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Invisible orthodontic treatment is an effective form of malocclusion treatment favored in recent years. The magnitude of its orthodontic force has a crucial impact on the outcome of the treatment and has gained a high level of clinical interest. However, there are very few explorations of in vivo measurements of orthodontic force, and existing studies are limited to a large number of couplings, which are inconvenient for clinical use. In this work, we developed a wireless flexible measurement system that allows quantitative measurement of the orthodontic force of an invisible aligner on a dental model. The system is wireless, tiny, flexible, fast responding, and has a range suitable for the range of orthodontic forces. We show the difference in the orthodontic force applied to different tooth positions and the difference in the orthodontic force applied to different positions of the same tooth. In addition, the system can evaluate the mechanical differences between aligners of different brands and materials as well as the deviation of fabrication results. This system provides a test tool and evaluation method for future real-time assessment of clinical orthodontic forces.

The study encompassed quantitative traits of the Shaka cattle reared in Shaka zone, Anderacha and Masha weredas of south western, Ethiopia. The study covered quantitative parameters which were taken from 240 cows and 120 bulls from randomly slected120 households. The means for the quantitative traits were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test, the values were considered significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01. The results of morphometrical measurements of bulls reared at Masha wereda had wider (P < 0.05) values for their pelvic width and the Chest Depth for the bulls aged ≥7 years was higher (P < 0.01). While the canon bone circumference was also wider when compared to the bulls reared at Anderacha wereda. Contrary the bulls aged ≤5 years and reared at Anderacha wereda had higher (P < 0.05) for Body Weight, Height at Withers and Chest Depth. Morphometrical measurement for cows ≤5 year age group and reared at Masha wereda have longer (P < 0.05) Neck Length and for cows ≥7 years have wider (P < 0.05) Hock Bone Circumference and Pelvic Width. Contrary the cows aged ≤5 years raised at Anderacha wereda has wider (P < 0.05) for Cannon Bone Circumference, and (P < 0.01) for Chest Girth, higher Body Weight, Rump Length, Ear Length, Neck Circumference and Chest Depth. Among the cows aged ≥7 years have longer (P < 0.01) face length and deeper (P < 0.05) Chest. There is a significant difference in the length index (LI2) and body ratio (BR) (P < 0.05) throughout the research locations, with Anderacha wereda having the higher result, and Masha wereda having the higher depth index (DI) and transverse pelvic index (TPI) (P < 0.05).The results of body indices of both sex indicate that, the cattle is suited for grazing in the forest areas and are of dual type.

Objectives: To compile intra-operative techniques, established imaging parameters, available equipment and software, and clinical applications of intraoperative ultrasound imaging (IOUSI) for spinal cord injury (SCI) and myelopathy., Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. The articles were reviewed and selected by 2 independent researchers. After article selection, data were extracted and summarized into research domains. PRISMA systematic review process was followed., Results: Of the 2477 articles screened, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria. In patients with SCI and myelopathy, common quantitative measurements obtained using IOUSI were noted: 1) ultrasound elastography, 2) midsagittal anteroposterior diameter, 3) transverse, 4) transverse diameter, 5) maximum spinal cord compression, and 6) compression ratioTo ensure adequate decompression and to look for residual compression, the lateral and the craniocaudal margins of the laminectomy site were inspected in both axial and sagittal planes. In instances where quantitative assessment was not possible, cord decompression and degree of residual compression were gauged by inspecting the interface between the ventral border of the spinal cord and any potentially compressive elements, and by searching for symmetric and rhythmic cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasoundand molecular imaging are additional advances in objective assessments for SCI and myelopathy., Conclusions: This review outlines the potential of IOUSI in patients presenting with SCI and myelopathy. Moreover, by identifying potential for inter-operator variability in certain subjective measurements, we illustrate the need for further research to quantify and standardize those assessments., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The purpose of this study is to develop MRI methods to measure the solid fraction in granular flows quantitatively. It is increasingly recognised that solid fraction plays a key role in granular rheology, but experimental characterisation of it during flow is challenging. Here centric sectoral-SPRITE imaging is applied to image mustard seeds discharging from a 3D-printed hopper. Quantitative images are obtained after considering and correcting artefacts that may arise from flow and relaxation. The image intensity is then further corrected for spatial variations in the B 1 field. Various maps of nominally homogeneous samples were tested to correct for variations in the B 1 field. The B 1 field was found to be sensitive to the geometry of the sample and the material in the sample. Hence, here static images of the seeds in the hopper were used to correct for B 1 field variations. Moreover, small signal variations were observed from measurements performed on different days owing to subtle differences in the spectrometer operation. Here an internal standard was used to scale the signal intensity and correct for these variations. Following these corrections, a linear correlation (R 2  = 0.999) was observed between the scaled image intensities and the known solid fractions of packed samples with solid fractions between 0.55 and 0.64. This correlation was used as a calibration of the 3D image of the hopper to extract quantitative time-averaged spatial maps of solid fraction during steady flow. The measurements were confirmed to be quantitative by also measuring the velocity of the particles. Together these measurements were used to calculate a mass flow rate in the hopper, which was consistent with the mass flow measured gravimetrically., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study describes a smart analysis platform capable of quantitative measurements using a multiplex lateral flow strip. Using the multi-mycotoxin strip, five fungal toxins were simultaneously and quantitatively detected in naturally contaminated wheat. First, a matrix-based standard curve was established for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN). Established on an open android system, the platform is able to read 6 lines on the strip simultaneously. The platform is equipped with a Quick Response code scanning model, which reads the established standard curves, and then rapidly quantify mycotoxins in naturally contaminated wheat. All the data and sample information are stored on a central server through the platform which is linked to the cloud. The limits of detection (LOD) for AFB1, FB1, T-2, DON, and ZEN in wheat were 4, 20, 10, 200, and 40 μg/kg and the visual cut off values was 20, 1000, 200, 4000, and 400 μg/kg, separately. To validate the platform and the multi-mycotoxin detection method, 10 wheat samples were analyzed and the results were in a good agreement with those obtained by LC-MS/MS. The platform will be a powerful tool for crop monitoring services., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)