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Objectives This study aimed to explore the reporting of workplace violence against nurses and the reasons why they did not reported. Methods A self-designed questionnaire regarding workplace violence and reporting was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey on nurses who submitted a manuscript to a Chinese nursing journal from 2016 to 2017. A total of 324 nurses agreed to participate in this study and 266 participants from 165 hospitals in 72 cities returned questionnaires. Results A total of 172 nurses (64.7%) experienced violent incidents during the past year. Of these incidents, 45.5% were reported; and the reporting rate of physical assaults (69.0%) was higher than those of verbal abuse (36.9%), threatening behavior (51.7%), and sexual harassment (60.0%). Formal reporting accounted for 25.4% (15.4% in written form and 10.0% through a computer-assisted reporting system). Almost half of the nurses (49.6%) stated that the hospital had no reporting system or they were uncertain about the reporting system. For reasons of not reporting, 51.9% of the nurses were unware of how and what types of violence to report, and 50.6% of the nurses believed that the hospital paid greater attention to patients rather than staff. Conclusions A clear definition of workplace violence and reporting procedures, establishment of a facile system for reporting, and supervisory support following a reporting are urgently required.

Highlights • Among PWH, cocaine use vs no-use was associated with worse HIV treatment outcomes. • Powder cocaine only users were more likely to be younger, Hispanic, and employed. • Users of powder + crack cocaine had lower viral suppression than users of either alone. • Harm reduction efforts addressing substance use should be a key component of HIV care., Introduction Cocaine (including powder and crack) use is common among people with HIV (PWH). We identified socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with cocaine use (overall and various forms) among PWH; we also examined differences in HIV treatment outcomes across cocaine exposure groups. Methods The study sample (N = 1166) was derived from two cohorts of PWH in Florida between 2014 and 2020. Baseline data were linked to the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) which tracks HIV viral load. Socio-demographics and polysubstance use were compared by cocaine use and the three cocaine use groups (powder only n = 101, crack only n = 91, or both n = 65). The association between the three cocaine use groups, ART adherence, and HIV viral suppression (

Background Healthcare organizations require reporting harmful incidents whether they occurred or were about to occur. Traditionally, incident reporting systems are paper-based, but recently there has been a movement towards electronic incident reporting systems (E-IRS). The Dental Hospital of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia is currently in the process of implementing an E-IRS, and it is essential to measure users’ acceptance of the system and recognize the factors that influence it. These can be determined by using a theory known as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Objectives To measure the behavioral intention to use E-IRS at the Dental Hospital of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, to determine the association between demographic characteristics and behavioral intention to use E-IRS, and to identify the factors influencing behavioral intention to use E-IRS based on TAM. Methods This study utilizes a quantitative cross-sectional study design, in which data is collected via a validated paper-based questionnaire. Results The behavioral intention (IN) scores of the participants were relatively high (mean = 15.29/20, SD = 3.669). Simple linear regression results indicate that perceived ease-of-use (PEU) explains 55.5% of variation in IN, perceived usefulness (PU) explains 62.5% of variation in IN, and that PEU explains 55.6% of variation in PU. Multiple linear regression results indicate that PEU and PU explain 67.2% of variation in IN. Demographic characteristics were found to have no association with behavioral intention scores, except for job title. Conclusion To increase E-IRS acceptance, E-IRS should be easy to use and its usefulness should be emphasized to its users.

