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Competing Interests: HC, SH, and SPR are the Co-Chairs of the Lancet Commission on Medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust, VR was a Co-Chair of this Lancet Commission until September, 2021, and the other authors are members of this Lancet Commission. TC has received honoraria and travel support for lectures, presentations, and educational events about medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust from academic institutions only. HC has received travel funding for a Lancet Commission meeting in Jerusalem (2022) and a grant from the Max Planck Society for a project on the history of brain research using Nazi victims' brains. MAF has received funding from the Israel Medical Association for leading seminar tours on medicine and the Holocaust. SH has received royalties from Berghahn Books for The Anatomy of Murder, honoraria from educational institutions for lectures about medicine and anatomy in Nazi Germany, and is an unpaid member of the Harvard Human Remains Research Review Committee and the American Association for Anatomy Task Force on Legacy Collections. EL has received royalties from Classiques Garnier for his book L'Homme, cet inconnu d'Alexis Carrel (1935), serves as an unpaid member of the Israel National Commission according to the Patient at end-of-life Law (2005), and received travel reimbursement for attending a symposium at Cedars Sinai Center for Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Los Angeles, CA, USA) and the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). MO has received occasional honoraria from educational institutions for lectures on medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust at educational institutions, as well as travel reimbursement for the Lancet Commission meetings in Jerusalem (2022) and Vienna (2023). AO declares travel reimbursement for attending the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). VR received a grant for a project financed by the Max Planck Society on the use of body parts of Nazi victims in brain research. MR received a contract from the district of Upper Bavaria for research and a book project on victims of National Socialist euthanasia starting in October, 2023; received travel reimbursement for presentations on psychiatry in Nazi Germany at educational institutions; and serves as an unpaid member on the advisory boards for Brandenburg memorial sites, Hadamar memorial site, Irsee memorial site, Klingenmünster Psychiatric Hospital, the Bernhard Nocht Institute, the German Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, and the Hessian Ministry of Science. CS received an honorarium from the Max Planck Society (work contract) for participation at the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). SJS received travel reimbursement from the Cedars-Sinai Center for Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies for attending the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023) and has received honoraria from educational institutions for presentations on medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust. AT has received royalties from Cambridge University Press for the book Social Mendelism: Genetics and the Politics of Race in Germany, 1900–1948, and an honorarium from the University of Leeds (Leeds, UK) for a lecture titled “Mendeling Jews: a history of racial genetics”. HSW has received honoraria from educational institutions for presentations on the legacy of medicine during the Holocaust and professional identity formation. MKW has received a grant from the Macy Foundation for the implementation of this Lancet Commission's first teacher training fellowship; has received honoraria from educational institutions for lectures on medicine and the Holocaust, which he donates to his institution's fund to support programmes related to this history; serves as Co-Chair of the American Medical Association's Truth, Reconciliation, Health and Transformation Task Force (for which he receives an annual honorarium that he donates to his university); and is an unpaid member of the Fellows Council for the Hastings Center and the Advisory Council for Physicians for Human Rights. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests TC has received honoraria and travel support for lectures, presentations, and educational events about medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust from academic institutions only. HC has received travel funding for a Lancet Commission meeting in Jerusalem (2022), and a grant from the Max Planck Society for a project on the history of brain research using Nazi victims' brains. MF has received funding from the Israel Medical Association for leading seminar tours on medicine and the Holocaust. SH has received royalties from Berghahn Books for The Anatomy of Murder, honoraria from educational institutions for lectures about medicine and anatomy in Nazi Germany, and is an unpaid member of the Harvard Human Remains Research Review Committee and the American Association for Anatomy Task Force on Legacy Collections. EL has received royalties from Classiques Garnier for his book L'Homme, cet inconnu d'Alexis Carrel, 1935, serves as an unpaid member of the Israel National Commission according to the Patient at end-of-life Law (2005), and received travel reimbursement for attending a symposium at Cedars Sinai Center for Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Los Angeles, CA, USA) and the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). MO has received occasional honoraria from educational institutions for lectures on medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust at educational institutions, as well as travel reimbursement for the Lancet Commission meetings in Jerusalem (2022) and Vienna (2023). AO declares travel reimbursement for attending the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). VR received a grant for a project financed by the Max Planck Society on the use of body parts of Nazi victims in brain research. MR received a contract from the district of Upper Bavaria for research and a book project on victims of National Socialist euthanasia starting in October, 2023; received travel reimbursement for presentations on psychiatry in Nazi Germany at educational institutions; and serves as an unpaid member on the advisory boards for Brandenburg memorial sites, Hadamar memorial site, Irsee memorial site, Klingenmünster Psychiatric hospital, the Bernhard Nocht Institute, the German Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, and the Hessian Ministry of Science. CS received an honorarium from the Max Planck Society (work contract) for participation at the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023). SJS received travel reimbursement from the Cedars-Sinai Center for Medicine, Holocaust and Genocide Studies for attending the Lancet Commission meeting in Vienna (2023) and has received honoraria from educational institutions for presentations on medicine, Nazism, and the Holocaust. AT has received royalties from Cambridge University Press for the book Social Mendelism: Genetics and the Politics of Race in Germany, 1900–1948, and an honorarium from the University of Leeds (Leeds, UK) for a lecture titled “Mendeling Jews: a history of racial genetics”. HSW has received honoraria from educational institutions for presentations on the legacy of medicine during the Holocaust and professional identity formation. MKW has received a grant from the Macy Foundation for the implementation of this Commission's first teacher training fellowship; has received honoraria from educational institutions for lectures on medicine and the Holocaust, which he donates to his institution's fund to support programmes related to this history; serves as Co-Chair of the American Medical Association's Truth, Reconciliation, Health and Transformation Task Force (for which he receives an annual honorarium that he donates to his university); and is an unpaid member of the Fellows Council for the Hastings Center and the Advisory Council for Physicians for Human Rights. All other authors declare no competing interests.