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Calcifying fibrous tumours of the pleura (CFTPs) are extremely rare benign tumours with uncertain aetiology, with only 34 cases, including this one, reported worldwide to date. CFTPs commonly originate from subcutaneous and deep soft tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and pleura. It is essential to differentiate CFTP from other pleural intrathoracic masses that present similarly but are challenging with radiological imaging alone. As a result, excision via surgical intervention alongside immunohistological and histological assessment is the current best method for definitive diagnosis. Due to the significantly low incidence of CFTP, extensive sample studies for further research are currently not possible. As a result, all cases of CFTP should be reported to help improve future research in diagnostic accuracy and understanding of pathogenicity and aetiology. We are reporting a case of an incidentally detected CFTP on CT in a 30-year-old female.

Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest form of skin neoplasm and its high mortality rates could be averted by early accurate detection. While the detection of melanoma is currently reliant upon melanin visualisation, research into melanosome biogenesis, as a key driver of pathogenesis, has not yielded technology that can reliably distinguish between atypical benign, amelanotic and melanotic lesions. The endosomal-lysosomal system has important regulatory roles in cancer cell biology, including a specific functional role in melanosome biogenesis. Herein, the involvement of the endosomal-lysosomal system in melanoma was examined by pooled secondary analysis of existing gene expression datasets. A set of differentially expressed endosomal-lysosomal genes was identified in melanoma, which were interconnected by biological function. To illustrate the protein expression of the dysregulated genes, immunohistochemistry was performed on samples from patients with cutaneous melanoma to reveal candidate markers. This study demonstrated the dysregulation of Syntenin-1, Sortilin and Rab25 may provide a differentiating feature between cutaneous melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, while IGF2R may indicate malignant propensity in these skin cancers.

Purpose: To elucidate a potential association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele and glaucoma prevalence in large cohorts. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline and prospectively collected cohort data. Participants: UK Biobank (UKBB) participants of genetically determined European ancestry (n = 438 711). Replication analyses were performed using clinical and genotyping data collected from European participants recruited to the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA; n = 18 199), the Australian and New Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma (ANZRAG; n = 1970), and the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES; n = 2440). Methods: Apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes were determined, and their distributions were compared on the basis of glaucoma status. Similar analyses were performed using positive control outcomes associated with the APOE E4 allele (death, dementia, age-related macular degeneration) and negative control outcomes not associated with the APOE E4 allele (cataract, diabetic eye disease). Outcome phenotypes were also correlated with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), a clinical outcome highly associated with the APOE E4 allele. Main Outcome Measures: Results of APOE E4 genotype-phenotype comparisons were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Replication analyses investigated APOE E4 associations in 2 replication cohorts (CLSA and ANZRAG/BMES). Results: The APOE E4 allele was inversely associated with glaucoma (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93–0.99; P = 0.016) and both negative controls (cataract: OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96–0.99; P = 0.015; diabetic eye disease: OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.97; P = 0.003) in the UKBB cohort. A paradoxical positive association was observed between AD and both glaucoma (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.08–1.54; P < 0.01) and cataract (OR, 1.15; 1.04–1.28; P = 0.018). No association between the APOE E4 allele and glaucoma was observed in either replication cohort (CLSA: OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89–1.19; P = 0.66; ANZRAG/BMES: OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.84–1.12; P = 0.65). Conclusions: A small negative association observed between APOE E4 and glaucoma within the UKBB was not evident in either replication cohort and may represent an artifact of glaucoma underdiagnosis in APOE E4 carriers. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

This report describes a case of incidental lung lesions, discovered during investigations for symptomatic aortic stenosis. The chest computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) revealed the presence of two lung masses in the background of longstanding pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Left upper lobectomy was performed and the histopathological examination of the lung masses showed a high-grade spindle cells malignancy with areas showing tumour cells intraluminally in large and small vessels causing partial and complete luminal occlusion. The Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study showed Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) amplification, which was consistent with the diagnosis of Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma (PAS). We report the rare entity of PAS presenting as a lung mass and some potential pitfalls in diagnosis.

Purpose: To investigate the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 dementia-risk allele and prospective longitudinal retinal thinning in a cohort study of suspect and early manifest glaucoma. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospective cohort data. Participants: This study included all available eyes from participants recruited to the Progression Risk of Glaucoma: Relevant SNPs [single nucleotide polymorphisms] with Significant Association (PROGRESSA) study with genotyping data from which APOE genotypes could be determined. Methods: Apolipoprotein E alleles and genotypes were determined in PROGRESSA, and their distributions were compared with an age-matched and ancestrally matched normative cohort, the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Structural parameters of neuroretinal atrophy measured using spectral-domain OCT were compared within the PROGRESSA cohort on the basis of APOE E4 allele status. Main Outcome Measures: Longitudinal rates of thinning in the macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) complex and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). Results: Rates of mGCIPL complex thinning were faster in participants harboring ≥1 copies of the APOE E4 allele (β = –0.13 μm/year; P ≤0.001). This finding was strongest in eyes affected by normal-tension glaucoma (NTG; β = –0.20 μm/year; P = 0.003). Apolipoprotein E E4 allele carriers were also more likely to be lost to follow-up (P = 0.01) and to demonstrate a thinner average mGCIPL complex (70.9 μm vs. 71.9 μm; P = 0.011) and pRNFL (77.6 μm vs. 79.2 μm; P = 0.045) after a minimum of 3 years of monitoring. Conclusions: The APOE E4 allele was associated with faster rates of mCGIPL complex thinning, particularly in eyes with NTG. These results suggest that the APOE E4 allele may be a risk factor for retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma.