium) in commonly consumed facial cosmetics (face powder, foundation, lightning creams, moisturizer, eye shadow, lipsticks, eyeliner, blush, mascara, sunscreen) and to carry out the risk assessment through different methods. The dermal risk was evaluated as SED, NOAEL, MoS, HQ and ILCR, which is linked with the exposure of selected toxic elements. The total CDDE for all selected elements in facial cosmetic products was found in increasing order as follow: face powder > foundation > lightning creams > moisturizer > eye shadow > lipsticks > eyeliner > blush > mascara > sunscreen. The HQ and HI values for selected elements were found to be < 1 in all facial cosmetics. Whereas the probable MoS of selected toxic elements in all facial cosmetics except eyeliner were found to be 3-4 folds lower than the minimum value of 100 regulated by the WHO., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A new instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the simultaneous determination of titanium (TiO 2 ) and silica (SiO 2 ) dioxide as UV-filters in sunscreens is described. Samples are encapsulated, neutron irradiated (30 s) and after a suitable decay (3 min), the induced 51 Ti (T 1/2  = 5.76 min) and 29 Al (T 1/2  = 6.56 min) radionuclides are measured for the emitted γ-ray fingerprint. Three applications were carried out: (i) screening study (analysis of commercial sunscreens in combination with single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS); (ii) research study (development of innovative UV-filters such as titanium dioxide or bismuth titanate loaded inorganic mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MSN); (iii) validation study (intercalibration of a spectrochemical method - inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES). Collectively, the nuclear method appears a powerful tool adequate for quantifying TiO 2 and SiO 2 in the above studies. The limited accessibility at the nuclear reactor for neutron activation is probably one of the reasons why the excellent characteristics of the nuclear technique are not always fully known and exploited in the industrial and research chemical world., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Riccardo Magarini and Renato Riscassi have an actual competing financial interest as employed in Perkin Elmer Italia, a company committed to commercializing the sp-ICP-MS and ICP-OES technology., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Certain ultra-violet filter (UVF) components of solar creams have negative impacts on coral reefs and have been prohibited in international tourism destinations (i.e., Hawaii, Florida, and Palau) to protect coral reefs. In the Mediterranean coasts which are also hotspots of international tourism and where endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica forms extensive meadows, the accumulation of UVF components have not been studied. We report for the first time, that the rhizomes of P. oceanica internally accumulated UVFs BP3, BP4, AVO, 4MBC and MeBZT and the paraben preservative MePB. The components BP4 and MePB occurred in higher concentrations reaching up to 129 ng g -1 dw and 512 ng g -1 dw, respectively. This work emphasizes the need for more experimental studies on the effects of UVFs on seagrasses and check if we should follow suit to prohibit certain UVFs to protect this species as what has been done in other regions to protect corals., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Sunscreen use, which prolonged the time required to develop sunburn by reducing the irradiance (mW/cm 2 ) of the UVB radiation, is thought to protect the skin from developing cancers. Recently, in addition to fluence (mJ/cm 2 ), irradiance of the UVB radiation was demonstrated to play an important role leading to photocarcinogenesis of the skin. After equivalent fluence of UVB exposure, enhanced aberrant keratinocyte proliferation contributes significantly to the photocarcinogenic capacity of low irradiance (LI) UVB as compared to its high irradiance (HI) UVB counterpart. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear., Main Methods: Relevant cell and animal models were employed to investigate the effects of equivalent UVB fluence administered at HI or LI on keratinocyte proliferation. Additionally, the mechanisms involved were also explored., Key Findings: We found that at equivalent fluence, LIUVB induces significantly higher reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, cell proliferation, as well as phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) expression in both cell and animal models as compare to its HIUVB counterpart. Pretreating cultured keratinocytes with antioxidant or AKT inhibitor significantly reduced the UVB-induced ROS, cell proliferation, and pAKT expression. Additionally, these pretreatments abrogate the difference between the LI and HIUVB treated keratinocytes. Similar findings were noted using animal model treated with AKT inhibitor., Significance: In summary, at equivalent fluence, LIUVB induces significantly more aberrant epidermal proliferation via enhanced ROS and pAKT signaling. Reducing UVB-induced AKT phosphorylation presents a novel strategy to improve the protective capacity of the currently available sunscreens., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Ultraviolet exposure has profound effect on the dermal connective tissue of human skin., Objective: We aimed to develop and validate an evaluation method/methodology using