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2. Contributors

Author

Agha, Ali M., primary, Alexander, Lydia C., additional, Ballantyne, Christie M., additional, Bays, Harold, additional, Bhatt, Deepak L., additional, Blumenthal, Roger S., additional, Boffa, Michael B., additional, Bond, Rachel M., additional, Brandts, Julia M., additional, Brinton, Eliot A., additional, Brothers, Julie A., additional, Catapano, Alberico L., additional, Chan, Dick C., additional, Chiavaroli, Laura, additional, Cho, Laura Browning, additional, Cho, Leslie, additional, Cummings, Danielle, additional, Daniels, Stephen R., additional, Deshotels, Matthew R., additional, Dove, Erik, additional, Feldman, David I., additional, Fellström, Bengt, additional, Ferdinand, Keith C., additional, Fichtenbaum, Carl J., additional, Fitch, Angela, additional, Gaudet, Daniel, additional, Ginsberg, Henry N., additional, Gluckman, Ty J., additional, Hegele, Robert A., additional, Hoogeveen, Ron C., additional, Hussain, Aliza, additional, Jardine, Alan G., additional, Jenkins, David J.A., additional, Jones, Peter H., additional, Jones, Peter, additional, Kachur, Sergey M., additional, Kendall, Cyril W.C., additional, Knowles, Joshua W., additional, Kobashigawa, Jon A., additional, Koschinsky, Marlys L., additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Lavie, Carl J., additional, Libby, Peter, additional, Marcovina, Santica M., additional, Mark, Patrick B., additional, Marston, Nicholas A., additional, Martin, Seth Shay, additional, Michos, Erin D., additional, Mirrahimi, Arash, additional, Mora, Samia, additional, Moriarty, Patrick M., additional, Nambi, Vijay, additional, Nelson, Adam J., additional, Nicholls, Stephen J., additional, Nissen, Steven E., additional, Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne, additional, Norata, Giuseppe Danilo, additional, Orringer, Carl, additional, Palmisano, Brian T., additional, Patel, Darshna, additional, Patel, Rajan K., additional, Pulipati, Vishnu Priya, additional, Raal, Frederick J., additional, Rader, Daniel J., additional, Ray, Kausik K., additional, Richter, Chesney, additional, Ridker, Paul M., additional, Sabatine, Marc S., additional, Safarova, Maya S., additional, Santos, Raul D., additional, Saseen, Joseph J., additional, Schwartz, Gregory G., additional, Shustak, Rachel J., additional, Sievenpiper, John L., additional, Singh, Nickpreet, additional, Skulas-Ray, Ann C., additional, Srichaikul, Kristie, additional, Stone, Neil J., additional, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, additional, Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, additional, Virani, Salim S., additional, Watson, Karol, additional, Watts, Gerald F., additional, Wenger, Nanette K., additional, and Wong, Julia M.W., additional

Published
2024
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4. Hyperlipidemia

Author

Kris-Etherton, Penny M., primary, Sanders, Lisa, additional, Lawler, Olivia, additional, Riley, Terrence, additional, and Maki, Kevin, additional

Published
2023
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5. Effect of omega-3 ethyl esters on the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein response to endotoxin challenge in healthy young men

Author

Rachel E. Walker, Chesney K. Richter, Ann C. Skulas-Ray, Michael R. Flock, Brian A. Harsch, Carmen E. Annevelink, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Gordon L. Jensen, and Gregory C. Shearer

Subjects
chylomicrons, fatty acids, inflammation, lipoprotein kinetics, omega-3 acid ethyl esters, VLDL, Biochemistry, QD415-436
Abstract

Oxylipins are produced enzymatically from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are abundant in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs), and mediate inflammatory processes. Inflammation elevates TGRL concentrations, but it is unknown if the fatty acid and oxylipin compositions change. In this study, we investigated the effect of prescription ω-3 acid ethyl esters (P-OM3; 3.4 g/d EPA + DHA) on the lipid response to an endotoxin challenge (lipopolysaccharide; 0.6 ng/kg body weight). Healthy young men (N = 17) were assigned 8–12 weeks of P-OM3 and olive oil control in a randomized order crossover study. Following each treatment period, subjects received endotoxin challenge, and the time-dependent TGRL composition was observed. Postchallenge, arachidonic acid was 16% [95% CI: 4%, 28%] lower than baseline at 8 h with control. P-OM3 increased TGRL ω-3 fatty acids (EPA 24% [15%, 34%]; DHA 14% [5%, 24%]). The timing of ω-6 oxylipin responses differed by class; arachidonic acid-derived alcohols peaked at 2 h, while linoleic acid-derived alcohols peaked at 4 h (pint = 0.006). P-OM3 increased EPA alcohols by 161% [68%, 305%] and DHA epoxides by 178% [47%, 427%] at 4 h compared to control. In conclusion, this study shows that TGRL fatty acid and oxylipin composition changes following endotoxin challenge. P-OM3 alters the TGRL response to endotoxin challenge by increasing availability of ω-3 oxylipins for resolution of the inflammatory response.

Published
2023
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6. Contributors

Author

Abrams, Elissa M., primary, Agostoni, Carlo, additional, Andreae, Doerthe A., additional, Berti, Cristiana, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., additional, Burton, Mark A., additional, Catassi, Carlo, additional, Closa-Monasterolo, Ricardo, additional, Cusick, Sarah E., additional, Dattilo, Anne M., additional, Subias, Joaquin Escribano, additional, Pallas, Natalia Ferré, additional, Fisher, Jennifer Orlet, additional, Fleischer, David M., additional, Georgieff, Michael K., additional, Giannì, Maria Lorella, additional, Godfrey, Keith M., additional, Guz-Mark, Anat, additional, Hart, Tricia L., additional, Iglesia, Edward G.A., additional, Kalhoff, Hermann, additional, Kalliomäki, Marko, additional, Kersting, Mathilde, additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Lafeber, Harrie N., additional, Laitinen, Kirsi, additional, Lassi, Zohra S., additional, Lillycrop, Karen A., additional, Lionetti, Elena, additional, Moreno, Veronica Luque, additional, Mokkala, Kati, additional, Morniroli, Daniela, additional, Mosca, Fabio, additional, Nowak-Wegrzyn, Anna, additional, O’Neill, Lynda M., additional, Oken, Emily, additional, Padhani, Zahra A., additional, Perng, Wei, additional, Petersen, Kristina S., additional, Sundseth Ross, Erin, additional, Ruys, Charlotte A., additional, Saavedra, Jose M., additional, Salam, Rehana A., additional, Salvatore, Silvia, additional, Shamir, Raanan, additional, van de Lagemaat, Monique, additional, van den Akker, Chris H.P., additional, van Goudoever, Johannes B., additional, Vandenplas, Yvan, additional, Vickers, Mark H., additional, and Vizzari, Giulia, additional

Published
2022
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8. List of contributors

Author

Abeijón-Mukdsi, Claudia, primary, Aggarwal, Bharat B., additional, Akhtar, Aqsa, additional, Alizadeh, Mohammad, additional, Al-Odat, Omar, additional, Amigo, Lourdes, additional, Andrada, Estefanía, additional, Araiza-Calahorra, Andrea, additional, Asghar, Waqas, additional, Aslam, Sadia, additional, Ávila-Román, Javier, additional, Baranda, Jana, additional, Batista, Jalles Arruda, additional, Ben-Romdhane, Oumaima, additional, Boddu, Revathi, additional, Boesch, Christine, additional, Borras-Linares, Isabel, additional, Canales, Paz Soledad Robert, additional, Chitren, Robert, additional, Cotabarren, Ivana M., additional, Cuevas-Rodríguez, Edith-Oliva, additional, da Silva Duarte, Graziela Biude, additional, Daneghian, Sevana, additional, de Aguiar Magalhães, Diva, additional, de Boer, Alie, additional, de Brito, Tarcisio Vieira, additional, de Sousa, Antonio Kleiton, additional, de Sousa de Lima, Fernando Mesquita, additional, Diaconeasa, Zoriţa M., additional, Díaz-Reinoso, Beatriz, additional, Domínguez, Herminia, additional, dos Reis Barbosa, André Luiz, additional, Dulf, Francisc V., additional, Fernández-Tomé, Samuel, additional, Ferreira, Helena, additional, Ferrer-Sierra, Miriam, additional, Fichna, Jakub, additional, Fogarasi, Melinda, additional, Fredes, Carolina, additional, Frcaş, Anca C., additional, Gabriele, Morena, additional, García-Gil, Sara, additional, García-Ibañez, Paula, additional, García-Tejedor, Aurora, additional, Gauffin-Cano, Paola, additional, Giacomazza, Daniela, additional, Gil, Ana M., additional, Giménez-Bastida, Juan Antonio, additional, Gok, Ilkay, additional, González-Romero, Jaime, additional, Goycoolea, Francisco M., additional, Guerra-Hernández, Eduardo Jesús, additional, Hernández-Álvarez, Alan Javier, additional, Hernández-Ledesma, Blanca, additional, Isla, María Inés, additional, Jiménez-Gordillo, María Dolores, additional, Jonnalagadda, Subash C., additional, Khalid, Nauman, additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Kumar, Satish, additional, Kumar, Vikas, additional, Laparra, Jose Moises, additional, Lenssen, Karin G.M., additional, Leyva-Jiménez, Francisco Javier, additional, Lozano-Sánchez, Jesús, additional, Marquez, Antonela, additional, Martin, Diana, additional, Martinez-Rodriguez, Adolfo J., additional, Martínez-Villaluenga, Cristina, additional, Medina, Roxana, additional, Minhas, Anamika, additional, Mondor, Martin, additional, Montilla, Antonia, additional, Morante, M., additional, Moreno, Diego A., additional, Motilva, Virginia, additional, Muñoz-Almagro, Nerea, additional, Navarro del Hierro, Joaquín, additional, Oh, Ester S., additional, Orfila, Caroline, additional, Oseguera-Toledo, Miguel, additional, Palla, Camila A., additional, Pandey, Manoj K, additional, Peñas, Elena, additional, Pereira, Cynthia Maria Carvalho, additional, Petersen, Kristina S., additional, Pinto, Elisabete, additional, Pop, Oana L., additional, Puangpraphant, Sirima, additional, Pucci, Laura, additional, Reis, Bruna Zavarize, additional, Rodríguez-López, Paloma, additional, Rodríguez-Luna, Azahara, additional, Rodríguez-Pérez, Celia, additional, Rogero, Marcelo Macedo, additional, Rogers, Connie J., additional, Russo, Matías, additional, Salaga, Maciej, additional, Segura-Carretero, Antonio, additional, Sharma, Rakesh, additional, Sharma, Shweta, additional, Silvan, Jose Manuel, additional, Socaci, Sonia A., additional, Sousa, Stefany Guimarães, additional, Talar, Marcin, additional, Talero, Elena, additional, Tarasiuk, Aleksandra, additional, Tomé-Sánchez, Irene, additional, ur Rahman, Hafiz Ubaid, additional, Vasconcelos, Marta W., additional, Villamiel, Mar, additional, Von Suskil, Max, additional, Zampini, Iris Catiana, additional, and Zhou, Longli, additional

Published
2022
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11. Contributors

Author

Ali M. Agha, Lydia C. Alexander, Christie M. Ballantyne, Harold Bays, Deepak L. Bhatt, Roger S. Blumenthal, Michael B. Boffa, Rachel M. Bond, Julia M. Brandts, Eliot A. Brinton, Julie A. Brothers, Alberico L. Catapano, Dick C. Chan, Laura Chiavaroli, Laura Browning Cho, Leslie Cho, Danielle Cummings, Stephen R. Daniels, Matthew R. Deshotels, Erik Dove, David I. Feldman, Bengt Fellström, Keith C. Ferdinand, Carl J. Fichtenbaum, Angela Fitch, Daniel Gaudet, Henry N. Ginsberg, Ty J. Gluckman, Robert A. Hegele, Ron C. Hoogeveen, Aliza Hussain, Alan G. Jardine, David J.A. Jenkins, Peter H. Jones, Peter Jones, Sergey M. Kachur, Cyril W.C. Kendall, Joshua W. Knowles, Jon A. Kobashigawa, Marlys L. Koschinsky, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Carl J. Lavie, Peter Libby, Santica M. Marcovina, Patrick B. Mark, Nicholas A. Marston, Seth Shay Martin, Erin D. Michos, Arash Mirrahimi, Samia Mora, Patrick M. Moriarty, Vijay Nambi, Adam J. Nelson, Stephen J. Nicholls, Steven E. Nissen, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Giuseppe Danilo Norata, Carl Orringer, Brian T. Palmisano, Darshna Patel, Rajan K. Patel, Vishnu Priya Pulipati, Frederick J. Raal, Daniel J. Rader, Kausik K. Ray, Chesney Richter, Paul M. Ridker, Marc S. Sabatine, Maya S. Safarova, Raul D. Santos, Joseph J. Saseen, Gregory G. Schwartz, Rachel J. Shustak, John L. Sievenpiper, Nickpreet Singh, Ann C. Skulas-Ray, Kristie Srichaikul, Neil J. Stone, Lale Tokgözoğlu, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Salim S. Virani, Karol Watson, Gerald F. Watts, Nanette K. Wenger, and Julia M.W. Wong

Published
2024

13. Contributors to Volume 2

Author

Abioye, Ajibola Ibraheem, primary, Alaimo, Katherine, additional, Anton, Stephen, additional, Askew, E. Wayne, additional, Baumert, Joseph L., additional, Bell, Kirstine J., additional, Brand-Miller, Jennie, additional, Burke, Louise M., additional, Bye, Asta, additional, Campbell, Elizabeth J., additional, Chilton, Mariana, additional, Colagiuri, Stephen, additional, Compher, Charlene, additional, de Vries, Jeanne H.M., additional, Drewnowski, Adam, additional, Dwyer, Johanna T., additional, Egdorf, Rebecca, additional, Elmadfa, Ibrahim, additional, Fawzi, Wafaie W., additional, Fernandez, Hilda E., additional, Francis, Jimi, additional, Friedl, Karl E., additional, Gilley, Stephanie P., additional, Goh, Vi, additional, Guo, Weimin, additional, Haytowitz, David B., additional, Han, Sung Nim, additional, Herrick, Kirsten A., additional, Hoadley, James E., additional, Hulshof, Paul J.M., additional, Irving, Sharon Y., additional, Jacobsen, Ellisiv, additional, Jain, Namrata G., additional, Johnson, Marie, additional, Johnston, Emily A., additional, Johnstone, Alexandra M., additional, Jones, Sonya J., additional, Kirpich, Irina, additional, Krebs, Nancy F., additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Lærum-Onsager, Ellisiv, additional, Lewis, Janine L., additional, Lindsay, Karen, additional, Maqbool, Asim, additional, Manore, Melinda M., additional, Mascarenhas, Maria R., additional, McClain, Craig James, additional, McKeever, Liam, additional, McNaughton, Sarah A., additional, Meydani, Simin Nikbin, additional, Meyer, Alexa L., additional, Monsivais, Pablo, additional, Nance, Laura M., additional, Newberry, Carolyn, additional, Nickolas, Thomas L., additional, Ocké, Marga C., additional, Ogden, Cynthia L., additional, Parks, Elizabeth Prout, additional, Pehrsson, Pamela R., additional, Petersen, Kristina S., additional, Post, Robert C., additional, Rienecke, Renee D., additional, Riley, Terrence M., additional, Rizzoli, René, additional, Ryan, Donna H., additional, Safadi, Sarah, additional, Sanders, Thomas A.B., additional, Sapp, Philip A., additional, Schnakenberg, David D., additional, Smart, Laura, additional, Song, Juquan, additional, Srinivasan, Vijay, additional, Stephen, Sylvia, additional, Sullivan, Valerie K., additional, Suter, Paolo M., additional, Taylor, Steve L., additional, Tindall, Alyssa M., additional, Tucker, Katherine L., additional, Vesco, Kimberly K., additional, Wade, Charles E., additional, Wallis, Elizabeth M., additional, Wolf, Steven E., additional, Wu, Dayong, additional, Zhao, Vivian M., additional, and Ziegler, Thomas R., additional

Published
2020
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14. Estimating the cost of vaccine development against epidemic infectious diseases: a cost minimisation study

Author

Dimitrios Gouglas, MSc, Tung Thanh Le, MSc, Klara Henderson, PhD, Aristidis Kaloudis, ProfPhD, Trygve Danielsen, MSc, Nicholas Caspersen Hammersland, MSc, James M Robinson, MS, Penny M Heaton, MD, and John-Arne Røttingen, ProfMD

