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Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by maladaptive signaling in the prefrontal cortex and associated regions, however precisely how these drug-induced abnormalities may be linked to drug seeking/taking behaviors is not well understood. Here, in vivo local field potential (LFP) electrophysiology was used in rats to examine the relationship between overall spontaneous (resting state) activity within the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, and their functional connectivity, to cocaine taking and seeking behaviors. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine (0.33 mg/inf) or water reinforcement during 6-hour daily sessions over 2 weeks; extinction sessions were completed immediately after self-administration training and following 30 days experimenter-imposed abstinence. Rest LFP recordings were completed during 3 recording periods (15 min each in a chamber different from the self-administration context) conducted (1) prior to self-administration training (rest LFP 1) (2) immediately after 2 weeks of self-administration training (rest LFP 2) and (3) following 1 month abstinence (rest LFP 3). Our findings show that resting state LFP power in the PrL recorded prior to training (Rest LFP 1) was positively correlated with total cocaine intake and escalation of cocaine seeking at the beta frequency range. Immediately after self-administration training (Rest LFP 2) power in the NAc core at gamma frequency was negatively correlated with incubation of cocaine craving. For rats trained to self-administer water, no significant correlations were observed. Together, these findings show that resting state LFP at specific timepoints in the addiction cycle can serve as unique predictors (biomarkers) of cocaine use disorders.

Introduction: Carriers of oncohematological diseases are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Objective and method: To investigate the epidemiology of HBV infection in Goiânia, Central Brazil, 322 individuals with oncohematological diseases (leukemias, Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) were interviewed and blood samples were collected for the detection of serological markers of HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Medical records of participants were also reviewed. Results: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (n = 99) and chronic myeloid leukemia (n = 108) were the most frequent oncohematological diseases. The overall prevalence of HBV was 13.97% (45/322). Of the total participants, 8.69% (28/322) presented isolated positivity for anti-HBs, suggesting low vaccine coverage. HBV-DNA was detected in 25% (1/4) of HBsAg positive samples and in 25% (3/12) of anti-HBc isolated, suggesting HBV occult infection. All samples were identified as subgenotype A1. Entries in patient records and the findings of this investigation suggest anti-HBc seroconversion during oncologic treatment. Age 50 years or over and use of a central catheter during therapy were associated with HBV exposure. Conclusion: The low frequency of hepatitis B immunized individuals, detection of HBV DNA in HBsAg negative samples, and the suggestion of HBV exposure during treatment evidenced the potential for health-related viral dissemination in people with oncohematological diseases in our region, reinforcing the importance of serological monitoring, vaccination against hepatitis B, and adoption of strict infection control measures in these individuals. Keywords: Epidemiology, Hepatitis B, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Oncology

