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Background: Operational definitions outline how a conceptual definition will be measured for consistent, reproducible data collection and analysis. This article reports the decision criteria that will be used for an operational definition of integrative medicine (IM) in a secondary analysis of an Australian national survey of general practitioner activity., Methods: A multidisciplinary team applied an iterative approach, informed by expert knowledge and literature reviews to establish decision criteria for categorizing the terms in the Australian clinical interface terminology of the International Classification of Primary Care, second edition (ICPC-2 PLUS) and the Coding Atlas for Pharmaceutical Substances, according to whether they reflected IM, conventional/mainstream medicine (MM), or both IM and MM (IM/MM)., Results: The final decision criteria categorized all terms for examinations, investigations, advice/counselling, and drugs with synthetic ingredients, and terms for referrals to secondary care services and healthcare practitioners that are not a traditional or complementary medicine practitioner as MM. Terms that could apply to both styles of clinical practice (e.g., preventive health, lifestyle medicine, psychosocial and some drugs with natural ingredients) were categorised as IM/MM. The remaining terms, that mostly reflected the World Health Organization's theoretical definitions of traditional and complementary medicine, were categorized as IM., Conclusion: Differentiating between integrative and conventional/mainstream medicine in general practice is context specific and not always possible. The category IM/MM proposes integrative medicine as an extension, rather than an alternative. The rationale for the integrative medicine operational definition has relevance for researchers and health services in Australia, and internationally., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: To compare the impact of unconditional and conditional financial incentives on response rates among Australian general practitioners invited by mail to participate in an online survey about cancer care and to investigate possible differential response bias between incentive groups., Study Design and Setting: Australian general practitioners were randomly allocated to unconditional incentive (book voucher mailed with letter of invitation), conditional incentive (book voucher mailed on completion of the online survey), or control (no incentive). Nonresponders were asked to complete a small subset of questions from the online survey., Results: Among 3,334 eligible general practitioners, significantly higher response rates were achieved in the unconditional group (167 of 1,101, 15%) compared with the conditional group (118 of 1,111, 11%) (P = 0.0014), and both were significantly higher than the control group (74 of 1,122, 7%; both P < 0.001). Although more positive opinions about cancer care were expressed by online responders compared with nonresponders, there was no evidence that the magnitude of difference varied by the incentive group. The incremental cost for each additional 1% increase above the control group response rate was substantially higher for the unconditional incentive group compared with the conditional incentive group., Conclusion: Both unconditional and conditional financial incentives significantly increased response with no evidence of differential response bias. Although unconditional incentives had the largest effect, the conditional approach was more cost-effective., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: St John's wort (SJW) is one of the most commonly used complementary medicines (CM) for the self-treatment of depression which can be accessed with or without health professional advice. While there is evidence to support its effectiveness in depression it has potential for serious side effects and interactions with many pharmaceuticals and herbs. Despite the potential risks, we know little about consumer perspectives on the use of SJW. Our research aimed to understand, from their own perspective, how and why people use SJW for management of self-identified 'depression, stress or worries'., Design: A qualitative design, focusing on understanding the reasons for SJW use. A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit 41 people who self-identified as having used SJW for 'depression stress or worries' from the community in Melbourne, Australia. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted. Interviews were taped, transcribed and analysed thematically., Results: Three themes emerged as to why participants used SJW - ease of access of SJW, perceptions of effectiveness and safety of SJW enabling control over its use, and the perceived benefits of using a natural product. Generally, participants did not reserve use of SJW only for mild depressive symptoms., Conclusions: People use many self-care strategies to manage symptoms of depression, including more severe symptoms. While there is often a preference for more natural approaches like SJW, people experiment and continue to use what they perceive is most effective for them., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Decision support tools for the assessment and management of breast cancer risk may improve uptake of prevention strategies. End-user input in the design of such tools is critical to increase clinical use. Before developing such a computerized tool, we examined clinicians' practice and future needs. Twelve breast surgeons, 12 primary care physicians and 5 practice nurses participated in 4 focus groups. These were recorded, coded, and analyzed to identify key themes. Participants identified difficulties assessing risk, including a lack of available tools to standardize practice. Most expressed confidence identifying women at potentially high risk, but not moderate risk. Participants felt a tool could especially reassure young women at average risk. Desirable features included: evidence-based, accessible (e.g. web-based), and displaying absolute (not relative) risks in multiple formats. The potential to create anxiety was a concern. Development of future tools should address these issues to optimize translation of knowledge into clinical practice., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The mainstream long term management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) often results in poor outcomes. It is expensive and unacceptable for many women who therefore have incorporated complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into their personal care plan., Objective: To ascertain clinicians' knowledge of CAM and their recommendations for the use of CAM and non-pharmacological management in women with RVVC., Design and Setting: Anonymous, single page, self completed survey using convenience sampling at a vulval disorders meeting in New South Wales, Australia in 2009., Participants: Sixty six health professionals (medical practitioners, dermatologists, nurses and allied health professionals)., Results: Most clinicians reported asking about their patients' use of CAM and non-pharmacological management of RVVC, although only around half reported recommending it. CAM management included lactobacillus, oral and vaginal yoghurt, vinegar, garlic, Chinese medicine and tea-tree oil. Non-pharmacological management included dietary changes and use of cotton undergarments. Lactobacillus was the most commonly recommended CAM., Conclusion: CAM is popular with patients and many clinicians actively recommend its use in RVVC despite limited supporting evidence. Further research in the area of CAM and RVVC is long overdue., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field is the group within the Cochrane Collaboration focused on facilitating the conduct of Cochrane systematic reviews of CAM therapies. The CAM Field represents an international collaborative effort among researchers, clinicians, consumers, and CAM practitioners from nearly every continent. The Field's central office is located at the Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 2200 Kernan Drive, Kernan Hospital Mansion, Baltimore, MD 21207-6697. For more information, contact Eric Manheimer at emanheimer@compmed.umm.edu. The Complementary Medicine Field is supported by grant R24 AT001293 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NCCAM or the National Institutes of Health.

