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In this study, we examine whether reminders are able to overcome limited attention and effectively promote pro-environmental behavior. We conducted a natural field experiment with customers of a Swiss agricultural association that delivers weekly food boxes with vegetables in plastic bags. Treated customers received weekly reminders highlighting the option to return the plastic bags for reuse. Reminders were provided either as a flyer added to the food box or as a sticker directly attached to one of the plastic bags. We find that the flyer and sticker reminders are similarly effective in reducing plastic waste during the intervention period. Importantly, customers are most likely to return those plastic bags marked with an action-close sticker reminder that raises attention at the time of the desired behavioral change. This study provides insights into the attentional mechanisms underlying reminder effects and highlights action-closeness as an opportunity to effectively implement reminders in practice. Keywords Limited attention; Reminders; Nudge; Plastic waste; Natural field experiment

Plastic bag suffocation has been reported in cases of homicide, suicide, and accidental death, with an increase in numbers of suicide and accidental deaths. Though case reports are abundant, decomposition studies have not been performed. This study utilised 20 Sus scrofa domesticus to quantify the effect of a plastic bag covering the head on the rate and pattern of decomposition. A sample group of ten carcasses had plastic bags placed over the heads, with another ten carcasses acting as a control group, without a head covering. The carcasses were placed in an open field to decompose. Over the course of 52 days, data were collected bi-weekly on the rate and pattern of decomposition. The results show that a plastic bag covering the head of a carcass has an overall decreased effect on the rate of decomposition, compared to the control group. The decomposition pattern of head > trunk > limb in decreasing decomposition rate was not affected by the plastic bag; however, in comparison to the control group, the decomposition of the head and trunk regions differed significantly, while the limbs stayed unaffected. The heads of the sample group showed a decrease in decomposition rate, while the trunks showed an increase. This was deemed due to an increase in insect activity at the trunk and a decrease in activity at the head. An altered PMI calculation is provided.

This work presents a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation for the short-term scheduling of a multistage multiproduct batch facility producing different types of plastic bags. Given a number of customer orders that must be satisfied at specific due dates, the proposed model is able to determine the optimal assignment of orders to units and the sequence of orders on each unit at every processing stage. In contrast to previous works, it allows calculating both the processing rate of each equipment and the processing time of each product as a function of the bag’s parameters. Also, the number and diameter of film rolls obtained in the extrusion step as well as the product quality are accounted for in the model. Two alternative performance criteria are used. The first minimizes the delay in the delivery (tardiness) of all orders in the scheduling horizon while the second minimizes the total time required for processing all the orders (makespan). The model efficiency has been evaluated using real data from a plant located in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The results demonstrate the improvements obtained with the proposed model when compared to the actual situation in the company.

Reducing plastic waste has become an urgent global challenge. To help fight this problem, European countries have undertaken the mission to reduce lightweight plastic bag consumption. In 2014, Portugal implemented a charge on lightweight plastic bags, calling for an adjustment from both consumers and firms. The present re- search aims to study the psychosocial and economic impacts of this tax measure, namely in terms of acceptability of the measure, potential attitude and behaviour changes, and impact on plastic bag markets. The psychosocial impacts were studied based on an online survey (N = 198) and on available datasets illustrating societal trends. Survey results showed that participants agreed with the charge and with widening it to all types of plastic bags. They attributed environmental motives to its implementation, developed reuse habits and mentioned a de- creased consumption of disposable plastics. In addition, individuals appear more concerned with the impacts of everyday plastic products in the environment, and more willing to pay higher taxes and prices to protect the environment. The economic impacts were studied using available data on the charge revenue and on the production and sales of plastic bags, among others. We illustrate that the implementation of the charge led to a sharp fall in the use of lightweight bags, generating a decrease in the production and sale of plastic bags overall, while avoiding significant impacts on the relevant economic sectors. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

This chapter examines the EU legislation (directives and regulations) related to flexible packaging and packaging waste. It also briefly reviews the legislation and regulative measures taken in selected countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, China, India, and Southeast Asia. The two main frameworks that are applied in the packaging industry for the effective control of waste, namely the Sustainable materials management and the circular economy, are also examined. Further, the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) environmental policy approach is discussed, as well the obligations of the producers for the removal of single-use plastic products pursuant to the EPR provisions as described in Directive (EU) 2019/904. Finally, the various programs, initiatives, and campaigns to raise awareness and encourage consumers to recycle packaging films and plastic bags are presented.

