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1. Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Salvia divinorum

Author

Peter H. Addy

Subjects
Hallucinogen, biology, Craving, Pharmacology, Affect (psychology), Verbal learning, biology.organism_classification, Euphoriant, Salvinorin A, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Salvia divinorum, medicine, Cannabis, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Salvia divinorum is a plant used as a recreational hallucinogen that is legally available in many states and countries. Salvia divinorum is not a popular substance of abuse, is rarely used frequently or regularly, and is used primarily out of curiosity, for interest in altered states of consciousness and for spiritual purposes. Smoking commercially available Salvia divinorum produces rapid onset and short duration of intense subjective effects (5–15 min), with few effects lasting more than 24 h after use. Preliminary evidence suggests that acute inhalation may lead to transient and reversible verbal learning memory deficits, but does not affect verbal working memory. Research subjects do not report euphoria or craving to use, and do not seek out Salvia divinorum, subsequent to experimental exposure. Large surveys have found little or no associations between Salvia divinorum use and adverse events, although Salvia divinorum use is correlated with use of other recreational substances, particularly hallucinogens and cannabis.

Published
2016
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2. List of Contributors

Author

Renata Rigacci Abdalla, Tomohiro Abekawa, Przemysław Adamczyk, Wendy Adams, Peter H. Addy, Yukio Ago, María Álvaro-Bartolomé, Martina Andellini, Matthew E. Andrzejewski, Gustavo A. Angarita, Mariana Angoa-Pérez, John H. Anneken, Luís Antunes, Yalda Hosseinzadeh Ardakani, Mustafa Aydin, Nima Badri, Ram C. Bajpai, Daniel José Barbosa, Alfonso Barrós-Loscertales, Debasish Basu, Benjamin Becker, Jacob T. Beckley, Pablo García Bermejo, Laís F. Berro, Amanda L. Blaker, Ede Bodoki, Krzysztof Borowiak, Scott E. Bowen, Patricia A. Broderick, Berit Brogaard, Giovana Brolese, T.M. Brunt, T. Buchborn, Eduardo R. Butelman, Raul Caetano, Sónia Campos, Sofija V. Canavan, João Paulo Capela, Manolo Carta, Félix Carvalho, Lucia Carvelli, Briony J. Catlow, Young-Tae Chang, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Lela Chilachava, Aree Choodum, Shannon J. Clough, Vanessa Coelho-Santos, Ana Maria Coimbra, Stuart A. Collins, Bru Cormand, Albert Dahan, Elias Dakwar, Antonio Dávalos E., Cor de Jong, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Marc R. Del Bigio, Teresa Dembińska, Ugur Deveci, D.C. Dieterich, Boukje Dijkstra, Dean E. Dluzen, Margarita L. Dubocovich, Carlos García Esperón, Chun-Kai Fang, Vahid Farnia, Luís Félix, Noelia Fernàndez-Castillo, Daniel Flack, Elisabeth Frauger, Joel Frohlich, Daniela F. Fukushiro, Daniel A. García, M. Julia García-Fuster, Jesús A. García-Sevilla, Eric L. Garland, Dimitria Electra Gatzia, Lia Gelazonia, Abhishek Ghosh, Roy Gigengack, Senobar Golshani, Joana Gonçalves, Javier González-Maeso, Ingmar Gorman, David K. Grandy, G. Grecksch, Alissa M. Greer, Gary A. Gudelsky, Casey Guillot, Joshua M. Gulley, Yoko Hagino, Robert M. Hallock, Emily R. Hankosky, James B. Hanks, Carl Hart, H.W.W. Hasselmann, Hirotake Hida, Sarah E. Hodges, Nicole Holder, André W. Hollais, V. Höllt, Jiri Horacek, Matthew O. Howard, Fleur Margaret Howells, Skye Hsin-Hsien Yeh, Mei Huang, Anthony J. Hutchinson, Jeng-Jong Hwang, Kazutaka Ikeda, Jennifer E. Iudicello, Ahmad Jalloh, Bardia Jamali, Nadezhda Japaridze, Eiichi Jodo, Chantele Joordens, Rasmon Kalayasiri, Rama Kamal, Etsuko Kamegaya, Tadahiro Katayama, Adam W. Keasling, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Matthew Kirkpatrick, Béla Kiss, Rita Kočárová, Saurabh S. Kokane, Mary Jeanne Kreek, Peter R. Kufahl, Donald M. Kuhn, Takeshi Kumazawa, Snezana Kusljic, Krzysztof Łabuz, Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre, Ronaldo Ramos Laranjeira, Andrew J. Lawrence, Byung Dae Lee, Ricardo Alexandre Leitão, L. Stan Leung, Chiang-Shan R. Li, Meng Li, Qing Lin, Felicia Loghin, Elena López-Cancio M., Jennifer Lyke, Michael Lyvers, Scott Macdonald, Clarice Sandi Madruga, Michael Maes, Timothy J. Maher, Jingyi Ma, Chitra D. Mandyam, Claudia Mardones, Gina Martin, Luciana Massaro, Toshio Matsuda, M.T.B. McMaster, Richard H. Melloni, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Joëlle Micallef, Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki, Masayoshi Mishina, Sandro Mitsuhiro, Christian Montag, Elisabeth Moore, Erin E. Morgan, Peter T. Morgan, Satoshi Morimoto, Thomas R. Morrison, Anna Moszczynska, Akihiro Mouri, Antonio Napolitano, Nichole M. Neugebauer, Niamh NicDaeid, Charles D. Nichols, Martin Nizama-Valladolid, Yukihiro Noda, Nicole A. Northrop, M. Foster Olive, Rory D. Ostrow, Linda C.J. Oudejans, Tomas Palenicek, Arvind Pandey, Mariusz Papp, Ioannis D. Passos, Madan Kumar Paudel, Maria A. Perillo, Christina J. Perry, Nataša Petronijević, Siripan Phattanarudee, Ilana Pinsky, Nino Pochkhidze, Anca Pop, Marianne Possa, Barbara Potocka-Banaś, Boris B. Quednow, Nevena V. Radonjić, Lakshmi Rajagopal, Marta Ribasés, Lesley A. Ricci, Carola Vergara Rosales, Mohammad-Reza Rouini, Juan Sanchez-Ramos, Renan Santos-Baldaia, Siddharth Sarkar, Kaori Sasaki-Tabata, Naomi Sato, Tomonori Sato, Wakako Sawada, Silvia Bassani Schuch, Setsuko Sekita, Eduardo Alvear Serrano, Behjat Sheikholeslami, Osamu Shirota, Ana Paula Silva, Nicola Simola, Derek P. Simon, Ichiro Sora, Anne Orgler Sordi, Mitchell G. Spring, Katarzyna Stebelska, Haruhiko Sugimura, Yoshiaki Suzuki, Kazuhiro Takuma, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Meshkat Torkamanian, Pasarapa Towiwat, Anahí V. Turina, Filip Tyls, J.G.C. van Amsterdam, W. van den Brink, Maarten van den Buuse, John Darrell Van Horn, Martijn van Noorden, Monique van Velzen, Carlos Venâncio, Dietrich von Baer, Lisia von Diemen, Martin Walter, Fang Wang, Erica Weber, Petr Winkler, Steven Paul Woods, John J. Woodward, Chun-Fu Wu, Raphael Wuo-Silva, Wang Xu, Bryan K. Yamamoto, Hideko Yamamoto, Toshifumi Yamamoto, Jing-Yu Yang, Duanting Zhai, Mzia Zhvania, and Jordan K. Zjawiony