Objective: To collect Australian population-based data on concurrent use of conventional medicines, complementary/alternative medicines (CAM), and alcohol., Method: National survey administered in December 2005 to 816 Australian adults., Results: 71% of respondents reported recent (last 24 hour) use of conventional medicine or CAM. 24% had recently consumed alcohol and conventional medicine, 17% alcohol and CAM and 13% alcohol and both types of medicines. Use of blood pressure and arthritis medicines was significantly more likely among daily drinkers than less than daily drinkers and non-drinkers., Conclusions: Concurrent use of medicines and alcohol is common, particularly among older people., Implications: Use of alcohol may have an impact on the stability of chronic illness managed by medicines or other types of interactions with medicines, such as sedation. Health care professionals should routinely inquire about such use to be able to incorporate appropriate safety strategies into clinical management.

Background: St. John's Wort (SJW), also known as Hypericum perforatum, is a herbal remedy available over-the-counter. There is evidence that it can treat mild to moderate depression but has potential side effects and important drug interactions., Objective: To determine general practitioners' (GPs') knowledge and recommendation of SJW for mild to moderate depression within a climate of widespread community use of complementary therapies and debate about regulation., Design and Setting: Postal survey of a random sample of 350 Australian GPs., Results: Forty-eight percent responded. One-third (31%) reported recommending SJW to patients with mild to moderate depression. Of these, only one-third (32%) reported specific dosage instructions. Respondents' knowledge of side effects and interactions was much less than for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants., Conclusions: Australian GPs know less about safety of SJW than antidepressants and do not widely recommend it to patients. Despite this, many patients use SJW, probably in combination with other pharmaceuticals. Effective dissemination of further research into effectiveness and risk profiles of complementary therapies is needed to inform health professionals, regulatory bodies and consumers.

Objectives: This is a pilot study to test the validity of using one research assistant to train and support reception staff at five clinics to obtain waiting room data in general practice surveys., Design: A research assistant trained reception staff at five randomly chosen general practices to administer a survey to all eligible women over a two-week period. Practices were audited daily by their appointment books and where possible by billing records to check total numbers of eligible women to determine the denominator of the sample., Setting: Five metropolitan general practices in one divisional area., Participants: Twenty-five receptionists distributed surveys to 1,298 women., Main Outcome Measures: Number of eligible women missed at each clinic., Results: The number of potential subjects missed by the reception staff ranged from nil to 18% with the appointment book audit. A second audit using billing records at three clinics revealed inaccuracies of up to 50%. The ability to accurately capture eligible patients for waiting room surveys depends on good administrative systems within the practice and motivated staff., Conclusions: It is important for general practice researchers to consider and account for eligible participants who are missed from the denominator with a waiting room survey method. Valid sampling using this method can be achieved in certain practices, however this may limit the generalisability of the findings.

Objective: This study measures the effect of an intervention to improve mailed survey response rates., Method: A randomised controlled trial of a 'primer' postcard was performed as part of a large survey in Victoria in 1997. Prior to the survey mailout, half the sample of 800 general practitioners supplied by the Health Insurance Commission was sent, at random, a primer card to request prompt return of the survey., Results: The intervention resulted in a more rapid return of the survey and improved overall response rates from 60% to 66%. The increased cost per returned survey (40 cents) was largely offset by fewer non-responders requiring follow-up., Conclusions: A primer postcard is a time and cost-efficient method to increase response rates in general practitioner surveys., Implications: Public health researchers should consider implementing this intervention to improve response rates to postal surveys. Reports of other response maximising strategies should report the cost per returned survey to allow better comparison.