This paper examines the business impact of the legislation in England requiring retailers to charge consumers for single-use carrier bags. The legislation impacts three key stakeholders – Government, retailers, and consumers. The primary focus of this study is, however, from the perspective of retailers and how this group of stakeholders may have benefitted from the charge. Retailers are using the collected revenues to promote their image in the marketplace and presenting themselves as corporate social responsible entities. For retailers, the charge provides an avenue for bolstering their carbon footprint as consumers are expected to reuse their plastic bags – i.e. the “bag for life” as they now have to pay for them. At the same time, the proceeds are helping some retailers to top up their coffers which to some extent implies that there is some misuse or abuse of the policy by retailers.

Nowadays, with so many concerns for the environment, the use of reusable plastic bags is becoming routine, instead of the use of polluting single-use plastic bags. However, this is controversial in terms of food safety, since consumers transport many different foods, which could contaminate their bags and pose a risk to their health due to cross-contamination. This study aimed to detect or enumerate several indicators/pathogens from 30 used reusable plastic (polypropylene) bags and, to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles after identification by 16s rRNA of each isolated microorganism. Several genera of Enterobacteriaceae, coagulase-negative staphylococci and also Listeria monocytogenes were found in the reusable plastic bags analyzed. In general, high percentages of antibiotics resistance were found, highlighting the elevated occurrence of multi-resistant isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae. This study demonstrates the level and variety of microbial contamination of some used reusable plastic bags. No correlation was found between microbial levels and the visual appearance of each bag demonstrating that appearance is not a reliable datum about the bag contamination. We believe that this study could help the competent authorities taking measures to alert consumers to good food safety practices, not only in their kitchens, but also in the bags that carry their food.

The demand for chemical-free food has driven the use of pesticides based on microbial agents for integrated pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi have been widely used and are considered important biological control agents. Fungal biomass and conidia production are carried out regularly by solid-state fermentation at different scales. This chapter presents some examples of the traditional process for conidia production from different biological control agents; first some characteristics are described on the use of plastic bags as bioreactors; then this chapter will focus on studies aimed at the production of fungal conidia in either static or agitated bioreactors, under solid-state fermentation, and their achievement at industrial level.

In the 20th century, massive changes in the medical milieu greatly improved the management of pretty much the whole of medicine including epidural hemorrhage. An infrastructure of hospitals and transport became available. Professional organizations of medical professionals improved standards. The introduction of technical advances from angiography to computerized imaging finally permitted the epidural bleeds to be visualized in real time. Moreover, blood and fluid transfusion with plastic bags and tubes increased the safety of surgery.

This work examines wood fiber-based paper materials that are widely used throughout the world in packaging applications. Two of the advantages of using wood fiber based paper are in their strength and cost. They are natural, recyclable, biodegradable, and versatile materials backed by a dynamic and innovative paper industry. As a result of their biodegradability, its impact on environment as compared with plastic bags is very friendly. The recommended specification for normal moisture content of paper on a dry weight basis is 5%±2% and the paper materials must be tested at standard conditions of 23±2°C and 50%±2% RH, according to ASTM D 685 and TAPPI standard T402.

The table egg is a perishable food item with a limited shelf life. The fertile hatching egg also deteriorates in quality with age. Prolonged storage of eggs leads to the escape of water and carbon dioxide through the pores of the shell increasing albumen pH causing the egg white to become less viscous. To retain quality and minimize the opportunity for pathogen growth, both table and hatching eggs are collected frequently and stored in a humidified cooler. Current regulation in the United States requires that the ambient temperature of processed table eggs be maintained at 7.2°C (45°F) or below. Chicken hatching eggs are stored at 18°C (65°F). Intervention strategies to counter the decline in hatch rate with extended storage include a cooler storage temperature with eggs positioned with the small end up, and flushing nitrogen into plastic bags containing eggs that are subsequently sealed.

This chapter reviews the main international, regional, and selected national agreements and regulations that are related directly or indirectly to marine plastic debris (MPD). Legislative measures have also been presented for specific MPD, including fishing gear, buoys, plastic bags, food plastic packaging and tableware, microplastics, microfibers, cigarettes, and boats made from fiber-reinforced plastic composites.