Background/Purpose: Ambulance traffic accidents (ATAs) are the leading cause of occupation-related fatalities among emergency medical service (EMS) personnel. We aim to use the Taiwan national surveillance system to analyze the characteristics of ATAs and to assist EMS directors in developing policies governing ambulance operations. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional and largely descriptive study was conducted using Taiwan national traffic accidents surveillance data from January 1, 2011 to October 31, 2016. Results: Among the 1,627,217 traffic accidents during the study period, 715 ATAs caused 8 deaths within 24 h and 1844 injured patients. On average, there was one ATA for every 8598 ambulance runs. Compared to overall traffic accidents, ATAs were 1.7 times more likely to result in death and 1.9 times more likely to have injured patients. Among the 715 ATAs, 8 (1.1%) ATAs were fatal and 707 (98.9%) were nonfatal. All 8 fatalities were associated with motorcycles. The urban areas were significantly higher than the rural areas in the annual number of ATAs (14.2 ± 7.3 [7.0–26.7] versus 3.1 ± 1.9 [0.5–8.4], p = 0.013), the number of ATA-associated fatalities per year (0.2 ± 0.2 [0.0–0.7] versus 0.1 ± 0.1 [0.0–0.2], p = 0.022), and the annual number of injured patients (who needed urgent hospital visits) in ATAs (19.4 ± 7.3 [10.5–30.9] versus 5.2 ± 3.8 [0.9–15.3], p

Radiotracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), including [18F]DCFPyL, have been extensively investigated as a means to image prostate cancer more accurately. We present the case of a man with oligometastatic prostate cancer who was also diagnosed with a metastatic small bowel carcinoid tumor following the detection of indeterminate findings on a [18F]DCFPyL PET and discuss how this case highlights the utility of a newly proposed reporting system for PSMA-targeted PET (PSMA-RADS version 1.0).

Summary Background/Objective This study aims to examine the relationship between weather changes and acute aortic events in a subtropical territory. Methods A linear regression analysis was performed in a pan-territory epidemiological survey for a period of 10 years on the impacts of meteorological factors (ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, amount of cloud, rainfall, number of lightning strikes, presence of typhoon, and thunderstorm warning) on the daily incidences of acute aortic dissections and ruptured aortic aneurysms. Meteorological variables were retrieved on a daily basis from a well-established observatory, and the daily incidences of aortic dissections and rupture of aortic aneurysms were retrieved from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System. Results During the study period (January 2005 to December 2014), 3878 patients were identified as having acute aortic dissections, and 1174 patients had ruptured aortic aneurysms. Corresponding averaged daily incidences were 1.06 and 0.32, respectively. The incidences of aortic dissection and ruptured aortic aneurysm in a day could be predicted by ambient temperature in degrees Celsius using the following linear regression models: (1) incidence of aortic dissection = 1.548 − 0.021 × temperature; (2) incidence of ruptured aortic aneurysm = 0.564 − 0.010 × temperature. In addition, both high atmospheric pressure and absence of thunderstorm warning are positively associated with more aortic dissections. For rupture of aortic aneurysms, high atmospheric pressure and low relative humidity were positive predictors. In multiple regression analysis, however, ambient temperature was the only significant predictor for both acute aortic dissections and ruptured aortic aneurysms. Conclusion This is the first pan-territory study to show an attributable effect of ambient temperature on acute aortic events. This paper confirms that even in a subtropical country, meteorological variables were important factors influencing acute aortic events.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important and often fatal pathogen of domestic dogs. It is resistant in the environment and cross-species transmission has been indicated in some canid populations, but never in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine if an association exists between 1. reported CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 2. the wild canid distribution in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Reported CPV cases, and reports of the presence of wild dogs and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), were extracted from a voluntary surveillance database and a voluntary pest reporting system, respectively. A total of 1,984 CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 3,593 fox and 3,075 wild dog sightings were reported between 2011 and 2016. Postcodes in which CPV cases were reported were significantly (P = 0.0002) more likely to report wild dogs (odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.41–3.03). Overall, CPV cases were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with both fox reports (rSP 0.225) and wild dog reports (rSP 0.247). The strength of association varied by geographical region and year; the strongest correlations were found in the mid-North Coast region (rSP 0.607 for wild dogs) and in 2016 (rSP 0.481 for foxes). Further serological and virological testing is required to confirm the apparent and plausible association between domestic CPV cases and wild canid distribution found in this study.