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of breakfast consumption and describe the foods and nutrients consumed at this meal and throughout the day by Brazilian adolescents. Method: A total of 7276 adolescents aged 10–19 years were evaluated in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008–9, a population-based cross-sectional study. Individuals’ information was collected at home. Dietary data were obtained by two food records. Breakfast was defined as the first eating occasion of the day that occurred between 6 and 9:59 am. Differences between breakfast consumers, occasional consumers, and skippers were tested through Pearson's chi-squared test or F-test of regression analysis. Results: Breakfast was consumed by 93% of adolescents and it was associated with age, income, geographic region and household area. The most frequently consumed foods at breakfast were white bread, coffee, butter/margarine, refined cookies and crackers, and whole milk. The mean daily intakes of total energy, sugar, and calcium were higher among occasional consumers and skippers. Breakfast consumers had higher intake of vitamins B12, C, and D. Breakfast contributed more to total intake of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A, B6, and D (17–32%), trans fat and sodium (about 30%) and less to folate, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and fiber (8–12%) and energy intake (16%). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of breakfast consumption among Brazilian adolescents was high, the overall nutritional quality of this meal is suboptimal, highlighting the need to support adolescents and their families to make more nutrient-dense food choices. Resumo: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de consumo de café da manhã e descrever os alimentos e nutrientes consumidos nessa refeição e durante todo o dia por adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Foram avaliados 7.276 adolescentes entre 10-19 anos no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009, um estudo transversal de base populacional. As informações dos indivíduos foram coletadas nos domicilios. Os dados alimentares foram obtidos por dois registros alimentares. O café da manhã foi definido como a primeira refeição do dia entre 6h00 e 9h59. As diferenças entre os consumidores de café da manhã, consumidores ocasionais e aqueles que não tomam café da manhã foram testadas por meio do teste de qui-quadrado ou teste F para análise de regressão. Resultados: O café da manhã foi consumido por 93% dos adolescentes e seu consumo foi associado à idade, renda, região geográfica e área residencial. Os alimentos mais frequentemente consumidos foram pão branco, café, manteiga/margarina, biscoitos e bolachas refinados e leite integral. A ingestão média diária de energia total, açúcar e cálcio foi maior entre os consumidores ocasionais e aqueles que não tomam café da manhã. Aqueles que tomam café da manhã apresentam maior ingestão de vitaminas B12, C e D. O café da manhã contribuiu mais para a ingestão total de cálcio, fósforo, tiamina, riboflavina e vitaminas A, B6 e D (17%-32%), gordura trans e sódio (cerca de 30%) e menos para a ingestão de ácido fólico, vitamina C, ferro, zinco e fibras (8%-12%) e energia (16%). Conclusões: Apesar de a prevalência de consumo de café da manhã entre os adolescentes brasileiros ter sido alta, a qualidade nutricional dessa refeição está abaixo do ideal, destaca a necessidade de apoio aos adolescentes e suas famílias para possibilitar a escolha de alimentos mais densos em nutrientes. Keywords: Breakfast, Adolescent, Food intake, Nutritional requirements, Brazil, Palavras-chave: Café da manhã, Adolescente, Ingestão de alimentos, Necessidades nutricionais, Brasil

The effects of transgenically encoded human and mouse IL-18 on T cell proliferation and its application in boosting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are presented. Robust enhancement of proliferation of IL-18-secreting human T cells occurred in a xenograft model, and this was dependent on TCR and IL-18R signaling. IL-18 augmented IFN-γ secretion and proliferation of T cells activated by the endogenous TCR. TCR-deficient, human IL-18-expressing CD19 CAR T cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and antitumor activity in the xenograft model. Antigen-propelled activation of cytokine helper ensemble (APACHE) CAR T cells displayed inducible expression of IL-18 and enhanced antitumor immunity. In an intact mouse tumor model, CD19-IL-18 CAR T cells induced deeper B cell aplasia, significantly enhanced CAR T cell proliferation, and effectively augmented antitumor effects in mice with B16F10 melanoma. These findings point to a strategy to develop universal CAR T cells for patients with solid tumors.

It is well-established that children from low-income, under-resourced families are at increased risk of altered social development. However, the biological mechanisms by which poverty-related adversities can “get under the skin” to influence social behavior are poorly understood and cannot be easily ascertained using human research alone. This study utilized a rodent model of “scarcity-adversity,” which encompasses material resource deprivation (scarcity) and reduced caregiving quality (adversity), to explore how early-life scarcity-adversity causally influences social behavior via disruption of developing stress physiology. Results showed that early-life scarcity-adversity exposure increased social avoidance when offspring were tested in a social approach test in peri-adolescence. Furthermore, early-life scarcity-adversity led to blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity as measured via adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) reactivity following the social approach test. Western blot analysis of brain tissue revealed that glucocorticoid receptor levels in the dorsal (but not ventral) hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex were significantly elevated in scarcity-adversity reared rats following the social approach test. Finally, pharmacological repletion of CORT in scarcity-adversity reared peri-adolescents rescued social behavior. Our findings provide causal support that early-life scarcity-adversity exposure negatively impacts social development via a hypocorticosteronism-dependent mechanism, which can be targeted via CORT administration to rescue social behavior. Keywords: Social behavior, Social avoidance, CORT, Corticosterone, Cortisol, Development, Prefrontal cortex, Glucocorticoid, Hippocampus, Stress, Early-life adversity, Poverty, Scarcity, Hypocorticosteronism, Hypocortisolism, HPA axis