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations was established in 2016, to develop vaccines that can contribute to preparedness for outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases. Evidence on vaccine development costs for such diseases is scarce. Our goal was to estimate the minimum cost for achieving vaccine research and development preparedness targets in a portfolio of 11 epidemic infectious diseases, accounting for vaccine pipeline constraints and uncertainty in research and development preparedness outcomes. Methods: We assembled a pipeline of 224 vaccine candidates from preclinical through to phase 2 for 11 priority epidemic infectious diseases. We used a linear regression model to identify drivers of development costs from preclinical through to end of phase 2a. Drawing from published estimates of vaccine research and development probabilities of success, we simulated costs for advancing these 224 vaccine candidates through to the end of phase 2a. We combined these findings to determine minimum costs for progressing at least one vaccine through to the end of phase 2a per epidemic infectious disease by means of a stochastic optimisation model. Findings: The cost of developing a single epidemic infectious disease vaccine from preclinical trials through to end of phase 2a is US$31–68 million (US$14–159 million range), assuming no risk of failure. We found that previous licensure experience and indirect costs are upward drivers of research and development costs. Accounting for probability of success, the average cost of successfully advancing at least one epidemic infectious disease vaccine through to the end of phase 2a can vary from US$84–112 million ($23 million–$295 million range) starting from phase 2 to $319–469 million ($137 million–$1·1 billion range) starting from preclinical. This cost includes the cumulative cost of failed vaccine candidates through the research and development process. Assuming these candidates and funding were made available, progressing at least one vaccine through to the end of phase 2a for each of the 11 epidemic infectious diseases would cost a minimum of $2·8–3·7 billion ($1·2 billion–$8·4 billion range). Interpretation: Our analysis provides new evidence on vaccine research and development pipelines and associated costs for 11 epidemic infectious diseases, highlighting both funding needs and research and development gaps for achieving vaccine research and development preparedness targets. Funding: This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through the Global Health and Vaccination Programme GLOBVAC.

Published
2018
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15. Hyperlipidemia

Author

Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Lisa Sanders, Olivia Lawler, Terrence Riley, and Kevin Maki

Published
2023

17. List of contributors

Author

Claudia Abeijón-Mukdsi, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Aqsa Akhtar, Mohammad Alizadeh, Omar Al-Odat, Lourdes Amigo, Estefanía Andrada, Andrea Araiza-Calahorra, Waqas Asghar, Sadia Aslam, Javier Ávila-Román, Jana Baranda, Jalles Arruda Batista, Oumaima Ben-Romdhane, Revathi Boddu, Christine Boesch, Isabel Borras-Linares, Paz Soledad Robert Canales, Robert Chitren, Ivana M. Cotabarren, Edith-Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez, Graziela Biude da Silva Duarte, Sevana Daneghian, Diva de Aguiar Magalhães, Alie de Boer, Tarcisio Vieira de Brito, Antonio Kleiton de Sousa, Fernando Mesquita de Sousa de Lima, Zoriţa M. Diaconeasa, Beatriz Díaz-Reinoso, Herminia Domínguez, André Luiz dos Reis Barbosa, Francisc V. Dulf, Samuel Fernández-Tomé, Helena Ferreira, Miriam Ferrer-Sierra, Jakub Fichna, Melinda Fogarasi, Carolina Fredes, Anca C. Frcaş, Morena Gabriele, Sara García-Gil, Paula García-Ibañez, Aurora García-Tejedor, Paola Gauffin-Cano, Daniela Giacomazza, Ana M. Gil, Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida, Ilkay Gok, Jaime González-Romero, Francisco M. Goycoolea, Eduardo Jesús Guerra-Hernández, Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez, Blanca Hernández-Ledesma, María Inés Isla, María Dolores Jiménez-Gordillo, Subash C. Jonnalagadda, Nauman Khalid, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Satish Kumar, Vikas Kumar, Jose Moises Laparra, Karin G.M. Lenssen, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, Antonela Marquez, Diana Martin, Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez, Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga, Roxana Medina, Anamika Minhas, Martin Mondor, Antonia Montilla, M. Morante, Diego A. Moreno, Virginia Motilva, Nerea Muñoz-Almagro, Joaquín Navarro del Hierro, Ester S. Oh, Caroline Orfila, Miguel Oseguera-Toledo, Camila A. Palla, Manoj K Pandey, Elena Peñas, Cynthia Maria Carvalho Pereira, Kristina S. Petersen, Elisabete Pinto, Oana L. Pop, Sirima Puangpraphant, Laura Pucci, Bruna Zavarize Reis, Paloma Rodríguez-López, Azahara Rodríguez-Luna, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Marcelo Macedo Rogero, Connie J. Rogers, Matías Russo, Maciej Salaga, Antonio Segura-Carretero, Rakesh Sharma, Shweta Sharma, Jose Manuel Silvan, Sonia A. Socaci, Stefany Guimarães Sousa, Marcin Talar, Elena Talero, Aleksandra Tarasiuk, Irene Tomé-Sánchez, Hafiz Ubaid ur Rahman, Marta W. Vasconcelos, Mar Villamiel, Max Von Suskil, Iris Catiana Zampini, and Longli Zhou