The current tuberculosis (TB) case reporting system for the United States, the Report of Verified Case of TB (RVCT), has minimal capture of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB treatment and adverse events. Data were abstracted in five states using the form for 13 MDR TB patients during 2012–2015. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems were used to evaluate attributes of the form. Unstructured interviews with pilot sites and stakeholders provided qualitative feedback. The form was acceptable, simple, stable, representative, and provided high-quality data but was not flexible or timely. For the 13 patients on whom data were collected, the median duration of treatment with an injectable medication was 216 days (IQR 203–252). Six (46%) patients reported a side effect requiring a medication change and eight (62%) had a side effect present at treatment completion. A standardized MDR TB supplemental surveillance form was well received by stakeholders whose feedback was critical to making modifications. The finalized form will be implemented nationally in 2020 and will provide MDR TB treatment and morbidity data in the United States to help ensure patients with MDR TB receive the most effective treatment regimens with the least toxic drugs. Keywords: Drug resistance, Surveillance, Tuberculosis

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This study explores the dark side of transparency by problematizing the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) as a transparency, accountability and anti-corruption initiative in Nigeria. It does this by interrogating the underlying assumptions that transparency in the form of increased information disclosure inevitably leads to enhanced accountability and reduced corruption. Theoretic insights are drawn from the transparency literature as well as from the International Accounting Standards Board's framework for financial reporting. The findings enable a more nuanced understanding of transparency – where and when transparency works, and where and when it may lead to unintended outcomes. They show how increased information disclosure conceals and legitimises the weak and corrupt reporting systems and practices of government agencies. They highlight the importance of understandability of information disclosed as a key requirement of transparency. They illustrate that transparency is a complex social process by highlighting the means by which the government tries to gain control of the NEITI organisation and how NEITI's ability to operate effectively is dependent on the political will of the government in power. The findings also demonstrate that the instrument through which transparency is enacted is itself a central actor in the transparency process as historical corruption within the NEITI bureaucracy as well as the opacity of NEITI as an organisation lead to outcomes of distrust, uncertainty and doubt amongst NEITIs target audience.

We use a repeated sender-receiver game in which sender behavior is revealed to future counterparts either by (i) standardized computer reports or (ii) individual reports composed by the receivers. Compared to our baseline, both reporting systems significantly decrease the rate of deceptive messages chosen by senders. However, we find that computer reports reduce deception to a higher extent than individually written reports. This comparably higher impact can be explained by the senders’ anticipation of a high number of missing or deficient receiver reports that we find. We conclude that the precision of a reporting system has a higher importance for reducing deception than its personal character via individual feedback. Surprisingly, the reliability of computer reports is not correctly anticipated by receivers, who trust individually written reports more in the beginning and hence seem to back the wrong horse initially.

Brain metastases (BM) are the most commonly diagnosed type of central nervous system tumor in the United States. Estimates of the frequency of BM vary significantly, as there is no nationwide reporting system for metastases. BM may be the first sign of a previously undiagnosed cancer, or occur years or decades after the primary cancer was diagnosed. Incidence of BM varies significantly by primary cancer site. Lung, breast, and melanoma continue to be the leading cause of BM. These tumors are increasingly more common as new therapeutics, advanced imaging, and improved screening have led to lengthened survival after primary diagnosis for cancer patients. BM are difficult to treat, and for most individuals the diagnosis of BM generally portends a poor prognosis.

In the field of financial accounting, similarly to the company management, besides considering economic aspects, arises a need to incorporate the influence of enterprise’s activities on environment and society. Nevertheless, almost all accounting systems are still based on the financial view of the business and the level of environmental and social efficiency is only rarely assessed. A multidimensional business efficiency measurement is not feasible within these standard accounting systems. For this reason, the subject of interest and the main research goal of the authors is to supplement and extend the existing legislative framework on environmental and social accounting, approved by the IASB. The purpose of this article is to propose an individual standard focused on environmental reporting. The individual standard of financial reporting focused on environmental aspects will provide a possibility of a standardized view on business and may be used to harmonize reported data. Compared to other environmental concepts, the proposed standard is based on the same principles as the currently used reporting framework, therefore it is easily grasped and applicable.