Background: Environmental phenols, compounds used widely in personal care and consumer products, are known endocrine disruptors. Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association of phenol biomarkers with breast cancer incidence and, to our knowledge, none have considered associations with mortality following breast cancer. We examined seven urinary phenol biomarkers in association with breast cancer incidence and subsequent mortality, and examined effect measure modification by body mass index (BMI). Methods: Participants included 711 women with breast cancer and 598 women without breast cancer who were interviewed for the population-based Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Among women with breast cancer, phenol biomarkers were quantified in spot urine samples collected on average within three months of a first diagnosis of primary in situ or invasive breast cancer in 1996–1997. Women with breast cancer were monitored for vital status using the National Death Index. After a median follow-up of 17.6 years, we identified 271 deaths, including 98 deaths from breast cancer. We examined creatinine-corrected phenol concentrations and the sum of parabens (Σparabens) in association with breast cancer incidence using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and with mortality using Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. We evaluated multiplicative effect measure modification using cross-product terms in nested models. Results: The highest (vs lowest) quintiles of urinary methylparaben, propylparaben, and Σparabens were associated with risk of breast cancer with ORs ranging from 1.31 to 1.50. Methylparaben, propylparaben, and Σparabens were also associated with all-cause mortality HRs ranging from 0.68 to 0.77. Associations for breast cancer incidence were more pronounced among women with BMI

Trauma experienced in early life has unique neurobehavioral outcomes related to later life psychiatric sequelae. Recent evidence has further highlighted the context of infant trauma as critical, with trauma experienced within species-atypical aberrations in caregiving quality as particularly detrimental. Using data from primarily rodent models, we review the literature on the interaction between trauma and attachment in early life, which highlights the role of the caregiver’s presence in engagement of attachment brain circuitry and suppressing threat processing by the amygdala. Together these data suggest that infant trauma processing and its enduring effects are impacted by both the immaturity of brain areas for processing trauma and the unique functioning of the early-life brain, which is biased towards forming robust attachments regardless of the quality of care. Understanding the critical role of the caregiver in further altering early life brain processing of trauma is important for developing age-relevant treatment and interventions. Keywords: Trauma, Attachment, Amygdala, Development, Stress, Sensitive period

Objetivando determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) em hemofílicos em Goiás, analisar os fatores de risco associados e avaliar a resposta vacinal contra hepatite B, 102 pacientes foram entrevistados e amostras sangüíneas coletadas para detecção dos seguintes marcadores sorológicos: HBsAg, anti-HBs e anti-HBc. Uma prevalência global de 43,7% (IC 95%: 33,5-54,2) para infecção pelo HBV foi encontrada. A análise multivariada dos fatores de risco mostrou que o número de episódios transfusionais e sorologia positiva para o vírus da hepatite C estiveram significantemente associados à positividade ao HBV. Foram identificados 49 (48,1%) hemofílicos susceptíveis a esta infecção, sendo imunizados 30 pacientes com a vacina recombinante Euvax-B. Destes, 28 (93,3%) indivíduos apresentaram títulos de anti-HBs maiores que 10 UI/L, o que mostra uma boa resposta à vacina. Os achados deste estudo ressaltam a importância das medidas de controle e prevenção da hepatite B nesta população.In order to study the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B in hemophiliacs in Goiás, 102 patients were interviewed and blood samples collected and screened for the following serological markers: HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. An overall prevalence of 43.7% (95% IC: 33.5-54.2) was found to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that the number of transfusions and positive serology for hepatitis C virus were significantly associated with HBV positivity. There were 48 (48.1%) susceptible patients for this infection, of whom 30 were immunized with the Euvax-B vaccine. Among them, 28 (93.3%) individuals developed anti-HBs titers higher than 10 IU/L. Thus, a good response was observed in the studied population. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of strategies of control and prevention of hepatitis B in this population.