Published
2016
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3. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Association with Psychosis

Author

Deepak Cyril D'Souza, Mohini Ranganathan, Peter H. Addy, R. Andrew Sewell, Rajiv Radhakrishnan, and Patrick D. Skosnik

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Psychosis, Cannabinoid receptor, biology, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Causality, Substance abuse, Schizophrenia, mental disorders, medicine, Cannabinoid, Cannabis, Psychiatry, Psychology, Causes of schizophrenia, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Recent advances in knowledge about cannabinoid receptor function have renewed interest in the association between cannabis and psychosis. Converging lines of evidence suggest that cannabinoids can produce a full range of transient schizophrenia-like positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Cannabinoids also produce some psychophysiological deficits that are known to be present in schizophrenia. Also clear is that in individuals with an established psychotic disorder, cannabinoids can exacerbate symptoms, trigger relapse, and have negative consequences on the course of the illness. Increasing evidence suggests that early and heavy cannabis exposure may increase the risk of developing a psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia. The relationship between cannabis exposure and schizophrenia fulfills some, but not all, of the usual criteria for causality. However, most people who use cannabis do not develop schizophrenia, and many people diagnosed with schizophrenia have never used cannabis. Therefore, it is likely that cannabis exposure is a “component cause” that interacts with other factors to contribute to the development of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, but is neither necessary nor sufficient to do so alone. As direct causes of schizophrenia have not been identified, the implications for public health policy are such that the role of component causes such as cannabinoid exposure should remain a focus of further study. Finally, further work is necessary in order to identify the factors that underlie individual vulnerability to cannabinoid-related psychosis and to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying this risk.

Published
2014
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