Radiology services in a combat situation are essentially centred on assisting the battle field physicians/surgeons to save/salvage life and limb. Timely and accurate detection of type and mapping of extent of injury can aid in making imaging based triage which can be of immense help to the treating physicians/trauma surgeons. With the availability of rapid assessment (clinical as well as imaging based) and quick transport facility, the focus has gradually been shifting from merely limb-saving to life-saving strategies. Providing the right imaging modality at the right time for the right patient at the right place is the need of the hour and will dictate the success of combat casualty care. Although there are limitations in terms of terrain and hostility in a combat scenario, newer developments in the field of Radiodiagnosis and imaging can be optimally utilized for better casualty care services. Point of care Digital/Computed Radiography and basic Ultrasonography for trauma complemented by usage of multidetector computed tomography will go a long way in helping timely and accurate management of victims of blast and ballistic injury in a combat scenario. Following a rigid, easy to understand yet comprehensive protocol and radiology reporting system will be invaluable in the combat scenario despite various limitations.

Using a panel of 44 developed and developing countries, this paper analyzes the macro-environmental determinants of Internet financial reporting (IFR) within the context of corporate governance models, and thus, addresses the question of which governance model's disclosure demands are more associated with IFR. Both physical and institutional infrastructures are shown to be important determinants of a country's adoption of IFR. Along with the corporate governance structure, these infrastructures combine with IFR to enhance transparency and market efficiency, both major goals of financial reporting and disclosure. These findings point to requisite environmental infrastructures governments must provide or foster for firms within their confines to effectively adopt IFR and thus, reap the attendant benefits of disclosure. They also contribute to the debate on harmonization of international financial reporting by showing that requisite environmental infrastructures are a precondition for the success of any reporting system.

Objectives: The occupational accident rate was officially reported to be 0.77 per 100 workers in 2001 and 0.70 in 2009. The stagnant decrease in accident rate raises a question about the effectiveness of prevention activity because there have been active prevention efforts in the past 10 years. It is also necessary to know the exact status of occupational injuries to direct a prevention strategy. Methods: The author re-analyzed occupational injury statistics to find the reason for stagnant decreases in occupational injuries. Compensated occupational injuries cases were used to calculate fatal and non-fatal injury rates. Injuries from commuting accidents and sports activities were excluded as well as occupational diseases. The number of workers was adjusted to that of full time equivalent employees. Results: The fatal injury rate excluding injuries associated with commuting accidents, sports activities, and occupational diseases decreased from 12.59 in 2001 to 8.20 in 2009. In 2007, 67.5% of accidents that involved being caught in objects, which are mostly caused by machines and equipment, occurred in the manufacturing industry; this type of incident has decreased since 2001. The fatal and non-fatal injury rates in the manufacturing industry have continuously decreased while the rates in the service industry have not changed from 2001 to 2009. Non-fatal injuries might not be reported in many cases. The number of insured workers was underestimated as long working hours were not adjusted for in the reporting system. Conclusion: The occupational fatal injury rate has decreased and the non-fatal injury rate might have decreased during the last 10 years, although the statistics show stagnancy. The decrease of the injury rate was countervailed by various factors. Hence, the current accident rate does not reflect the actual situation of accidents in Korea. Korea needs to develop an improved system to more accurately calculate occupational fatal and non-fatal injury rates.

The Pilot Cybercartographic Atlas of the Risk of Homelessness is an interactive, open source, and interoperable online atlas. It was designed to objectively demonstrate that it is possible to effectively and accurately convey a complex social and political economy issue with the use of aesthetic cartographic techniques. The Atlas has also been used for educational purposes in social work classes to demonstrate evidence-based decision-making and to elicit critical discussions about the role of data and indicators in the formulation of social policy. The Atlas was developed by the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities Quality of Life Reporting System, the City of Toronto, the Communaute metropolitaine de Montreal and the City of Calgary. The chapter will discuss how the Atlas was developed, regional differences in terms of risk of homelessness, mapping social indicators, data access, as well as the importance of innovative data and information-sharing partnerships and collaborations.