OBJETIVO: Através de revisão bibliográfica, orientar o transporte seguro da criança e do adolescente e o seu comportamento como ciclista e pedestre. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica através do banco de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, utilizando os seguintes termos: acidentes de trânsito, criança, adolescente, morbidade, mortalidade, faixas etárias e gênero, no período de 1995 a 2005. Foram selecionados artigos científicos que relataram estudos de morbimortalidade por acidentes de trânsito, criança na situação de pedestre, ciclista e passageira de veículo a motor. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram encontrados mais de 300 artigos científicos, sendo selecionados aqueles que tratassem dos assuntos em questão de forma mais geral. CONCLUSÕES: A mortalidade no trânsito ainda é muito alta e mostra a necessidade de intensificar investimentos em medidas efetivas de segurança para pedestres, passageiros e condutores de veículos, reforço das leis e de controle ambiental, além de campanhas e ações educativas continuadas de conscientização da comunidade. O pediatra pode colaborar nesse processo por meio da orientação e educação, no âmbito clínico e na comunidade.ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To instruct children and teenagers about safe transportation and about their behavior as cyclists and pedestrians. SOURCES OF DATA: The MEDLINE and LILACS databases were searched, using the following terms, from 1995 to 2005: traffic accidents, child, adolescent, morbidity, mortality, age, and gender. Scientific articles on morbidity and mortality from traffic accidents, children in a pedestrian situation, as cyclists or as motor vehicle passengers, were selected. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: More than 300 scientific articles were found, but only the studies that addressed those issues in a broad manner were selected. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic-related mortality rates are still very high and show the necessity to intensify educational campaigns for community awareness, in addition to encouraging investments in effective pedestrian safety. The pediatrician's role is to decrease the number of children and adolescents who get involved in traffic accidents by providing them with traffic guidance and education.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of TB patients undergo multiple courses of long-term treatment. AIM: To gain molecular insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis variation during long-term observation and treatment of chronic tuberculosis (TB) patients. METHOD: The retrospective study enrolled nine tuberculosis patients who had multiple episodes of receiving anti-TB chemotherapy during long-term observation (up to 7 years). M. tuberculosis isolates (2-3 per patient) were available and subjected to whole genome sequencing using MiSeq (Illumina) followed by bioinformatics analysis with Geneious R (Biomatters), SAM-TB and Phyresse online tools. This research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant 24-44-00004). RESULTS: Analysis of serial isolates from the same patient recovered in the course of long-term observation showed an increase in mutations in the drug resistance genes in strains of the Beijing B0/W148 cluster (Russian epidemic strain). The first isolates from 8 patients were MDR, from 5 – pre-XDR. In the follow-up, XDR strains were isolated from three more MDR-TB patients (2 strains of cluster B0/W148 and 1 strain of cluster 94-32). Mutations in eis, folC, pncA emerged in the last available isolates. In one isolate, Rv0678 Arg134Stop mutation (bedaquiline resistance) was present. CONCLUSION: Beijing B0/W148 cluster strains showed capacity to readily acquire drug resistance mutations during long-term treatment. In contrast, Beijing Central Asian/Russian clade was more stable with regard to mutations associated with drug resistance over a long period of observation. While strain itself did not change, fluctuating resistance mutations, emerging/disappearing in some consecutive isolates may reflect compartmentalization of TB infection in a patient.