a full-thickness reconstructed skin model, to assess the anti-photoaging efficacy of cosmetic ingredients and sunscreen formulas by blending multi relevant biological endpoints including the newly developed dermal collagen quantification method with Multi-photon microscopy., Methods: The response of ex vivo human skin to UVA exposure was first characterized with multiphoton microscopy. Reconstructed full-thickness skin models was then used to reproduce the data and to create a proof-of-concept study by treating the models with sunscreen prototypes A or B, which differ on their UVA absorption properties, and systemic Vitamin C (Vit C). After exposure to UVA, the collagen density was quantified via multiphoton microscopy with automatic imaging processing. Histology, fibroblasts number, metalloprotease 1 (MMP1) secretion were also assessed., Results: UVA exposure induced pronounced reduction in collagen density and increased MMP1 secretion within both ex vivo human skin and reconstructed skin. Histological damage and fibroblast disappearance was observed with reconstructed skin. Within the proof-of-concept study prototype B, possessing higher UVA filtration, gave better protection than prototype A on the UV associated biological markers, and association with Vit C boosted sunscreen formula efficacy., Conclusions: The photoaging evaluation method, consists of multi biological markers as well as dermal collagen quantification, is a relevant mean to assess the pre-clinical efficacy of anti-photoaging ingredients and sunscreen products. This approach is also beneficial for evaluating the efficacy of sunscreens and photoprotective ingredients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors have a conflict of interest to declare: all the authors are full-time employees for a cosmetic company that commercializes sunscreens., (Copyright © 2021 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this present work, we have successfully designed and investigated three flavonoid sunscreen compounds. Based on steady-state spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), the mechanism of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of sunscreen compounds was studied. The calculated UV-vis absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra are in good agreement with the experimental results in methanol solution. The potential energy curve demonstrates that the ESIPT process can easily occur in the three sunscreen compounds without energy barrier. Therefore, the absorbed excitation energy can get back to the ground state through a non-radiative relaxation process. Light stability tests ensure that the three flavonoids have the potential as sunscreens. This work provides not only an application of the ESIPT process in sunscreen mechanisms, but also a theory basis for the development of novel sunscreen molecules., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Homosalate (HMS) is an organic UV filter used in sunscreens and personal care products worldwide. It has been detected in various environmental matrices and in humans after application of HMS-containing products. However, sufficient data on the internal HMS exposure in humans is currently not available. Thus, we aimed at providing an analytical method for the sensitive determination of specific HMS metabolites in human urine. We describe the synthesis of analytical standards for the four oxidative HMS metabolites included in this method: 5-((2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (HMS-CA) and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (3OH-HMS), as cis- and trans-isomers, respectively. After enzymatic hydrolysis, urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry, including turbulent flow chromatography for online sample cleanup and analyte enrichment (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). Quantification was performed by stable isotope dilution analysis, using deuterium-labeled HMS-CA as internal standards (cis and trans). Limits of quantification of 0.02-0.04 μg L -1 were sufficiently low to quantify the HMS metabolites for up to 96 h (trans-HMS-CA), 48 h (cis-HMS-CA and 3OH-trans-HMS), and 24 h (3OH-cis-HMS) after a pilot dermal application of a commercially available sunscreen in one human volunteer, showing clear elimination kinetics. Furthermore, in a German pilot population (n = 35), HMS metabolites were above the LOQ precisely in those three individuals who had applied sunscreen within the previous five days, thus corroborating the specificity of the identified metabolites as biomarkers of HMS exposure. The method is currently used in a human metabolism study and will be applied in future population-scale human biomonitoring studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major modifiable risk factor for skin cancers. The majority of lifetime UVR exposure occurs before age 20, underscoring an important window for risk reduction. Incorporation of skills-based sunscreen education into school health curricula may foster the development of consistent and effective use of sunscreen among children and youth. We describe the study protocol for a first-of-its-kind study that examined the feasibility of bringing skills-based sunscreen education into kindergarten classrooms., Methods: Participants were 96 kindergarten students across four classrooms in a single elementary school. A single-blind open-label trial design was used to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating a song-based, video-guided intervention for independent application of sunscreen into the kindergarten curriculum. Students first completed a 10-day no-intervention baseline period, followed by a 10-day intervention period, and then a 10-day randomized follow-up period where students were randomly assigned to continue with the intervention or to revert to the no-intervention condition., Outcomes: Feasibility metrics associated with study process, resources, management, scientific outcomes and safety were gathered. The primary outcome was pre-to-post intervention changes in student engagement in the sunscreen task. The secondary outcome was pre-to-post intervention changes in the proportion of exposed skin to which a student applies sunscreen. Teacher and student perceptions of intervention value and utility were also evaluated., Discussion: This is the study protocol for a clinical trial designed to determine the feasibility of implementing a skills-based sunscreen curriculum in kindergarten classrooms. Next steps include evaluation of the intervention for efficacy and effectiveness., Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03752736., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In recent times, a considerable amount of evidence has come to light regarding the effect that air pollution has on skin conditions. The human skin is the chief protection we have against environmental harm, whether biological, chemical, or physical. The stress from these environmental factors, along with internal influences, can be a cause of skin aging and enlarged pores, thinner skin, skin laxity, wrinkles, fine lines, dryness, and a more fragile dermal layer. This knowledge has led to greater demand for skin cosmetics and a requirement for natural raw ingredients with a high degree of safety and efficiency in combating skin complications. Recent developments in green technology have made the employment of naturally occurring bioactive compounds more popular, and novel extraction methods have ensured that the use of these compounds has greater compatibility with sustainable development principles. Thus, there is a demand for investigations into efficient non-harmful naturally occurring raw ingredients; compounds derived from algae could be beneficial in this area. Algae, both macroalgae and microalgae, consists of waterborne photosynthetic organisms that are potentially valuable as they have a range of bioactive compounds in their composition. Several beneficial metabolites can be obtained from algae, such as antioxidants, carotenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA), pigments, polysaccharides, and scytonemin. Various algae strains are now widely employed in skincare products for various purposes, such as a moisturizer, anti-wrinkle agent, texture-enhancing agents, or sunscreen. This research considers the environmental stresses on human skin and how they may be mitigated using cosmetics created using algae; special attention will be paid to external factors, both generally and specifically (amongst them light exposure and pollutants)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to evaluate the potential DNA photoprotection of nano-based hydrogels containing a novel benzofuroazepine molecule. Photoprotective property of three benzofuroazepine derivative compounds was assessed by determining a UV light absorptive profile. Nanocapsule suspensions (Eudragit® RS 100 as polymeric wall and medium-chain triglyceride or vitamin E as oil core) containing the benzofuroazepine compound that had the best UV spectral absorption were developed and physicochemically characterized. Photostability assay, bioadhesive property as well as preliminary toxicity parameters (HET-CAM and Artemia salina lethality assays) for free or nanoencapsulated forms were assessed. Among the molecules, the UV absorbance spectrum of free MBBA showed a broad and high intensity absorbance at UVB and UVA ranges. MBBA-nanocapsule suspensions had nanometric and homogeneous size distribution, bioadhesiveness property, and increased the UV light scattering in comparison to the free compound. Besides, all formulations triggered no irritative responses and the nanoencapsulation mitigated the toxic effect to Artemia salina observed to free MBBA. Following, hydrogels were prepared by thickening nanocapsule suspensions with gellan gum and their DNA photoprotection properties were determined by the exposure of DNA samples to the UVB and UVA radiation. Hydrogels showed acid pH values, compound content close to the theoretical value (3 mg/g), particle size in nanometric range, and spreadability profile suitable for cutaneous application. All MBBA hydrogels were effective against photoproducts formation induced by UVB and UVA radiation. In conclusion, these data show the identification of a compound with promising UV absorptive potential and the preparation of a final nano-based hydrogel for cutaneous application., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Sunscreen use provides ultraviolet radiation (UV) protection but is often limited in school settings because sunscreen is classified as an over-the-counter drug product. Some US states have laws allowing students to carry and self-apply sunscreen. We examined these laws in the context of state UV levels., Methods: We obtained legislative information through April 2020 from the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Association website and UV data for years 2005-2015 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Environmental Public Health Tracking website., Results: Twenty-three states and District of Columbia have sunscreen laws, including 11 states with UV levels above the median UV level across states. There was no significant association between state UV levels and sunscreen laws., Conclusions: The presence of state sunscreen legislation has increased but is not associated with UV levels. Future research could examine the implementation and public health effects of these laws., (Copyright © 2020 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.)

