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The obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) chapter in DSM-5 includes two relatively distinct groups of disorders: (1) Compulsive disorders [i.e., obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder (HD)] and (2) grooming disorders [i.e., skin picking disorder (SPD) and hair pulling disorder (HPD)]. The two groups may relate differently with negative emotionality; however, the literature has produced mixed findings. The current study sought to quantify the concurrent association between negative emotionality and each of the five OCRDs. We conducted systematic reviews of research reporting correlations between (1) negative emotionality (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, negative affect, and neuroticism) and (2) severity of OCRD symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical adult samples. We used three-level meta-analytic models to estimate the size of the correlations. Negative emotionality had robust positive correlation with symptoms of OCD [k = 156, r = 0.44, 95% CI= 0.43-0.46], BDD [k = 58, r = 0.45, 95% CI= 0.43-48], and HD [k = 67, r = 0.39, 95% CI= 0.36-0.42] but significantly smaller correlation with SPD [k = 31, r = 0.31, 95% CI= 0.27-0.34] and HPD [k = 24, r = 0.28, 95% CI= 0.25-0.32]. Overall, the results indicate that grooming disorders have relatively limited associations with negative emotionality. Implications for classification of OCRDs within the broader taxonomy of psychopathology are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tics peak in late childhood and decline during adolescence. Yet, for some with Tourette's disorder, tics persist into adulthood. We evaluated childhood predictors of adult tic severity and tic impairment, and change over time. Eighty adolescents/adults were evaluated 11 years following a randomized-controlled trial of behavior therapy. An independent evaluator rated tic severity and tic impairment at baseline, posttreatment, and long-term follow-up. At baseline, parents completed demographics/medical history, and youth tic, internalizing, and externalizing symptom ratings. Youth rated premonitory urge severity and family functioning. After controlling for prior tic treatment effects, female sex and higher tic severity predicted higher tic severity in adulthood; and female sex, no stimulant medication use, higher tic severity, and poorer family functioning predicted higher tic impairment. Higher tic severity and premonitory urge severity predicted smaller reductions in tic severity, whereas higher externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic severity. Female sex predicted smaller reduction in tic impairment, and externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic impairment. Female sex and childhood tic severity are important predictors of tic severity and tic impairment in adulthood. Family functioning, premonitory urge severity, and tic severity are important modifiable targets for early or targeted intervention to improve long-term outcomes., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To determine the long-term durability of behavior therapy for tics among youth with Tourette disorder and persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorders., Method: Of the 126 youth who participated in a randomized controlled trial of behavior therapy 11 years prior, 80 were recruited for this longitudinal follow-up. Consenting participants were interviewed in person or remotely (Web-based video) by trained evaluators to determine the course of tics, current tic severity, and tic-related impairment. Recruitment and data collection occurred between 2014 and 2019, with an average follow-up duration of 11.2 years., Results: Treatment responders to both conditions in the original trial achieved partial, but not full, tic remission. Tic severity also decreased significantly across the sample, with 40% reporting partial remission. Behavior therapy responders (n = 21) in the original trial were more likely (67%) to achieve remission at follow-up (Total Tic Score = 12.52, SD = 10.75) compared to psychoeducation/supportive therapy responders (n = 6, 0%) at follow-up (Total Tic Score = 20.67, SD = 6.92) on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. Tic-related impairment decreased across the sample, with no significant differences between treatment groups or responders., Conclusion: Despite limitations of unmeasured variables and veracity of self-report at follow-up, this study supports guidelines recommending behavior therapy as the first-line intervention for tics. Further investigation of behavior therapy as an early preventive intervention also merits attention., (Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study assessed the psychometric properties of a parent-reported tic severity measure, the Parent Tic Questionnaire (PTQ), and used the scale to establish guidelines for delineating clinically significant tic treatment response. Participants were 126 children ages 9 to 17 who participated in a randomized controlled trial of Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT). Tic severity was assessed using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Hopkins Motor/Vocal Tic Scale (HMVTS) and PTQ; positive treatment response was defined by a score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement (CGI-I) scale. Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlations (ICC) assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability, with correlations evaluating validity. Receiver- and Quality-Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses assessed the efficiency of percent and raw-reduction cutoffs associated with positive treatment response. The PTQ demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.80 to 0.86), excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = .84 to .89), good convergent validity with the YGTSS and HM/VTS, and good discriminant validity from hyperactive, obsessive-compulsive, and externalizing (i.e., aggression and rule-breaking) symptoms. A 55% reduction and 10-point decrease in PTQ Total score were optimal for defining positive treatment response. Findings help standardize tic assessment and provide clinicians with greater clarity in determining clinically meaningful tic symptom change during treatment., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The present study assessed sleep functioning in Trichotillomania (TTM; Hair-Pulling Disorder) and Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder (ExD), and a non-affected comparison group, and examined the prevalence and correlates of bedtime and sleep-related hair pulling and skin picking. Participants were adult internet survey respondents, who met diagnostic criteria for TTM ( N =259), ExD ( N =182), or did not meet criteria for these disorders ( N =148). Individuals with TTM and ExD endorsed significantly greater sleep disturbance relative to the comparison group, even after controlling for internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms. Hair pulling and skin picking severity were not significantly correlated with sleep disturbance after controlling for internalizing symptoms. Pulling and picking during sleep occurred at rates of 13% and 27%, respectively. Picking severity, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance were significantly increased in those who engaged in picking during sleep relative to those who did not endorse this behavior. No significant differences were found between those endorsing pulling during sleep and those not endorsing this on demographic, clinical, or sleep variables. The present study highlights the potential role of sleep disturbance in TTM and ExD, and the need for further research in this area.

Objectives: Sexually transmitted infections, HIV and unplanned pregnancies continue to be a major public health problem in England, especially in young adults. Strengthening the provision of free condoms, HIV testing, chlamydia screening and contraception within primary care will contribute to reducing poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Recent research demonstrated the benefit for general practices of educational support visits based on behaviour change theory. Public Health England (PHE) has piloted an educational training programme to improve the delivery of sexual health services and HIV testing within general practice., Study Design & Methods: The 3Cs & HIV programme used practice based workshops to improve staffs' awareness and skills in order to increase opportunistic offers of chlamydia testing, provision of contraceptive service information and free condoms (the '3Cs') to 15-24 year olds and HIV testing according to national guidelines. The programme was based on the theory of planned behaviour and has been implemented using a stepped wedge design. Process evaluation, testing and diagnosis data, plus qualitative interviews were all used in the evaluation. The primary outcome measures were chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates. Secondary outcome measures were HIV testing and diagnoses rates within each practice and rates of consultations where long acting reversible contraceptives had been discussed., Conclusion: A key strength of the 3Cs & HIV programme has been the evidence base underpinning the development of the resources and the formal process evaluation of its implementation. The programme was designed to encourage sustainable relationships between general practice staff and local sexual health services as well as the knowledge, awareness and behaviours cultivated during the programme., (Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)