Background: Although sleep duration and sleep-related breathing disorders were associated with dementia previously, few studies examined the association between circadian rhythm association and cognitive status. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association of rest and activity rhythm with cognitive performance in older people with cognitive complaints and less education. Methods: Activity rhythm was evaluated with wrist actigraphy in 109 community-dwelling older people with cognitive complaints without diagnosed dementia. Each participant completed a neuropsychological battery and was classified as having cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, or normal cognition. We used adjusted multinomial logistic regression and linear regression models to compare sleep and circadian non-parametric measures with cognitive groups and cognitive z-scores, respectively. Results: The mean age of the 109 participants was 79.3 ± 6.3 years old, 74% were women, 68% were white, and the mean education was 5.6 ± 5.2 years. Daytime activity intensity was associated with better language (β = 0.178; 95% CI = 0.022, 0.334; p = 0.03) and visuospatial performance (β = 0.158; 95%CI = 0.008, 0.308; p = 0.04). Also, less fragmented rhythm was associated with better visuospatial (β = 0.172; 95%CI = 0.025, 0.320; p = 0.02) and global cognitive scores (β = 0.134; 95%CI = 0.005, 0.263; p = 0.04). More interdaily stability was associated with a lower risk of MCI and dementia (RR = 0.54; 95%CI = 0.29–0.99; p = 0.04, and RR = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.21–0.94; p = 0.03, respectively). Moreover, more daytime activity (RR = 0.40; 95%CI = 0.18–0.89; p = 0.02) and less rhythm fragmentation (RR = 0.31; 95%CI = 0.14–0.73; p = 0.007) were associated with lower risk for dementia. Conclusion: Daytime activity intensity and fragmented rhythm during the day and night may play an important role as markers for cognitive impairment in less educated populations. Future studies with larger samples should confirm these findings.

Resumen: Introducción: la educación interprofesional incluye diversas estrategias educativas para promover competencias como comunicación, ética, reflexión crítica y procesos de salud y calidad. Se incluyen participantes de diversas disciplinas en el proceso educativo. Como parte del proceso educativo, la evaluación de estas competencias se hace indispensable. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar un instrumento de evaluación de competencias para el trabajo interprofesional y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Material y método: se diseñó un instrumento que mide 4 competencias (comunicación, aprendizaje y reflexión crítica, procesos de salud y calidad, y ética y valores) en 3 dimensiones (liderazgo y trabajo en equipo, roles y responsabilidades, atención centrada en el paciente). Para el estudio de validez de contenido se hizo un jueceo de expertos. Debido a que este instrumento puede ser utilizado como 7 instrumentos separados, o bien, como la combinación de varios de ellos: por dimensiones o por competencias; se realizaron 7 análisis factoriales exploratorios independientes, 4 por competencias y 3 por dimensiones por el método de componentes principales con rotación varimax, prueba de Bartlett y KMO. Para el análisis de confiabilidad se realizó un análisis de alfa de Cronbach por cada dimensión, por cada competencia y 2 generales (uno por la evaluación de dimensiones y otro para la evaluación de competencias). Resultados: se describen las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en cada una de sus modalidades. Muestra adecuadas propiedades para su uso en la población mexicana. Conclusiones: el instrumento es adecuado para medir las competencias de trabajo interprofesional desde diferentes dimensiones. Abstract: Introduction: Interprofessional education includes diverse strategies in order to promote competencies such as communication, ethics, critic reflection and quality processes. It is characterized by simultaneously including diverse discipline participants in the educative process. The assessment of these competencies is essential. Aim: To design an assessment instrument for interprofessional health workers competencies and to measure its psychometric properties. Method: An assessment instrument was designed, it included four competencies (communication, learning and critical reflection, quality and health processes, and ethics and values); in three dimensions (leadership and team work, roles and responsibilities, patient centered care). For content validity assessment, an expert judgement was made. Due to the fact that this instrument can be used as seven separate instruments, or, as well, as the combination of several of them due to intersection of the items between dimensions and competencies; seven exploratory factorial analysis were performed, four by competencies, and three by dimensions. The exploratory factorial analysis used varimax rotation, Bartlett test and KMO.For reliability assessment Cronbach´s Alpha was performed for each dimension, for each competency and two general ones (one for dimension assessment and another one for competencies). Results: Psychometric properties of the instrument are described. It shows adequate properties to be used in Mexican population. Conclusions: The instrument is suitable for measuring interprofessional work competencies from different dimensions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the P11-4 Self-Assembly Peptide and Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP-1) on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to Caries-Affected Dentin (CAD) after 24h. METHODS: Dentin slices were sectioned from 48 human third molars, randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): sound dentin [C+]; CAD [C]; CAD with DMP-1 [DMP-1] at 1μg/ml; CAD with P11-4 [P11-4] at 1 μg/ml; CAD with P11-4 [1P11-4] at 1mg/ml; and CAD with a combination of DMP-1 at 1 μg/ml and P11-4 at 0.5 μg/ml [DMP-1/P11-4]. Artificial caries lesions were created on the dentin surfaces of CAD groups (S.mutans, UA159). After selective caries removal, the respective treatments were applied. A 50μL dose of each biomineralization agent was used on the DAC for 5 minutes, and excess removed. Subsequently, 50μL of a supersaturated calcium and phosphate solution was added for 1 minute. The bonding steps followed manufacturer's guidelines (Adper™ Singlebond2, 3M™ Oral Care), and a resin composite layer was added. Specimens were kept in Simulated Body Fluid solution (SBF) for 24 hours at 37ÅãC, simulating pulpal pressure. Sectioned beams (1mm2) were submitted to μTBS test. Group comparisons utilized one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc tests, and Dunnett's test against control groups, with pre-set α = 0.05. Chi-square test was conducted on the failure pattern (CI = 95%). RESULTS: C+ presented the highest μTBS values (p