This chapter demonstrates the power of the press. It shows how good journalism can bring people together who might not otherwise meet, and stimulate collaborations which result in concrete benefits for humanity. The basic rules of journalism are also defined. It states that a news story should have the structure of an inverted pyramid, with all the essential information in the first paragraph and the information content diminishing with each subsequent paragraph—this so that an editor can cut from the bottom without harming the story's integrity. The news machine is never satiated and it prefers controversy. The chapter also reviews the inadequate communication of risk in which readers are let down by a flawed reporting system. It very sensibly advises journalists to give a measure of absolute risk as well as one of relative risk—that is, to spell out that a 30 percent increased risk of stroke for those taking a certain drug corresponds to one extra stroke in every 5000 people taking the drug.

Publisher Summary During the 1970s and early 1980s, the electric industry's efforts to reduce raptor electrocutions in the United States were widespread and coordinated, but predictions about mitigating the problem were overly confident and today, raptors continue to be electrocuted, possibly in great numbers. Although there is no nationalized database of raptor mortality, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) maintains a centralized reporting system in Alaska. According to these database records, Alaska has documented 231 confirmed bald eagle electrocutions from 1978 to 2002. March through September 2002, EDM biologists visited electric utilities in Alaska to inspect distribution three-phase power poles. The areas surveyed have a history of bald eagle electrocutions and the purpose of the surveys was to identify high-risk overhead electric distribution structures for electrocutions in order to develop proactive retrofitting standards. Alaska power line electrocutions centered at artificial food concentration areas such as canneries, fish cleaning stations and municipal waste facilities. These food sources attract large numbers of eagles in the winter, sometimes resulting in feeding frenzies. When eagles concentrate in large numbers, they land on a variety of problematic structure types and occasionally fly into energized wires. Alaska retrofitting includes the insulation of exposed jumpers, equipment, perch deterrents, and in some situations, the complete covering of conductors to prevent fly-ins. Although retrofitting will reduce the risk of power line contacts, reducing artificial food sources is a critical component of reducing risks to eagles in Alaska.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the investigation of covert attacks with biological weapons, in which signs and symptoms of clinical illness are usually delayed so that the scope of the problem grows over hours and days. Without physical evidence of an attack or a credible announcement, the deliberate nature of the incident may not be suspected or discovered for some time, if ever. Given the heightened national state of alert currently, almost all outbreaks of diseases, regardless of size, should be evaluated considering the possibility of bioterrorism or agro-terrorism. In many cases a rapid, well conducted etiologic and epidemiologic investigation paired with an analysis of the distribution and number of reported cases provides important clues regarding the source of infection. Because of the threat of the use of biological weapons, a criteria and data to differentiate natural and deliberate disease outbreaks must be developed. The best tool to help differentiate an intentional attack from a natural epidemic is a robust disease surveillance and reporting system. For instance, developed countries generally have a historical record of natural disease outbreaks sufficient to form a distinct background against which potential covert acts can be judged. Most outbreaks of high consequence pathogens and toxins are likely to have an explanation when all the data is evaluated‥ The investigation team should have broad scientic expertise to encompass the pathogen(s) likely to cause the outbreak, and should include appropriate law enforcement officials. The implications of a proven attack or biocrime are so far reaching that any investigation resulting in such a conclusion must be so thorough as to survive the most rigorous of examinations.

