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Worldwide, preterm birth (PTB) is a significant cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Surprisingly, the rate of PTB in the United States is among the top 10 nations in the world, comparable to those of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria. However, there is no predictive biomarker or understanding of the mechanisms of PTB. Recent evidence suggests that the vaginal microbiome can be clustered into Community State Types (CST) and is altered in various obstetrical syndromes. The review aimed to summarize multiple studies on the vaginal microbiome and PTB and identify a particular microbe or CST associated with PTB. We hypothesized that there exists a specific microorganism that, when dominant within the vaginal microbiome, is protective against PTB. We hypothesized that the absence of a particular microbe or CST is a risk factor for PTB. To answer this question, we reviewed the current literature aiming to identify such a microorganism or a group of microorganisms. Our results indicate that no particular microbe or CST can be implicated in PTB. However, the review suggests that an increase in alpha and beta diversity of the vaginal microbiome can be predictive and involved in the pathogenesis of PTB.

Background: During humanitarian crises and severe epidemics, life-saving care for non-communicable disease must be sustained. Data from a 2019 household survey showed high rates of hypertension (39·5%), diabetes (19·3%), or both conditions (13·5%) in Syrian refugees aged 30 years and older in northern Jordan. Patients with comorbidities are known to be at risk of severe COVID-19 disease and, as refugees, Syrians might be under-detected by current COVID-19 surveillance programmes. Furthermore, refugee health clinics were temporarily closed in March, 2020 because of COVID-19 control measures. Here, we describe how an existing community health volunteer (CHV) strategy was modified during the COVID-19 pandemic to support non-communicable disease care in Syrian refugees with hypertension and diabetes living in northern Jordan. Methods: In June, 2020, nurses enrolled a cohort of Syrian patients with hypertension, diabetes, or both conditions from clinics in Ramtha and Mafraq, Jordan, to establish their disease stability and medication needs. Jordanian and Syrian CHVs who were originally recruited for a study of non-communicable disease care followed up every patient with a monthly telephone call to provide education on self-management and psychosocial support, ensure sufficient medication, assess adherence to medication, and screen for complications that required urgent referral and COVID-19 symptoms. We undertook a cohort analysis of routine data to analyse monthly trends in adherence as well as incidence of critical incidents such as urgent complications, medication stockouts, and symptoms of COVID-19. Findings: Between June 28 and Oct 1, 2020, we enrolled 1140 patients; 1119 patients (98%) with verified telephone numbers were contacted with at least one telephone call and 953 patients (85%) with three calls. Most patients were female (696 [62·5%]), mean age was 57·5 years (IQR 49·4—65·6); 601 patients (54%) had both hypertension and diabetes, 419 patients (37·7%) had hypertension, and 93 patients (8·4%) had diabetes. Self-reported monthly adherence to medications over the past 5 days and 30 days remained greater than 90% and did not differ between conditions. Of 3143 consults, 159 (5%) were escalated for urgent needs, and 69 (2%) indicated suspected COVID-19 symptoms with two cases meeting the criteria for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing. By month 3, the incidence of urgent complications, medication stockouts, and COVID-19 symptoms remained low (19·9, 68·2, and 12·6, respectively, per 1000 population) and could be responded to rapidly. Interpretation: The CHV programme enabled continuous monitoring of refugees with hypertension and diabetes during severely disrupted clinical services as well as screening for COVID-19 symptoms. Community health volunteers can extend primary care for noncommunicable diseases to refugees and counter poor continuous access to care and service disruptions caused by protracted crises and severe epidemics. Funding: Enhanced Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance/Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises.