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The viral retinitis are linked to infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV). When the diagnosis is clinically suspected the antiviral treatment has to be introduced immediately after performing the ocular sampling to try to identify the infectious agent. Despite the various antiherpetic drugs available by intravenous routes and intravitreal injection, the prognostic of the herpetic retinitis remained severe because of the occurrence of retinal detachment, optic neuritis, macular necrosis. Various clinical forms are described: (1) the classical "acute necrotizing retinitis" (2) a form with a slow progression of the necrotizing retinitis (3) occlusive retinal arteritis (4) the highly severe "progressive retinal necrosis". The incidence of the CMV retinitis diminished with the highly antiretroviral therapy; however uveitis may occur with no active CMV retinitis. The various antiherpetic drugs are described with special indications.

Objective/background: To identify the etiologic agent of rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in a 32-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), who had retinitis developed from cytomegalovirus (CMV). Multiple yellowish spots appeared in the deep retina without evidence of intraocular inflammation or retinal vasculitis, diagnosed clinically as PORN. Death occurred after failure of multiple organs., Design: Case report., Methods: Both globes were taken at autopsy, fixed in formalin, and examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically to identify causative agents in the retinal lesions., Main Outcome Measure: Immunohistochemistry., Results: All layers of the retina were severely damaged and contained focal calcification. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were found in cells in the damaged retina of the right eye. Immunohistochemical studies for herpesviruses revealed the presence of CMV antigens in the right retina at the posterior pole and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific antigen in the periphery of both retinas. No varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen was detected in either retina., Conclusions: PORN has been described as a variant of necrotizing herpetic retinopathy, occurring particularly in patients with AIDS. Although the etiologic agent has been reported to be VZV, HSV-1 can be an etiologic agent.

Objective: To present a unique case in which orbital inflammation, proptosis, and optic neuritis were the initial symptoms of acute retinal necrosis (ARN). The clinical presentation of ARN, as well as the currently recommended diagnostic procedures and guidelines for medical treatment of ARN, are summarized., Design: Interventional case report., Testing: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were made on the vitreous for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus, and toxoplasmosis. A full laboratory evaluation was made together with HLA-typing and serologic tests measuring convalescent titers for HSV and other micro-organisms. Magnetic resonance imaging scan, computed tomography (CT) scan, and fluorescein angiographic examination were performed. The patient was treated with acyclovir and oral prednisone., Main Outcome Measures: The patient was evaluated for initial and final visual acuity and for degree of proptosis, periocular edema, and vitreitis., Results: The first symptoms and signs of ARN were eye pain, headache, proptosis, and a swollen optic nerve on CT scan. Other than increased C-reactive protein, all blood samples were normal. PCR was positive for HSV-type I in two separate vitreous biopsies. The patient had the strongly ARN-related specificity HLA-DQ7., Conclusions: This is the first report of HSV-induced ARN presenting with inflammatory orbitopathy and optic neuritis. Polymerase chain reaction for HSV-1 was positive more than 4 weeks after debut of symptoms, which is a new finding. The combination of severe vitreitis and retinal whitening, with or without proptosis, should alert the clinician to the possibility of herpes infection and treatment with intravenous acyclovir started promptly.

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome usually occurs as the result of secondary reactivation of latent, previously acquired, varicella-zoster or herpes simplex virus. The authors report four patients who developed a mild form of ARN within 1 month (5 to 28 days) after the onset of chickenpox. In contrast to typical cases of ARN, these cases were less severe, with retinitis limited to two quadrants or less (three patients), no retinal detachment (four patients), minimal vitreitis (four patients), and no loss of visual acuity (four patients). Thus, ARN may occur during the course of primary varicella-zoster infection.