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In this chapter we discuss the most common conditions responsible for chronic lower leg pain in the athlete; medial tibial stress syndrome, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, stress fracture, popliteal artery entrapment, and nerve entrapment. These conditions can lead to a loss of large amounts of time secondary to both the conditions themselves and time needed to make the appropriate diagnosis. Below, we discuss a reasonable approach to patients presenting with sometimes vague complaints and how, with appropriate physical exam and testing, a diagnosis can be reached in a timely manner.

Introducción: El recién nacido prematuro es fisiológicamente inmaduro y vulnerable. Tras el alumbramiento, se enfrenta a un contingente de estímulos adversos, radicalmente opuestos a la calidez del útero materno. En este estudio se pretende evaluar la prevalencia de las alteraciones emocionales del recién nacido y la influencia del contacto físico con la madre durante el ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de seguimiento prospectivo de una cohorte de recién nacidos ingresados en una UCIN, con grupo de comparación de recién nacidos a término, no ingresados. Resultados: Comparando el número de respuestas consideradas patológicas dentro de la incubadora/cuna y fuera de la misma en brazos de la madre, se hallaron los siguientes promedios: en brazos de la madre, 0,6/h, y en la incubadora/ cuna, 20,6/h (p

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) was first proposed by Hans Selye in his classic 1936 letter to the editor of Nature. The GAS consisted of three phases: (i) the alarm phase, (ii) the phase of adaptation, and (iii) the phase of exhaustion. Selye held that the stress syndrome was always a nonspecific response of the body to any demand and included a triad of responses: enlargement of the adrenal cortex, decrease in size of the thymus and lymphatic tissue, and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum. Selye also promoted the concept of diseases of adaptation that were connected to stressful stimulation. Much of Selye’s work has been discounted as knowledge of neural and endocrine systems expanded and new analytical techniques were introduced. In particular, the doctrine of nonspecificity has been rejected and replaced with the indication that a given stressor stimulates a unique neuroendocrine signature in test subjects. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that prior stress history affects future stress responses across several neural and endocrine systems. Stress remains a key component of the etiology of many diseases and that is an enduring part of Selye’s legacy.

Development of the BioArena system led to new possibilities in bioassay-guided detection, fractionation, and isolation. BioArena integrates the advantages of layer liquid chromatography (ideally, variants of linear overpressured layer chromatography) with basic direct bioautography and visual and spectroscopic/spectrometric evaluation of chromatographic spots/bands before and after biological detection. BioArena studies include special chemical/biochemical interactions. Therefore, knowledge of chemical/biochemical background with some biological aspects of this system is especially important to understanding the complicated biochemical reactions. The up-to-date achievements of the BioArena system are summarized in special sections from chance observations through mechanism of action of different compounds (e.g. antibiotics, antineoplastics, trace elements) to extension of in vitro (BioArena) results to in vivo conditions (e.g. greenhouse experiments) including basic elements of hormesis and stress syndrome, as well as homeopathy. In these in vitro and in vivo reactions, HCHO and its main reaction product, endogenous O3, play crucial roles.