A field study was conducted to investigate the reduction of plastic bag usage at supermarkets. Many behaviors leading to potential damage to the environment may be unintentional. This study applied a dual motivation model to plastic bag usage and examined the effects of an intervention aimed at promoting pro-environmental behavior. A voice prompt intervention was implemented in Japanese supermarkets. In the first (control) week, shoppers were given free plastic bags by the cashier. In the second (intervention) week, cashiers asked shoppers whether they wanted plastic bags. We collected observational and questionnaire measures of variables that predicted free plastic bag usage during the intervention. The results supported a dual motivation model of behavioral change. The voice prompt decreased the usage of plastic bags by both discouraging unintentional usage and encouraging an intentional reduction in usage. Possibilities for interventions designed both to attenuate unintentional motivation and to promote intentional motivation are considered.

Highlights • Skiing accidents can cause life threatening bleeding. • This is the first case in literature about open sacral trauma due to skiing. • De-epithelized skin flaps can be preferred in acute open sacral traumas., Introduction Various injuries are associated with winter sports, of which the most frequently encountered are traumas to the extremities. Sledding on hills using plastic-based materials appears to be one of the major forms of entertainment for children living in cities during winter. However, this can lead to injury because such areas are inappropriate for winter sports. Presentation of case We herein document a case of a 32-year-old male who presented to the emergency department following severe injury to the sacral region, caused by contact with a metal object while sledding with plastic bags. Patient had sacral defect including coccyx and sacral vertebrae and soft tissue. Primary closure, vacuum assisted closure and reconstruction with de-epithelized skin flap techniques were performed in 35 days period after injury. Discussion Winter sports are associated with a wide variety of injuries, but tissue defects are rare. Seroma formation due to dead spaces can occur in traumas causing bony and soft tissue loss in sacral region as seen in our case. In order overcome this problem primary closure can be delayed or defect can be filled with a bulky flaps. Conclusion This case represents the first report of this particular combination of injury and treatment.

Global biodegradable plastics market accounts for less than 1% of the overall plastics market, however, it is expected to grow at a fast pace over the next 5 years. The market growth is driven by continuous R&D activities, increased environmental awareness, and implementation of stringent environmental regulations. Biodegradable plastics have found their end-use in a variety of commercial applications. It is estimated that packaging and disposable housewares drive the biodegradable market. Foam packaging continues to represent significant market share for biodegradable plastics. Compostable bags, as well as single-use carrier plastic bags, follow foam packaging in terms of volume. This chapter focuses on discussing the different areas of commercial applications of biodegradable plastics such as packaging, bags and sacks, disposable housewares, agriculture and horticulture, medical devices, consumer electronics, and automotive.

The conceptual model of robotic cultivation and integrated processing of mushrooms was designed as a fully automatic installation with a modular structure and multiple workflows, which are compulsory for continuous production of organic fruiting bodies belonging to edible and medicinal mushrooms in fully aseptic conditions, with complete elimination of any human operator along the overall production chain. Starting from the thermo-sterilization of heat-resistant plastic bags filled with nutritive substrates, then going through robotic inoculation with liquid mycelium, and continuing the cultivation flow through mushroom incubation and fruit body formation inside sterilized and inoculated bags, which were placed in special growth rooms (with fully controlled atmosphere and robotic manipulation devices), the biotechnological process was designed to be finished by automatic crop harvesting of mushroom fruit bodies and aseptic removal of bags containing the exhausted substrates used for cultivation.

This paper quantifies the main impacts that the adoption of the best recycling practices together with a reduction in the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the adoption of a kerbside collection system could have on the 27 Member States of the EU. The main consequences in terms of employment, waste management costs, emissions and energy use have been quantified for two scenarios of polyethylene (PE) waste production and recycling. That is to say, a "business as usual scenario", where the 2012 performances of PE waste production and recycling are extrapolated to 2020, is compared to a "best practice scenario", where the best available recycling practices are modelled together with the possible adoption of the amended Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive related to the consumption of single-use plastic bags and the implementation of a kerbside collection system. The main results show that socio-economic and environmental benefits can be generated across the EU by the implementation of the best practice scenario. In particular, estimations show a possible reduction of 4.4 million tonnes of non-recycled PE waste, together with a reduction of around €90 million in waste management costs in 2020 for the best practice scenario versus the business as usual scenario. An additional 35,622 jobs are also expected to be created. In environmental terms, the quantity of CO2 equivalent emissions could be reduced by around 1.46 million tonnes and the net energy requirements are expected to increase by 16.5 million GJ as a consequence of the reduction in the energy produced from waste. The main analysis provided in this paper, together with the data and the model presented, can be useful to identify the possible costs and benefits that the implementation of PE waste policies and Directives could generate for the EU.

