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1. COVID-19 vaccine booster dose needed to achieve Omicron-specific neutralisation in nursing home residents

Author

David H. Canaday, Oladayo A. Oyebanji, Elizabeth White, Debbie Keresztesy, Michael Payne, Dennis Wilk, Lenore Carias, Htin Aung, Kerri St. Denis, Maegan L. Sheehan, Sarah D. Berry, Cheryl M. Cameron, Mark J. Cameron, Brigid M. Wilson, Alejandro B. Balazs, Christopher L. King, and Stefan Gravenstein

Subjects
COVID-19, Vaccination, Booster, Omicron, Geriatrics, Long-term care, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: Nursing home (NH) residents have borne a disproportionate share of SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality. Vaccines have limited hospitalisation and death from earlier variants in this vulnerable population. With the rise of Omicron and future variants, it is vital to sustain and broaden vaccine-induced protection. We examined the effect of boosting with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on humoral immunity and Omicron-specific neutralising activity among NH residents and healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: We longitudinally enrolled 85 NH residents (median age 77) and 48 HCWs (median age 51), and sampled them after the initial vaccination series; and just before and 2 weeks after booster vaccination. Anti-spike, anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralisation titres to the original Wuhan strain and neutralisation to the Omicron strain were obtained. Findings: Booster vaccination significantly increased vaccine-specific anti-spike, anti-RBD, and neutralisation levels above the pre-booster levels in NH residents and HCWs, both in those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Omicron-specific neutralisation activity was low after the initial 2 dose series with only 28% of NH residents’ and 28% HCWs’ titres above the assay's lower limit of detection. Omicron neutralising activity following the booster lifted 86% of NH residents and 93% of HCWs to the detectable range. Interpretation: With boosting, the vast majority of HCWs and NH residents developed detectable Omicron-specific neutralising activity. These data provide immunologic evidence that strongly supports booster vaccination to broaden neutralising activity and counter waning immunity in the hope it will better protect this vulnerable, high-risk population against the Omicron variant. Funding: NIH AI129709-03S1, U01 CA260539-01, CDC 200-2016-91773, and VA BX005507-01.

Published
2022
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2. List of contributors

Author

Bo Abrahamsen, Robert A. Adler, Sara Ajjour, Mohammad Mehdi Alemi, Dennis E. Anderson, Timothy R. Arnett, Mariam A. Assaad, Ghada T. Ballane, Roland Baron, J.H. Duncan Bassett, Douglas C. Bauer, William A. Bauman, Kristen M. Beavers, Sarah D. Berry, John P. Bilezikian, Emmanuel Biver, Dana Bliuc, Lynda F. Bonewald, Adele L. Boskey, Mary L. Bouxsein, Nathalie Bravenboer, Todd T. Brown, Susan V. Bukata, Katelyn Burkhart, Ernesto Canalis, Christopher Cardozo, Alesha B. Castillo, Jane A. Cauley, Jacqueline R. Center, Julia C. Chen, Roberto Civitelli, Adi Cohen, Felicia Cosman, Carolyn J. Crandall, Brooke M. Crawford, Natalie E. Cusano, Francisco J.A. de Paula, Kim Delbaere, David W. Dempster, Dima L. Diab, Ingrid Dick-de-Paula, Linda A. DiMeglio, Matthew T. Drake, Alanna M.K. Dubrovsky, Luca D’Onofrio, Richard Eastell, Grahame J. Elder, Ghada A. El-Hajj Fuleihan, Kristine E. Ensrud, Serge Ferrari, Bernard Freudenthal, Harry K. Genant, Louis C. Gerstenfeld, Lora Giangregorio, Evelien Gielen, Deborah T. Gold, Steven R. Goldring, Catherine M. Gordon, Francesca Gori, Gail A. Greendale, James F. Griffith, Peyman Hadji, Christopher J. Hernandez, Jonathan Hoggatt, Denise K. Houston, Amira I. Hussein, Christopher R. Jacobs, Xuezhi Jiang, James D. Johnston, Risa Kagan, Lamya Karim, Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez, Wendy B. Katzman, Masanobu Kawai, Sundeep Khosla, Douglas P. Kiel, Saija A. Kontulainen, Paul Kostenuik, Alexandra Krez, Henry Kronenberg, Rajiv Kumar, Nancy E. Lane, Lisa Langsetmo, Michaël R. Laurent, L. Lawenius, Sergey Leikin, William D. Leslie, E. Michael Lewiecki, Minghao Liu, Yi Liu, Stephen R. Lord, Joseph Lorenzo, Nina S. Ma, Naim M. Maalouf, Robert Marcus, Michael R. McClung, Marcela Moraes Mendes, Paul D. Miller, Madhusmita Misra, Mahshid Mohseni, Elise F. Morgan, Suzanne N. Morin, Mona Al Mukaddam, Chris J.J. Mulder, Nandini Nair, Nicola Napoli, Nat Nasomyont, Dorothy A. Nelson, Jeri W. Nieves, Robert Nissenson, Claes Ohlsson, Christina V. Oleson, Laura Ortinau, Eric Orwoll, Susan M. Ott, Roberto Pacifici, Andrea Palermo, A.M. Parfitt, Dongsu Park, Sylvain Provot, Sonia Bhandari Randhawa, John F. Randolph, Fernando Rivadeneira, Pamela Gehron Robey, Lauren Robinson, Tara Rogers-Soeder, G. David Roodman, Clifford J. Rosen, Kenneth G. Saag, Shivani Sahni, Khashayar Sakhaee, David T. Scadden, Anne L. Schafer, Ernestina Schipani, Monica C. Serra, Jay R. Shapiro, Catherine Sherrington, James M. Shikany, Shonni J. Silverberg, Andrea J. Singer, K. Sjögren, Peter J. Snyder, Emily M. Stein, Christine M. Swanson, Pawel Szulc, Pamela Taxel, Peter J. Tebben, Sarah E. Twardowski, André G. Uitterlinden, Rachana Vaidya, Cristianna Vallera, Adriaan A. van Bodegraven, Bram C.J. van der Eerden, Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen, André J. van Wijnen, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Laura Watts, Nelson B. Watts, Ashley A. Weaver, Robert S. Weinstein, Graham R. Williams, Joy Wu, Karin C. Wu, Michael T. Yin, Elaine W. Yu, and Hua Zhou