Published
2022

19. Contributors

Author

Elissa M. Abrams, Carlo Agostoni, Doerthe A. Andreae, Cristiana Berti, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Mark A. Burton, Carlo Catassi, Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo, Sarah E. Cusick, Anne M. Dattilo, Joaquin Escribano Subias, Natalia Ferré Pallas, Jennifer Orlet Fisher, David M. Fleischer, Michael K. Georgieff, Maria Lorella Giannì, Keith M. Godfrey, Anat Guz-Mark, Tricia L. Hart, Edward G.A. Iglesia, Hermann Kalhoff, Marko Kalliomäki, Mathilde Kersting, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Harrie N. Lafeber, Kirsi Laitinen, Zohra S. Lassi, Karen A. Lillycrop, Elena Lionetti, Veronica Luque Moreno, Kati Mokkala, Daniela Morniroli, Fabio Mosca, Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn, Lynda M. O’Neill, Emily Oken, Zahra A. Padhani, Wei Perng, Kristina S. Petersen, Erin Sundseth Ross, Charlotte A. Ruys, Jose M. Saavedra, Rehana A. Salam, Silvia Salvatore, Raanan Shamir, Monique van de Lagemaat, Chris H.P. van den Akker, Johannes B. van Goudoever, Yvan Vandenplas, Mark H. Vickers, and Giulia Vizzari

Published
2022

21. List of Contributors

Author

Alfirevic, A., primary, Antonarakis, S.E., additional, Bhardwaj, A., additional, Borry, P., additional, Børsting, C., additional, Busi, M.V., additional, Dissanayake, V.H.W., additional, Festenstein, R., additional, Gaff, C.L., additional, Gomez-Casati, D.F., additional, Grisolía, M., additional, Gupta, P., additional, Haworth, A., additional, Kerr, B., additional, Knoppers, B.M., additional, Korf, B., additional, Kumar, D., additional, Lench, N., additional, Lucassen, A., additional, Macciocca, I., additional, Maher, E., additional, Manolio, T.A., additional, McHale, D., additional, Morling, N., additional, Mutreja, A., additional, Penny, M., additional, Pirmohamed, M., additional, Rajput, N.K., additional, Rogers, Y.-H., additional, Savage, H., additional, Saxena, R., additional, Shabani, M., additional, Sharma, V.K., additional, Singh, V., additional, Sirisena, N., additional, Sumathipala, D., additional, van Langen, I., additional, Wettasinghe, K., additional, Whitworth, J., additional, Wise, A.L., additional, and Zhang, C., additional

Published
2016
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23. Contributors

Author

Balasubramanyam, Ashok, primary, Ballantyne, Christie M., additional, Barter, Philip J., additional, Blumenthal, Roger S., additional, Boffa, Michael B., additional, Brewer, Bryan, additional, Brinton, Eliot A., additional, Brothers, Julie A., additional, Carlson, Lars A., additional, Catapano, Alberico L., additional, Chiavaroli, Laura, additional, Church, Timothy S., additional, Cohen, David E., additional, Creider, Julia C., additional, Daniels, Stephen R., additional, Davidson, David J., additional, Davidson, Michael H., additional, Deedwania, Prakash, additional, deGoma, Emil M., additional, Do, Rose Q., additional, Fayad, Zahi A., additional, Fazio, Sergio, additional, Fellstrøm, Bengt, additional, Fleming, Jennifer, additional, Gillard, Baiba K., additional, Ginsberg, Henry N., additional, Goldberg, Anne Carol, additional, Gotto, Antonio M., additional, Guyton, John R., additional, Harris, William S., additional, Hegele, Robert A., additional, Holdaas, Hallvard, additional, Hoogeveen, Ron C., additional, Jacobson, Terry A., additional, Jardine, Alan G., additional, Jenkins, David J.A., additional, Johnson, Amber E., additional, Jones, Peter, additional, Jones, Peter H., additional, Kastelein, John J.P., additional, Kendall, Cyril W.C., additional, Kobashigawa, Jon, additional, Koschinsky, Marlys L., additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Kuivenhoven, Jan Albert, additional, Lairez, Olivier, additional, Lavie, Carl J., additional, Libby, Peter, additional, Linton, MacRae F., additional, Marcovina, Santica M., additional, Mark, Patrick B., additional, Martin, Seth S., additional, McGovern, Mark E., additional, McKenney, James M., additional, Miller, Michael, additional, Miller, Yury I., additional, Mirrahimi, Arash, additional, Moon, Jennifer E., additional, Moriarty, Patrick M., additional, Motazacker, Mohammad Mahdi, additional, Nambi, Vijay, additional, Negi, Smita I., additional, Nicholls, Stephen J., additional, Nissen, Steven E., additional, Norata, Giuseppe D., additional, Patel, Payal S., additional, Patel, Rajan K., additional, Xavier Pi-Sunyer, F., additional, Pokharel, Yashashwi, additional, Pownall, Henry J., additional, Raal, Frederick, additional, Rader, Daniel J., additional, Reyes-Soffer, Gissette, additional, Ridker, Paul M., additional, Rosales, Corina, additional, Rosenson, Robert S., additional, Roth, Eli M., additional, Rye, Kerry-Anne, additional, Santos, Raul D., additional, Sarzynski, Mark A., additional, Schwartz, Gregory G., additional, Sekhar, Rajagopal V., additional, Singh, Parmanand, additional, Skulas-Ray, Ann C., additional, Srichaikul, Kristie, additional, Stafforini, Diana M., additional, Stein, Evan A., additional, Stone, Neil J., additional, Swift, Damon L., additional, Tawakol, Ahmed, additional, Taylor, Allen J., additional, Tsimikas, Sotirios, additional, Turner, Traci, additional, Vijayaraghavan, Krishnaswami, additional, Virani, Salim S., additional, Wang, David Q.-H., additional, Wenger, Nanette K., additional, Wilkinson, Michael J., additional, and Wong, Julia M.W., additional

Published
2015
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24. Nutrition and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Author

Kristina S. Petersen, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Emily A. Johnston, Terrence M. Riley, Valerie K. Sullivan, Philip A Sapp, and Alyssa M Tindall