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has detrimental effects on human health. It induces oxidative stress, deregulates signaling mechanisms, and produces DNA mutations, factors that ultimately can lead to the development of skin cancer. Therefore, reducing exposure to UVR is of major importance. Among available measures to diminish exposure is the use of sunscreens. However, recent studies indicate that several of the currently used filters have adverse effects on marine ecosystems and human health. This situation leads to the search for new photoprotective compounds that, apart from offering protection, are environmentally friendly. The answer may lie in the same marine ecosystems since molecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin can serve as the defense system of some marine organisms against UVR. This review will discuss the harmful effects of UVR and the mechanisms that microalgae have developed to cope with it. Then it will focus on the biological distribution, characteristics, extraction, and purification methods of MAAs and scytonemin molecules to finally assess its potential as new filters for sunscreen formulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cosmetic products such as sunscreens may often be encountered in forensic investigations as traces left on tissue paper, apparels, drinkware, painted exterior, or various alternative surfaces. The pilot study aimed at efficiently using Infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics to cater to unbiased, rapid, and non-destructive identification of sunscreens which will aid various forensic investigations soon. In the present research, a total of 109 sunscreen samples were analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The physicochemical data from the FTIR instrument was then subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), which successfully distinguished most of the samples based on their spectral information. The trained model resulted in clear segregation of unknown sunscreen samples. This could provide an outstanding level of confidence during the conduction of 'questioned versus known' comparisons of similar sunscreens and will give the details of the manufacturer, thereby, helping in rounding off the suspects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in personal care products. Some of them have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, little is known about the occurrence of BP-type UV filters in paired maternal-fetal samples. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of eight BP-type UV filters in paired maternal-fetal samples collected from Southern China. Among target analytes, only benzophenone-3 (BP-3) was frequently (detection rate > 80%) detected in maternal-fetal samples, i.e., maternal serum (MS), cord serum (CS), maternal urine (MU) and amniotic fluid (AF). BP-3 was the dominant compound in MS (median: 0.14 ng/mL), CS (0.16) and AF (0.12); whereas MU was dominated by benzophenone-1 (BP-1, 2.85). The median CS/MS ratios (i.e., placental transfer rates) of 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OH-BP, 2.35), BP-1 (1.52), benzophenone-4 (BP-4, 1.06), and BP-3 (1.03) were higher than 1.0, suggesting that exposure levels of these chemicals in fetuses were greater than those in mothers. Significant positive correlations (r = 0.667, p < 0.001) of BP-3 concentrations were found between MS and CS, which suggested that MS could be an indicator of fetal exposure to BP-3. Furthermore, the CS/MS ratios of 4-OH-BP, BP-1, BP-3, and benzophenone-8 (BP-8) increased with decreasing molecular weight or log K ow . Passive diffusion may play an important role in placental transfer of these BP type UV filters. The MU/MS BP-3 ratio (5.86) was relatively higher than that of MU/MS BP-1 (0.89), which indicated that BP-3 excretes rapidly in urine. The present study documents the occurrence of eight BP-type UV filters in matched MS, CS, MU and AF samples for the first time in China., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work is a critical preventive study for providing a healthy life and enhancing people's safety at work in which introduces of highly efficient and durable UV-protection and antibacterial textiles. With this aim, ZnO nanoparticles are in situ synthesized on the modified cotton fabric to produce the multifunctional fabrics. Herein, the cotton fabric is oxidized by periodate and then treated by 4-aminobenzoic acid ligand (PABA). The modified cotton fabrics are characterized via X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the anti-bacterial, UV-protection, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of samples are investigated. The results show that pre-oxidization cotton fabric provides better active sites for the treatment with PABA. Then, PABA treatment provides significant sites for the growth of the ZnO