Published
2021
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3. Falls as risk factors for fracture

Author

Sarah D. Berry and Douglas P. Kiel

Subjects
Orthodontics, medicine.medical_specialty, Vitamin d supplementation, business.industry, Impaired Balance, Incidence (epidemiology), Psychological intervention, Gait, Impaired Vision, Multidisciplinary approach, Fracture (geology), Physical therapy, Medicine, business, Balance (ability)
Abstract

Most osteoporotic fractures occur in the setting of a fall. This chapter reviews chronic risk factors for falls that are common in older adults including impaired balance and gait, impaired vision, comorbidities, and many classes of medications. Acute illnesses, medication changes, and environmental factors are often the inciting events that precipitate a fall in these high-risk individuals. Interventions that have been effective in reducing the risk of falls in the community setting include individualized exercises for improving strength and balance, Tai-Chi, a home hazards assessment for people at high risk for falls, removal of psychotropic medications, vitamin D supplementation, multidisciplinary interventions, and certain footwear and podiatry-based interventions. In the nursing home setting, only multifactorial interventions initiated by a team and vitamin D supplementation were effective in reducing the risk of falls. Although there are no data to support these interventions' work to reduce the incidence of fragility fractures, there is good reason to believe that they will. Future efforts to reduce osteoporotic fracture should focus not only on bone mineral density but also on fall reduction measures.

Published
2021
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4. Defining the origin and function of bovine milk proteins through genomics: The biological implications of manipulation and modification

Author

Karensa Menzies, Sarah D. Berry, Stephen R. Davis, Christophe Lefevre, Chad Harland, Peter Williamson, Paul A. Sheehy, Russell G. Snell, Matthew R. Digby, and Julie A. Sharp

Subjects
Nutraceutical, Genome editing, food and beverages, Colostrum, Genomics, Computational biology, Biology, Functional genomics, Genome, Function (biology), Genetically modified organism
Abstract

Recent advances in technology for both describing and interrogating the sequence and structure of animal genomes and their functional variation have presented opportunities for scientists to more clearly understand the complexity of bovine milk protein structure and utility and the control of milk protein gene expression. Using these technologies in conjunction with protein sequence data, we can begin to understand the significance of naturally occurring genetic variation influencing milk protein production and composition and how the proteins in colostrum and milk are processed/digested into biologically active peptides. The challenge is to translate this information into useful nutritional and nutraceutical products that help to underpin the commercial viability of the dairy industry. Recent advances in genetic technologies provide the potential for accurate selection of desirable traits in dairy cow populations through genomic methods. Milk composition may also be modified through gene editing, although consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods is still an issue. We present a review of the current status of bovine milk genomics, including functional genomics and gene editing approaches, and discuss the roles, characteristics, and key bioactivities of the major bovine milk proteins and their encrypted peptides.