Subjects
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, business.industry, Saturated fat, Physiology, Blood flow, Dietary pattern, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Circulatory system, Genetic predisposition, medicine, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Summary Key functions of the heart and circulatory system are to supply oxygen and nutrients to all organs and tissues and remove carbon dioxide and waste products from peripheral tissues and organs. A healthy blood flow promotes the normal functions of all cells, tissues, and organs. Atherosclerosis impedes blood flow thereby initiating the onset and accelerating the progression of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) is initiated by a nonresolving inflammatory response and later develops into a chronic disease in which genetic predisposition, diet, and lifestyle promote onset and progression. Interventions targeting diet and lifestyle are the primary means of prevention and reduce the risk of ASCVD. Modifiable ASCVD risk factors are many and include overweight/obesity, elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, high non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, stress, and an unhealthy dietary pattern. There is a strong evidence base for the current food-based dietary recommendations and specific nutrient targets (e.g., lower saturated fat, sodium, added sugars) that collectively contribute to a healthy vasculature and reduced CVD risk.

Published
2020

25. List of Contributors

Author

Alcocer, Marcos, primary, Amenhotep, Zane D., additional, Andersen, Philip R., additional, Armbruster, David, additional, Backus, John, additional, Binder, Steven R., additional, Bowsher, Ronald R., additional, Brennan, Catherine A., additional, Burnham, Carey-Ann D., additional, Chan, Daniel W., additional, Chapman, Richard S., additional, Christofides, Nic D., additional, Clark, Penny M., additional, Dent, Alastair H., additional, Dessi, John L., additional, Devare, Sushil G., additional, Doern, Christopher, additional, Duffin, Gordon, additional, Duffy, David C., additional, Dunbar, Sherry A., additional, Dunn, John R., additional, Evans, Katy, additional, Faye, Sherry, additional, Fleming, Richard, additional, Fraser, William, additional, French, Deborah, additional, Gimzewski, James K., additional, Gore, Angela, additional, Granger, Douglas A., additional, He, Jianwen, additional, Hindmarsh, Peter, additional, Hoffmeyer, Michaela R., additional, Hofmann, Oliver, additional, Huckle, David, additional, Hutchings, Alun, additional, Isler, Jennifer, additional, John, Rhys, additional, Johnson, Sara B., additional, Karlsson, Robert, additional, Kaul, Ravi, additional, Keren, David F., additional, Koshy, Thomas I., additional, Kricka, Larry J., additional, Lamb, Kelly J., additional, Laterza, Omar F., additional, Lawrence, John C., additional, Leathers, Valerie L., additional, Leith, Katherine M., additional, Liddell, Eryl, additional, McDonald, Timothy J., additional, Metzar, Jean, additional, Nichols, James H., additional, Nowatzke, William L., additional, O’Connor, Thomas P., additional, O’Farrell, Brendan, additional, Out, Dorothée, additional, Park, Jason Y., additional, Parker, Simon P., additional, Perry, Leslie, additional, Price, Christopher P., additional, Quinn, Frank A., additional, Ramachandran, Radha, additional, Rattle, Simon, additional, Reed, Jason, additional, Renshaw, Simon, additional, Rissin, David M., additional, Røseth, Arne, additional, Routledge, Philip A., additional, Rumsby, Gill, additional, Sailstad, Jeffrey M., additional, Sarfati, Patrice D., additional, Sarli, Amy, additional, Self, Colin, additional, Shah, Dinesh O., additional, Sheehan, Chris, additional, Sokoll, Lori J., additional, Spencer, Kevin, additional, Stewart, James L., additional, Street, Theresa, additional, Sturgeon, Catharine M., additional, Sunwoo, Hoon H., additional, Thompson, Stephen, additional, Tiplady, Sarah M., additional, Turnbull, Maggie, additional, Ullman, Edwin F., additional, Weeks, Ian, additional, Wheeler, Mike, additional, Wild, David G., additional, Wilson, David H., additional, Workman, Erwin, additional, Wu, Alan H.B., additional, Ardern, John, additional, Armstrong, Alan S., additional, Babson, Arthur L., additional, Blockx, Pierre, additional, Brandt, Doug, additional, Buechler, Kenneth F., additional, Chard, Tim, additional, Colston, Kay W., additional, Danielson, Susan J., additional, Davies, Christopher, additional, Dawson, Derek, additional, Dille, Bruce J., additional, Donahoe, Theresa, additional, Ekins, Roger, additional, Evans, Gareth, additional, Ford, Kent, additional, Hilborn, David A., additional, Kusnezow, Wlad, additional, Martin, Manuella, additional, McLellan, W.N., additional, Medbak, Sami, additional, Mushahwar, Isa K., additional, Myers, Mary Beth, additional, Preece, Michael, additional, Pringle, Jane, additional, Rilvën, Mats, additional, Ritchie, Robert, additional, Safford, John W., additional, Smith, Mari G., additional, Spencer, Carole A., additional, Stevenson, John C., additional, Suresh, Mavanur R., additional, Waters, Harry, additional, Wilde, Colin, additional, and Yman, Lars, additional

Published
2013
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26. Contributors