Background: Studies using tasks that measure suicide-specific attentional biases have not specified which attentional processes are related to risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This study distinguished suicide-specific engagement and disengagement biases from other forms of cognitive processing and investigated under which affective conditions suicide-specific biases emerged. Method: An ethnoracially and socioeconomically diverse sample of 153 young adults (87 % female; 52 % Non-Hispanic White), ages 18–34, with moderate-to-high symptoms of anxiety, depression, or recent suicide ideation were randomly assigned to experience positive, negative, or neutral affect, completed cognitive tasks of attention, construct accessibility, and threat bias, and self-report measures. Results: Individuals with recent ideation displayed facilitated disengagement from suicide-specific stimuli irrespective of affective state. Those with distal ideation showed slower disengagement from suicide-specific stimuli in the sad condition only. Conclusions: Individuals with recent suicide ideation display automatic processing of suicide-related information, perhaps due to recent rehearsal of suicide-related content. In contrast, individuals with distal ideation experiencing negative affect appear to have difficulty disengaging attention from suicide-related content. Limits to generalizability of the findings include a predominantly female sample, although the sample’s racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity increase generality of the research.

Background: The Work Ability Index (WAI) is an instrument that measures work ability. The wide dispersion of the WAI internationally has led to its adaptation for use in different countries. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the WAI. Methods: A methodological design was used over an opportunistic sample of 233 workers in the aeronautical industry in Spain. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency. Factorial validity, known groups, and convergent validity were tested. Results: The Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation indicated an adequate internal consistency. The confirmatory factor analysis, performed to evaluate the factorial validity, found adequate fit indices for a two-factor solution with a high correlation between the factors. Factor 1, “Subjectively estimated work ability and resources”, was composed of 3 subscales and factor 2, “Ill-health-related”, of 2 subscales. Subscales 4 and 6 had loading in both factors. Workers under 45 years of age obtained higher significant scores than older ones. Convergent validity was also evidenced since WAI was highly correlated with self-assessment of health status. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the WAI has shown evidence of reliability and validity in this study, supporting its use in individual and collective health surveillance by occupational health professionals. The factorial solution that was found has previously been reported in another international context. However, further research is needed to resolve the discrepancies detected in the role of some subscales between other national and international studies.