Images are used on all types of packaging: plastic bags, cans, boxes, bottles, and paper containers. The high volume of photography on food packaging creates work opportunities for food stylists and photographers. If you don’t have this type of image in your portfolio, you might want to consider adding at least one. When a client whose product is packaged foods hires a photographer and stylist to work on images, the client usually has specific uses in mind for the images, called serving suggestions . These images may be used for a wide variety of purposes: advertising in print, packaging, promotional venues (for instance on the side of a delivery truck), and so on.

Publisher Summary Unintended cutting may concern a deliberate cutting operation that goes wrong, or may start out as something not remotely connected with cutting, such as, holes in socks formed by overgrown toenails, when a ship hits a rock and is holed below the waterline. Many accidents, especially with colliding vehicles, can occur at high rates, and cutting during an impact can be different from quasi-static experience. All accidental cutting do not occur at high speed, but very often happens when control is lost and something slips. A device to absorb energy in steering columns of cars by tube inversion/eversion involves a metal tube being completely rolled up inside or outside. The efficiency of the device is impaired should the tubes crack, and prediction of the number of cracks that forms shows how a transition from plastic flow alone, to plasticity, and fracture, can take place even though one energy sink becomes two. An understanding of the mechanics of fault and accident situations where cutting occurs enables the forces, and energy of deformation, and cutting to be estimated. This enables either a priori risk assessments to made or a posteriori forensic investigations to be conducted.

Polyethylene plastic bags are widely utilized throughout the world. Recovery of these bags is low, but there are several applications that recovered bags can be used for, such as power generation. These bags may be useful as a binder material in nonwoven fabrics. Various web forming and bonding methods involving shredded plastic bags have been carried out, with positive results: shredded plastic bag pieces can be utilized as a binder material for nonwoven fabrics. Possible end uses include thermal and sound insulation materials, but further research is required to fully understand the behavior of these materials in nonwoven fabrics.

Quesillo is a pasta filata cheese variety typical of the Argentine Northwest. Some features of this cheese are reviewed: gross composition, manufacturing technology and shelf life microbiological composition. Gross composition showed: pH 5.1, fat 21.21%, protein 29.02%, total solids 51.50%. The manufacturing methods compared were (1) traditional, with raw milk and native flora growth (TM), (2) experimental 1, with pasteurized milk, lactic starters and conventional, plastic bag packaging (EM1); (3) experimental 2, with pasteurized milk, lactic starters and vacuum packaging (EM2). EM1 and EM2 showed that total processing time is shortened by 8 h with regard to TM. Microbiological quality was better in EM1 than TM, but it was the best in EM2, thus obtaining a longer shelf life product. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Fil: Oliszewski, Ruben. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Cisint, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina Fil: Nuñez, Martha Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina

Thirty-three shopping bags, commonly encountered in the packaging of drug doses, were characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Using this single technique, without sample preparation, nearly all the considered samples could be differentiated, achieving a discriminating power of 0.992. The rather large degree of variability existing in grocery bags, even though they are mass produced, was shown, confirming that these items can be useful in tracing the source of illicit drug doses.

Fruits are seasonal in temperate climates, and a good harvest may be followed by a shortage if there is no method of preservation. Artificial cooling has made it possible for fruit grown anywhere in the world to be brought to any market willing to pay the extra price. Where transit times are long, such as in the shipment of bananas, the fruit is picked while still green and undergoes a controlled ripening on the ship. Most vegetables contain a very high proportion of water, and wilt rapidly as they dry out. Storage conditions demand a high humidity level of 90–98% saturation and temperatures as close to their general freezing point of 0°C as possible. Some leaf vegetables are sprinkled with ice chips, to maintain this damp, cold condition. Frozen fruit and vegetables will be sealed in plastic bags and stored at – 18°C or lower. The humidity at this temperature is not important. Bread doughs become heated by the mixing process, and the yeast may begin to work too soon. The water content of the mix may be chilled, or the larger machines may have water-cooled jackets to take away this heat. There is an increasing demand for ready-prepared foods for final re-heating or cooking in microwave ovens. It is possible to pre-cook the product to a pasteurization temperature and then cool, for short-term storage above freezing point. The required standards of temperature control and hygiene are very strict and the subsequent shelf life restricted. Many confections are coated in a thin layer of chocolate. This layer melts at a temperature generally in the range 27–34°C. Chocolate enrobing starts with the item passing through the coating process, and then, through a refrigerated air blast it is tunnelled to harden the layer. The present-day food industry is almost entirely dependent on refrigeration in one form or another, to manufacture, preserve, store and bring the product to the point of sale.