Author

Afshin, Ashkan, primary, Bakris, George L., additional, Ballantyne, Christie M., additional, Bell, Ronny A., additional, Berger, Jeffrey S., additional, Bhatt, Deepak L., additional, Blackburn, George L., additional, Blaha, Michael J., additional, Blumenthal, Roger S., additional, Brautbar, Ariel, additional, Budoff, Matthew J., additional, Burke, Gregory L., additional, Butler, Javed, additional, Coates, Alison M., additional, Corretti, Mary C., additional, Costello, Rebecca B., additional, Davidson, Michael H., additional, Desai, Milind Y., additional, Elliott, William J., additional, Ellison, R. Curtis, additional, Fisher, Edward, additional, Gandotra, Puneet, additional, Georgiopoulou, Vasiliki V., additional, Gerstenblith, Gary, additional, Gluckman, Ty J., additional, Gore, M. Odette, additional, Harris, Kristina A., additional, Hill, Alison M., additional, Ho, P. Michael, additional, Hopkins, Paul N., additional, Inzucchi, Silvio E., additional, Johnson, Heather M., additional, Jones, Steven R., additional, Kalogeropoulos, Andreas P., additional, Kathiresan, Sekar, additional, Kliger, Chad, additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Kwiterovich, Peter O., additional, Lakatta, Edward G., additional, Lloyd-Jones, Donald M., additional, Longhurst, John C., additional, Luepker, Russell V., additional, Maddox, Thomas M., additional, Malik, Shaista, additional, McGuire, Darren K., additional, Merz, C. Noel Bairey, additional, Miller, Michael, additional, Mohler, Emile R., additional, Mora, Samia, additional, Musunuru, Kiran, additional, Nagy, Christian D., additional, Najjar, Samer S., additional, Nambi, Vijay, additional, Nasir, Khurram, additional, Oliva, Raymond, additional, Orakzai, Raza H., additional, Panjrath, Gurusher S., additional, Peña, Jessica M., additional, Polonsky, Tamar, additional, Rajiah, Prabhakar, additional, Ratchford, Elizabeth V., additional, Rozanski, Alan, additional, Schwartzbard, Arthur, additional, Shah, Amil M., additional, Shaw, Leslee J., additional, Shufelt, Chrisandra L., additional, Smith, Sidney C., additional, Spellman, Kristina, additional, Sperling, Laurence S., additional, Stein, James H., additional, Stewart, Kerry J., additional, Toth, Peter P., additional, Watson, Karol E., additional, Weintraub, Howard, additional, Welty, Francine K., additional, Williams, Mark A., additional, Wilson, Peter W.F., additional, Wollner, Samuel, additional, and Wong, Nathan D., additional

Published
2011
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29. Contributing Authors

Author

Assmann, Gerd, primary, Bagshaw, Deborah, additional, Balasubramanyam, Ashok, additional, Ballantyne, Christie M., additional, Barter, Philip, additional, Bays, Harold, additional, Blumenthal, Roger S., additional, Brewer, H. Bryan, additional, Brown, B. Greg, additional, Brunzell, John D., additional, Campbell, Catherine Y., additional, Canner, Paul L., additional, Carlson, Lars A., additional, Catapano, A.L., additional, Chahil, Tina J., additional, Church, Timothy S., additional, Cohen, David E., additional, Davidson, Michael H., additional, Deedwania, Prakash C., additional, Després, Jean-Pierre, additional, Devaraj, Sridevi, additional, Devine, Patrick J., additional, Fayad, Zahi A., additional, Fazio, Sergio, additional, Fellstrøm, Bengt, additional, Ganz, Peter, additional, Ginsberg, Henry N., additional, Goldberg, Anne Carol, additional, Gotto, Antonio M., additional, Guyton, John R., additional, Harris, William S., additional, Holdaas, Hallvard, additional, Hoogeveen, Ron C., additional, Jacobson, Terry A., additional, Jardine, Alan G., additional, Jenkins, David J.A., additional, Jialal, Ishwarlal, additional, Jones, Peter H., additional, Josse, Andrea R., additional, Kendall, Cyril W.C., additional, Kobashigawa, Jon A., additional, Koschinsky, Marlys L., additional, Kris-Etherton, Penny M., additional, Kurra, Salila, additional, Lavie, Carl J., additional, Le, Ngoc-Anh, additional, Libby, Peter, additional, Linton, MacRae F., additional, Marcovina, Santica M., additional, Mark, Patrick B., additional, McGovern, Mark E., additional, McKenney, James M., additional, Merz, C. Noel Bairey, additional, Miller, Michael, additional, Miller, Yury I., additional, Mora, Samia, additional, Moriarty, Patrick M., additional, Musunuru, Kiran, additional, Myers, Kelly S., additional, Nambi, Vijay, additional, Nguyen, Tri H., additional, Nicholls, Stephen J., additional, Nissen, Steven E., additional, Norata, G.D., additional, Ohlson, Melissa, additional, Packard, Chris J., additional, Pi-Sunyer, F. Xavier, additional, Polk, Donna, additional, Pownall, Henry J., additional, Rader, Daniel J., additional, Rosenson, Robert S., additional, Rudd, James H.F., additional, Saseen, Joseph S., additional, Schwartz, Gregory G., additional, Seedorf, Udo, additional, Sekhar, Rajagopal V., additional, Stone., Neil J., additional, Taylor, Allen J., additional, Tsimikas, Sotirios, additional, Vijayaraghavan, Krishnaswami, additional, Wang, David Q.-H., additional, Wenger, Nanette K., additional, Wiggins, Barbara S., additional, Wilson, Peter W.F., additional, and Wong, Julia M.W., additional

Published
2009
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31. Contributors