Publisher Summary Biologic toxins are molecules produced by living organisms that are poisonous to other species; such as humans. Some biologic toxins are so potent and relatively easy to produce that they are classified as bio-threat agents. These are classified as; category A: botulinum neurotoxin and category B: ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and Clostridia perfringens epsilon toxin. This chapter focuses on these four bio-threat toxins and their forensic aspects. The common forensic threat for these agents is the first indication of a bio-terror event that is the appearance of intoxicated patients at local hospitals. Rapid appreciation that a biothreat event has occurred is dependent on astute clinicians and a reporting system that can recognize the clustering of cases, with a common clinical presentation consistent with intoxication. They are not contagious, as the threat agent is not a living organism. For the same reason, these agents cannot be routinely cultured, from either the patients or environment after exposure, making forensic detection more difficult. The toxins are all proteins composed of amino acid building blocks, therefore, it is not possible to amplify and detect their presence using PCR, or by any type of classic DNA hybridization technology. Rather, detection typically relies on the use of antibodies and serologic testing. Environmental and patient sampling followed by serologic testing is likely to provide the greatest amount of forensic information.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an historical perspective on the problem of children and fire. An examination of fire use in society suggests it is both revered and feared. On the one hand, fire is seen as crucial for human survival because of its role in such activities as heating and cooking, while it is also seen as dangerous and deadly. The latter perception is perhaps best illustrated by the description of hell as a place of eternal fire and damnation. This ambivalence concerning fire would appear to play a central role in explaining the dangerous and deadly mix of children and fire. Each family and culture has had to find ways to teach its young the proper and safe use of fire. The scope of the problem of children and fire is broken down into a discussion of children playing with fire, followed by a discussion of juvenile arson trends and patterns. Primary data sources include Children and Fire in the United States. Data provided by National Fire Incident Reporting System indicate that the majority of all child injuries and death are directly related to children playing with fire. Nearly two-fifths of all preschool deaths are due to child-playing fires. This risk is more than twice the risk of all age groups combined.

This chapter describes the background, functioning, and status of the European Commission's major accident reporting system (MARS), dedicated to collect in a consistent way data on major industrial accidents involving dangerous substances from the member states of the European Union. Initiatives have been taken in many countries around the world to provide industry, governmental, and research institutions with high quality information on past accidents as a means of future accident prevention. On the basis of such models, the formulation of practical measures to further increase industrial safety is possible. In the context of major industrial hazards, such data comprise knowledge on the causes, circumstances, evolution, and consequences of and responses to past industrial accidents. Information on the major accidents to be notified to MARS consists of both character and numeric types of data in free text, as well as in selection list type of format on events and circumstances leading to the major accident, descriptions of the evolution of the accident, consequences, emergency responses, and immediate lessons learned by the operator.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the completion of any radio installation project by a group till the programmed date successfully. All activities in the initial stages need to have been properly programmed and completed. This calls for a close monitoring and reporting system, particularly during the period of collaboration between these two groups. Computer print-outs, on project progress, and expenditure for control purposes are important requirements for large engineering projects. A period of two months has been found to be a reasonable period for projects to complete. On any project, it is possible that the critical path would change if the circumstances have a serious impact on the project. Although the critical path through a project is fairly constant, all contracts not on the critical path should be programmed in detail because many have little slack and require careful supervision. All project engineers should be provided with simplified print-outs and should be given clear guidance on the significance and operation of networks and print-outs. Network programs should be formulated by staff experienced in radioengineering and the requirements of the project for which the programme is produced. It is important to monitor all the activities in the project master program and all the individual contract activities.

This chapter provides an overview of the collection and reporting of specimens. In all routine laboratories the quality of the specimen has an effect on the tests that are performed and their results. It is essential that physicians know what specimens to send for a particular investigation, what container should be used and how quickly it should be delivered to the laboratory. On the other hand, it is equally important that the laboratory help the physician in these matters. Hospitals vary with the way in which specimens are collected from the wards. After the specimen has been processed in the laboratory, it is essential that the information obtained be conveyed to the physician. Reporting systems vary from hospital to hospital and no universal reporting system would necessarily be accepted by everyone. Cumulative reporting, if carried out correctly, is probably the most helpful way both to laboratory and physician.