nanoparticles and maintains cross-linking property between oxidized cellulosic fibers and the ZnO nanoparticles which improves the formation and durability of ZnO nanoparticles. The simultaneous sample treatment with ZnO and PABA had synergistic effects on UV protection, stability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the ZnO PABA oxidized cotton fabrics show excellent UV-protection and significant antibacterial efficacy after 20 washing cycles and 100 abrasion cycles, which can be used in advanced protective textiles., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Organic UV filters are of emerging concern due to their occurrence and persistence in coastal ecosystems. Because marine bacteria are crucial in the major biogeochemical cycles, there is an urgent need to understand to what extent these microorganisms are affected by those chemicals. This study deciphers the impact of five common sunscreen UV filters on twenty-seven marine bacteria, combining both photobiology and toxicity analysis on environmentally relevant species. Seven bacteria were sensitive to different organic UV filters at 1000 μg L -1 , including octinoxate and oxybenzone. This is the first report demonstrating inhibition of bacterial growth from 100 μg L -1 . None of the UV filters showed any toxicity at 1000 μg L -1 on stationary phase cells, demonstrating that physiological state was found to be a key parameter in the bacterial response to UV-filters. Indeed, non-growing bacteria were resistant to UV filters whereas growing cells exhibited UV filter dependent sensitivity. Octinoxate was the most toxic chemical at 1000 μg L -1 on growing cells. Interestingly, photobiology experiments revealed that the toxicity of octinoxate and homosalate decreased after light exposure while the other compounds were not affected. In terms of environmental risk characterization, our results revealed that the increasing use of sun blockers could have detrimental impacts on bacterioplanktonic communities in coastal areas. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of the most common UV filters on bacterial species and corroborate the importance to consider environmental parameters such as solar radiation in ecotoxicology studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The study, for the first time, evaluated the leaching rate of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) from human skins which were applied with three commercial sunscreens containing nZnO as an active ingredient. The leaching rate of nZnO varied greatly among the sunscreens, with a range of 8-72% (mean ± SD: 45% ± 33%). We further investigated their toxicities to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. We found that 96-h median lethal concentrations of the three sunscreens to T. japonicus were > 5000, 230.6, and 43.0 mg chemical L -1 , respectively, equivalent to Zn 2+ concentrations at >82.5, 3.2, and 1.2 mg Zn L -1 , respectively. Exposure to the individual sunscreens at environmentally realistic concentrations for 96 h led to up-regulation of antioxidant genes in T. japonicus, while they triggered the release of reactive oxygen species based on the results of in vivo assays. Evidently, these nZnO-included sunscreens can cause oxidative stress and hence pose risk to marine organisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oxybenzone (OBZ), avobenzone (AVB), octocrylene (OCR) and octinoxate (OMC) are ultraviolet (UV) filters commonly added to chemical sunscreens. These UV filters are known to widely contaminate the environment through a variety of anthropogenic sources, including sewage discharge. However, systematic studies of the damage caused by these four UV filters and their toxicopathological differences in a variety of plant species are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated that irrigation with water containing these four UV filters could significantly inhibit the aboveground growth of cucumber plant. All of the UV filters decreased photosynthesis through nonstomatal factors but via different inhibitory mechanisms. Only OBZ inhibited photosynthesis by directly inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport, while the other three (AVB, OCR, and OMC) inhibited photosynthesis by inhibiting the Calvin-Benson cycle. Additionally, these four UV filters also decreased plant respiration under long-term treatment. Photosynthesis and respiration inhibition led to the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of lipid peroxidation damage products, which further damaged the structure and function of plant cells, causing secondary pathologies and potentially leading to reduced crop yields. The study also demonstrated that these four UV filters caused different degrees of phototoxic damage to cucumber plants. On the basis of comprehensive evaluation, we speculated that the order of the four UV filters in terms of plant damage was OBZ > AVB > OMC > OCR. Because of the severe damaging effects of these UV filters on plant growth, the application of contaminated biosolids/reclaimed water in agriculture reduces agricultural production and may damage ecosystems. The results of this study can advance recognition of the hazards associated with environmental and agricultural pollution via UV filters and encourage consumers and the industry to limit or reduce the application of cosmetics and over-the-counter drugs containing these substances., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)