Published
2020
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5. Contributors

Author

Robert A. Adler, Dennis E. Anderson, Asma Arabi, Timothy R. Arnett, Laura K. Bachrach, Ghada Ballane, Daniel Baran, George L. Barnes, Roland Baron, Douglas C. Bauer, William A. Bauman, Theresa J. Berndt, Sarah D. Berry, John P. Bilezikian, Kate A. Bolam, Lynda F. Bonewald, Sydney Lou Bonnick, Steven Boonen†, Adele L. Boskey, Roger Bouillon, Mary L. Bouxsein, Todd T. Brown, Susan B. Broy, Alexander G. Bruno, Susan V. Bukata, David B. Burr, Ernesto Canalis, Christopher P. Cardozo, Alesha B. Castillo, Jane A. Cauley, Jacqueline R. Center, Julia C. Chen, Roberto Civitelli, Adi Cohen, Robert Coleman, Juliet Compston, Felicia Cosman, Aline Costa, Natalie E. Cusano, Robin M. Daly, Michelle E. Danielson, Roger Dansey, Francisco J.A. de Paula, Kim Delbaere, David W. Dempster, Dima L. Diab, Ingrid Dick-de-Paula, Linda A. DiMeglio, Thomas A. Einhorn, Grahame J. Elder, Kristine E. Ensrud, Bruce Ettinger, David Feldman, Francesca Ferraro, Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick, Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, Daniel A. Galvão, Margery L.S. Gass, Harry K. Genant, Deborah T. Gold, Steven R. Goldring, Francesca Gori, Gail A. Greendale, James F. Griffith, Robert P. Heaney, Hunter Heath, Christopher J. Hernandez, Jonathan Hoggatt, Christa L. Hoy, Amira I. Hussein, Urszula T. Iwaniec, Christopher R. Jacobs, Marjorie K. Jeffcoat, Helena Johansson, Stefan Judex, John A. Kanis, Lamya Karim, Masanobu Kawai, Karen L. Kemmis, Sobia Khan, Sundeep Khosla, Douglas P. Kiel, Paul Kostenuik, Aruna V. Krishnan, Henry Kronenberg, Rajiv Kumar, Mary B. Leonard, E. Michael Lewiecki, Jane B. Lian, Robert Lindsay, Allan Lipton, Stephen R. Lord, Joseph Lorenzo, Marjorie Luckey, Heather M. Macdonald, Robert Marcus, T. John Martin, Eugene V. McCloskey, Michael R. McClung, Donald P. McDonnell, Heather A. McKay, Paul Miller, Elise F. Morgan, M. Zulf Mughal, Mona Al Mukaddam, Erik R. Nelson, Dorothy A. Nelson, Jeri W. Nieves, Robert A. Nissenson, B.E. Christopher Nordin, Anders Odén, Eric S. Orwoll, Susan M. Ott, Roberto Pacifici, Alison M. Pack, A. Michael Parfitt, Dongsu Park, Melissa Premaor, Sylvain Provot, Yi-Xian Qin, John F. Randolph, Ian R. Reid, Fernando Rivadeneira, René Rizzoli, Pamela Gehron Robey, G. David Roodman, Clifford J. Rosen, Clinton T. Rubin, Janet Rubin, Kenneth G. Saag, Philip J. Saylor, David T. Scadden, Ernestina Schipani, Elizabeth Shane, Jay R. Shapiro, Catherine Sherrington, Rebecca Silbermann, Barbara C. Silva, Shonni J. Silverberg, Matthew R. Smith, Peter J. Snyder, MaryFran R. Sowers, Gary S. Stein, Emily Stein, Paula H. Stern, Cynthia A. Stuenkel, Harri Suominen, Srilatha Swami, Pawel Szulc, Dennis R. Taaffe, Brent C. Taylor, Peter J. Tebben, Russell T. Turner, André G. Uitterlinden, Jeroen van de Peppel, Bram C.J. Van der Eerden, Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen, Johannes P.T.M. van Leeuwen, Dirk Vanderschueren, Rachel B. Wagman, Leanne Ward, Suzanne E. Wardell, Nelson B. Watts, Robert S. Weinstein, Kristine M. Wiren, Joy Y. Wu, Michael T. Yin, Hua Zhou, and M. Carola Zillikens

Published
2013
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