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Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat cancer. However, traditional chemotherapeutic agents do not show sufficient specificity for the cancer cells, which means that also healthy cells are strongly affected by these treatments. In parallel, manufacturers and health-care workers are continuously exposed to these cytostatic drugs through the usual procedures. Thus, there is a need to control the real internal dose received by this sector. Bioanalytical techniques may show great potential as tools for establishing a more personalized treatment procedure since therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could support clinicians on making and establishing decisions adapted to each patient. Similarly, these bioanalytical procedures may be implemented on those occupational sectors in which risk for exposure to these hazardous drugs exists. In this review, we present the overall situation in that respect and provide information of the bioanalytical techniques reported up to date for the most important cytostatic families. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., The Nb4D group (formerly Applied Molecular Receptors group, AMRg) is a consolidated research group (Grup de Recerca) of the Generalitat de Catalunya and has support from the Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació de la Generalitat de Catalunya (expedient: 2014 SGR 1484). CIBER-BBN is an initiative funded by the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013–2016, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program, CIBER Actions are financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund. This work was performed as part of a research contract with CETEMMSA Technological Center (part of the EURECAT Technology Center of Catalonia). Marta Broto wishes to thank the FPI-fellowship (BES-2013-062819) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

8 pages, 5 figures.-- PMID: 17126544 [PubMed]., Available online Nov 28, 2006.-- Issue title: Selected Papers from the Ninth World Congress On Biosensors. Toronto, Canada 10-12 May 2006, Alice X. J. Tang., A novel electrochemical immunosensing strategy for the detection of sulfonamide antibiotics in milk based on magnetic beads is presented. Among the different strategies for immobilizing the class-specific anti-sulfonamide antibody to the magnetic beads –such as those based on the use of Protein A or carboxylate modified magnetic beads–, the best strategy was found to be the covalent bonding on tosyl-activated magnetic beads. The immunological reaction for the detection of sulfonamide antibiotics performed on the magnetic bead is based on a direct competitive assay using a tracer with HRP peroxidase for the enzymatic labelling. After the immunochemical reactions, the modified magnetic beads can be easily captured by a magneto sensor made of graphite–epoxy composite (m-GEC), which is also used as the transducer for the electrochemical immunosensing. The electrochemical detection is thus achieved through a suitable substrate for the enzyme HRP and an electrochemical mediator. The electrochemical approach is also compared with a novel magneto-ELISA with optical detection. The performance of the electrochemical immunosensing strategy based on magnetic beads was successfully evaluated using spiked milk samples, and the detection limit was found to be 1.44 μgL−1 (5.92 nmol L−1) for raw full cream milk. This strategy offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost-effective and on-site analysis of biological, food and environmental samples., Proyecto Panoptes AGL 2005-07700-c06-01 Plan Nacional I+D Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia

9 pages, 5 figures.-- PMID: 17085033 [PubMed]., Available online on Nov 7, 2006., A novel and very sensitive electrochemical immunosensing strategy for the detection of atrazine based on affinity biocomposite transducers is presented. Firstly, the graphite–epoxy composite transducer was bulk-modified with different universal affinity biomolecules, such as avidin and Protein A. Two strategies for the immobilization of the anti-atrazine antibodies on both biocomposite transducers were evaluated: ‘wet-affinity’ and ‘dry-assisted affinity’ immobilization. Finally, the performance of a novel anti-atrazine immunocomposite bulk-modified with anti-atrazine antibodies was also evaluated. The better immobilization performance of the anti-atrazine antibodies was achieved by ‘dry-assisted affinity’ immobilization on Protein A (2%) graphite–epoxy biocomposite (ProtA(2%)-GEB) as a transducer. The immunological reaction for the detection of atrazine performed on the ProtA(2%)-GEB biosensors is based on a direct competitive assay using atrazine-HRP tracer as the enzymatic label. The electrochemical detection is thus achieved through a suitable substrate and a mediator for the enzyme HRP. This novel strategy was successfully evaluated using spiked orange juice samples. The detection limit for atrazine in orange juices using the competitive electrochemical immunosensing assay was found to be 6×10−3 μgL−1 (0.03 nmol L−1) thus this biosensing method accomplishes by far the LODs required for the European Community directives for potable water and food samples (0.1 μgL−1). This strategy offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost effective, and on-site biosensing of biological, food, and environmental samples., Proyecto Panoptes AGL 2005-07700-c06-01 Plan Nacional I+D Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a procedure to purify the specific anti-atrazine antibody and quantify atrazine residues in orange juice and bottled water based on its immunological reaction with the specific antibody by using an electrochemical strategy based on ProtA- graphite–epoxy composite (GEB) electrode. For purification of the anti-triazine antibodies, 45% saturated solution is obtained by adding ammonium sulfate dropwise in 3 mL of immune and preimmune antisera of immunized and nonimmunized New Zealand white rabbits. The supernatant is separated after 4 h from the solid by centrifugation. The solution is filtered. Finally, the antibodies are dialyzed and lyophilized. Electrochemical determination of atrazine in orange juice include immobilization of anti-atrazine antibody on ProtA-GEB and construction of the standard atrazine curve.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a method for the purification of the specific anti-sulfonamide antibody, for the construction of a magneto graphite–epoxy composite (m-GEC) electrode, for the immobilization of the specific anti-sulfonamide antibody on Tosyl-modified magnetic beads, and for the quantification of sulfonamide antibiotics in milk based on its immunological reaction with the class-selective specific antibody by using an electrochemical strategy based on magnetic beads and m-GEC electrode. To purify the anti-sulfonamide class-specific antibodies, 45% saturated solution is obtained by adding ammonium sulfate dropwise in 3 mL of immune and preimmune antisera of immunized and nonimmunized New Zealand white rabbits. The supernatant is separated after 4 h from the solid by centrifugation. The solution is filtered. Finally, the antibodies are dialyzed and lyophilized. To evaluate the antibody binding Bradford test is used. Electrochemical determination of sulfonamide in milk includes construction of the standard sulfonamide curve in PBST and in milk.

Publisher Summary Immunochemical methods are powerful analytical techniques that can answer many questions concerning environmental contamination. This chapter provides an overview of the potential of immunoassays (IAs) as environmental analytical methods, describes the types and components of IAs, steps involved in their development and the criteria used for their development, and discusses various aspects related to the validation of immunochemical techniques. IA has proven to be a very useful technique for the screening of contaminating substances in environmental samples. The strength of this technique lies in the possibility to screen a large number of samples within a short time at low costs. Most of the IA tests are designed to be sensitive enough to assay water samples directly without concentration or clean-up steps. Both the availability of commercial IA test kits and the fact some IAs have already been included in the list of SW-846 methods of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicate that this technology is finding its place in the environmental area as an effective screening method to complement other analytical techniques. Future developments on immunosensor systems are a great promise for the future automation of these environmental immunodetection strategies.