A new method of Chios Mastic resin harvesting in a fluid form was developed. This method includes the creation of 5–6 incisions 8–10cm in length on the trunk of the tree and application on them of “Ethrel”, a stimulating substance which causes increased resin secretion. Mastic resin is harvested by means of special device of single or multiple uses inside polypropylene plastic bags. The harvesting of an equivalent quantity of resin by the traditional method requires the, creation of more than 150 small incisions on the same tree. Among the advantages of the new method of harvesting are the drastic reduction of labor cost and essential oil loss and the significant improvement quality of the raw product which is almost free from foreign materials. Also the production is protected against possible rainfalls during the harvesting period and the harvested essential oil content of fluid resin is four times greater than that of solid one.

This chapter explains a technique for quick, easy, and efficient sealing of filters in bags for hybridization. In this technique, blotted nitrocellulosefilters are placed in a heat-sealable polyethylene bag. The hybridization buffer, without probe, is added by pouring over the filter. The air bubbles, irrespective of their size, are completely removed. The liquid is then dispensed in a bag and sealed simultaneously with a small amount of liquid above the seal. A second heat seal is made at the top edge of the bag to seal in the remaining liquid. The bag is then properly sealed and ready for incubation.

The metabolism of a Fucus vesiculosus community at 1 m depth was studied using 150 1 capacity plastic bags. Oxygen content, pH, nutrients in the water (inside and outside the bags) and surface insolation were measured over a 30 hr. period. The net primary production of Fucus vesiculosus was 30 and 15 mg O2/g algae x day in August and September respectively. The influence or O2 concentration on the respiration was shown by using light and dark plastic bags. A 24 hr period budget for the enclosed Fucus community in September gave a photosynthetic efficiency of 1.8% and a consumer respiration of 1.2% of photosynthetically active radiation at the surface. These results stress the importance of the macroalgal contribution to the primary production of the coastal areas in the Baltic proper.

The present technique is to use a field of plastic bag solar air collectors “PBSAC” of about LE 40/m2 (LE = $ 0.5) including collectors, stands and blowers. The single inflated “PVC” bag (10 × 1 m) has black porous polyester fabric absorber sheet with variable flow rates having a mean yearly values of about 2500 m3/day of hot air at 60 °C, which is fed to the drying tunnel. Economic evaluation of two cases studied was performed; first to cover variable load of vegetables and fruits residuals to be converted to poultry fodder; second, to dry various crops at fixed or variable drying load. Factors affecting the choice of solar air collector surface area, use of hybride solar/fuel system, air capacity and temperature, and solar contribution were analysed to optimize the operational conditions.

Commercial production of Shiitake, Lentinus edodes , in the United States in 1985 was estimated at 400, 000 kg, most destined for the fresh market. The technology for indoor production in supplemented sawdust media currently employed by the U.S. growers is primarily adapted from that developed in Japan, Taiwan and mainland China, and significant changes do not appear warranted at the present time.

Publisher Summary The need for increasing quantities of tissue culture cells, viruses, and antigens has lead to the widespread use of cylindrical roller bottles for the growth of certain cell cultures. There are advantages to growing such cultures in suspension, and there is now a wealth of experience and equipment available for this purpose. In some situations, it is actually an advantage to grow cells attached to a solid substrate, such as a roller bottle. For example, when cell cycle synchronization studies are being carried out in which frequent changes of the medium are required, when cell life span or contact inhibition studies are being carried out, or when it is desired to grow normal diploid cells that are anchorage dependent. In these situations, a large-scale preparation of cells usually either involves growing cells either in suspension culture containing glass beads, on multisurface glass plates, in gas-permeable plastic bags, in roller bottles, or in bottles containing a spiral plastic sheet. New roller bottles used for the first time often provide more uniform cell cultures with a higher yield than old extensively washed bottles. The reason for this is unclear, although it almost undoubtedly involves processes that affect the glass surface. By leaving the glass surface in contact with 1 mM magnesium acetate for a few hours followed by removal of excess magnesium acetate and autoclaving, it is possible to obtain a glass surface that is very effective in binding cell suspension to roller bottles.

Koronczy, I., and Tasnadi, G., 1986, Mushroom growing in Hungary The work of Clusius and his Hungarian friends made Hungary the crib of mycology in the 16th century. The true-to-life aquarelles of the Clusius-Codex include Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus species as well which have been dominant lately in Hungarian cultivation. The paper deals with 130-year-old development of mushroom growing in Hungary (with an international background) up to now and discusses first of all the factors which determine the growing directly. Peak-heating in bulk and growing in plastic bags in cellars have become general. In respect of Pleurotus species pioneer results have been achieved in the past 20 years.

Tolentino, Piedad, 1986. Pleurotus Mushroom Grows Well in Tobacco Medium. Pleurotus mushroom can be grown in many ways using various agricultural waste materials. Actually, it can be grown in composted sawdust mixture, sawdust with ipil-ipil leaves, composted bagasse, and tobacco midrib sawdust mixture. The best medium is the tobacco midrib sawdust mixture. This mixture is placed in boilable plastic bags, baskets, ceramic trays, and wide-mouthed bottles. Pleurotus ostreatus , Pleurotus cystidius and Pleurotus sajor-caju grow well in tobacco midrib sawdust medium.

This chapter highlights the importance of planning in advance for the tasks to be undertaken in the event of a large fatal aircraft accident investigation. The preparation of such plans should be made on a police regional basis, as the police are the cornerstone of the whole structure of a disaster plan. Any plan conceived if it is to be effective, should be fully discussed with and have the approval of coroners, pathologists, hospital and mortuary administrators, the fire brigade, the local Red Cross or other rescue organizations, and local undertakers. Many contingencies should be anticipated and provided for. Central stores of waterproof printed labels, blank labels, indelible crayons, wooden or metal stakes, body bags or polythene sheeting, small polythene bags, and similar items should be prepared. If this is done, the actions taken in the first few hours following an accident, pending the arrival of the expert investigators, will facilitate the subsequent investigations and not jeopardize them.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides the uses of ascorbic acid in processing foods. Ascorbic acid applied in fine granular form or in aqueous solution to the top surface of the fruit prior to sealing and processing prevents or retards the discoloration and flavor change during storage. Special preparations of ascorbic acid mixed with a sugar base in powder form or as a water-soluble tablet may now be secured at food markets and at food locker plants for use in home canning. Several commercial packers of non-heat-sterilized sauerkraut are successfully using ascorbic acid to delay darkening of the refrigerated product packaged in plastic bags. Treatment of cut-fish tissue with ascorbic acid has been demonstrated to retard the development of rusting, yellowing, and rancidity. The chapter presents data on the effect of ascorbic acid on frozen fish. It discusses the effect of the addition of ascorbic acid to meat. Oxidized flavor in dairy products and beverage products have been discussed.

Because of the fear of one’s own death, or because of the grief suffered by those who remain alive, the quick and the dead are at antipoles in the minds of man. Yet, life and death continuously interreact in the living world. In these times when food comes in cans or plastic bags with colours, shapes and sometimes tastes far removed from the original product, it is easy to forget that man kills the cows who eat the grass in the green pasture, or that the salmon swim upstream to the Kodiak shallow lakes to spawn and ultimately become the prey of bears, eagles and foxes. Animal life thrives on other forms of life.

In recent years, there has been a huge demand for innovative methods to upcycle waste materials. This study aims to explore and evaluate the effect of using waste low-density polyethylene (w-LDPE), collected from waste plastic bags for domestic purposes, on the mechanical properties of dense Thin Asphalt Overlay (TAO). Waste materials have been deemed appropriate in the development of asphalt pavement mixtures, due to the expected enhancement in mixture properties further to the reduction in cost and saving natural resources. Three dosages of w-LDPE were incorporated with asphalt binder: 2%, 4%, and 6%. Marshall stability and flow test, indirect tensile strength, creep compliance, skid resistance, wheel track, Cantabro abrasion loss and tensile strength ratio tests were carried out on both control and modified asphalt mixes to achieve the aim of the study. The results show a substantial enhancement in the performance of TAO modified with w-LDPE when compared to the control mix. The pre-eminent improvement was obtained in the creep compliance test, in which the creep compliance value decreased by 83% compared to the control mixture when using 6% of w-LDPE. This study indicated that using waste material is an effective method of asphalt modification that also contributes to promoting environmental sustainability.