Author

Berger, Larry L., primary, Bern, Carl J., additional, Deak, Nicolas A., additional, Drackley, James K., additional, Erhan, Sevim Z., additional, Fahey, George C., additional, Flickinger, Brent D., additional, Gerde, Jose A., additional, Goldsmith, Peter D., additional, Hanna, H. Mark, additional, Hernot, David C., additional, Hill, Alison M., additional, Hymowitz, Theodore, additional, Johnson, Lawrence A., additional, Katcher, Heather I., additional, Knothe, Gerhard, additional, Kris, Penny M., additional, Liu, KeShun, additional, Lusas, Edmund W., additional, Luttrell, Randall G., additional, Middelbos, Ingomar S., additional, Murphy, Patricia A., additional, Myers, Deland J., additional, O'Brien, Richard D., additional, Orf, James H., additional, Parsons, Carl M., additional, Paulsen, Marvin R., additional, Rhee, Khee Choon, additional, Rupe, John, additional, Schmitz, John F., additional, Sharma, Brajendra K., additional, Stein, Hans H., additional, Van Gerpen, Jon, additional, Wang, Tong, additional, Warner, Kathleen A., additional, White, Pamela J., additional, and Wilcke, William F., additional

Published
2008
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32. Estimating the cost of vaccine development against epidemic infectious diseases: a cost minimisation study

Author

Penny M Heaton, James M Robinson, Dimitrios Gouglas, John-Arne Røttingen, Tung Thanh Le, Klara Henderson, Trygve Danielsen, Nicholas Caspersen Hammersland, and Aristidis Kaloudis

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Licensure, Actuarial science, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Outbreak, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, Indirect costs, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Preparedness, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Business, Average cost, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Background The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations was established in 2016, to develop vaccines that can contribute to preparedness for outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases. Evidence on vaccine development costs for such diseases is scarce. Our goal was to estimate the minimum cost for achieving vaccine research and development preparedness targets in a portfolio of 11 epidemic infectious diseases, accounting for vaccine pipeline constraints and uncertainty in research and development preparedness outcomes. Methods We assembled a pipeline of 224 vaccine candidates from preclinical through to phase 2 for 11 priority epidemic infectious diseases. We used a linear regression model to identify drivers of development costs from preclinical through to end of phase 2a. Drawing from published estimates of vaccine research and development probabilities of success, we simulated costs for advancing these 224 vaccine candidates through to the end of phase 2a. We combined these findings to determine minimum costs for progressing at least one vaccine through to the end of phase 2a per epidemic infectious disease by means of a stochastic optimisation model. Findings The cost of developing a single epidemic infectious disease vaccine from preclinical trials through to end of phase 2a is US$31–68 million (US$14–159 million range), assuming no risk of failure. We found that previous licensure experience and indirect costs are upward drivers of research and development costs. Accounting for probability of success, the average cost of successfully advancing at least one epidemic infectious disease vaccine through to the end of phase 2a can vary from US$84–112 million ($23 million–$295 million range) starting from phase 2 to $319–469 million ($137 million–$1·1 billion range) starting from preclinical. This cost includes the cumulative cost of failed vaccine candidates through the research and development process. Assuming these candidates and funding were made available, progressing at least one vaccine through to the end of phase 2a for each of the 11 epidemic infectious diseases would cost a minimum of $2·8–3·7 billion ($1·2 billion–$8·4 billion range). Interpretation Our analysis provides new evidence on vaccine research and development pipelines and associated costs for 11 epidemic infectious diseases, highlighting both funding needs and research and development gaps for achieving vaccine research and development preparedness targets. Funding This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through the Global Health and Vaccination Programme GLOBVAC. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

Published
2018

33. Recommended Intake of Fish and Fish Oils Worldwide

Author

Ann C. Skulas-Ray, Chesney K. Richter, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, food and beverages, Biology, Fish oil, Eicosapentaenoic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Aquaculture, Docosahexaenoic acid, Oily fish, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Docosapentaenoic acid, Food science, education, business, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract

There is substantial evidence that a higher intake of fish and/or long-chain (LC) n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with health benefits. Consequently, dietary recommendations for fish and/or LC n–3 PUFA have been issued by numerous expert authorities worldwide to promote health and reduce CVD risk. Oily fish are the primary dietary source of the LC n–3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, many commonly consumed fish contain relatively low concentrations of LC n–3 PUFA, and some may contain environmental toxins. A variety of LC n–3 PUFA supplements are widely available, including standard fish body oils, omega-3 fatty acid concentrates, and pharmaceutical preparations (ie, Epanova, Lovaza, and VascEPA). Supplements contain varying amounts of EPA and DHA, do not contain any contaminants, and may be more suitable for some populations. Although fish and fish oil are the main source of LC n–3 PUFA, there are other dietary sources and supplements that may become increasingly important contributors to LC n–3 PUFA intake. In addition to recommendations for the general population, specific life stages (ie, pregnant and/or lactating women) and populations (ie, vegetarians) have unique LC n–3 PUFA needs that should be taken into consideration. Emerging evidence has indicated that a third LC n–3 PUFA species—docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n3)—may contribute to the beneficial health effects previously attributed solely to EPA and DHA. While few populations consume recommended amounts of LC n–3 PUFA, the sustainability of fish and fish oil is a major concern. To ensure the continued availability of LC n–3 PUFA needed to meet recommended intakes, sustainable fishery and aquaculture practices will be crucial, and alternative sources of LC n–3 PUFA will likely need to be further developed and commercialized.

Published
2016

34. HUMAN NUTRITION | Cardiovascular and Obesity Health Concerns

Author

Terry D. Etherton, Jennifer A Fleming, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Mediterranean diet, business.industry, Disease, Food Patterns, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Human nutrition, chemistry, Weight loss, Environmental health, medicine, Food science, medicine.symptom, Essential nutrient, business
Abstract

A healthy eating pattern is recommended for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and overweight/obesity, two of the major chronic diseases that contribute to the global burden of diseases. The Mediterranean Diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet and, the US Department of Agriculture Food Patterns all meet current food-based and nutrient recommendations and can include lean beef. Lean beef is a nutrient-dense food and contains essential nutrients such as iron, zinc, and B-vitamins, as well as good-quality protein. Incorporating lean beef in a healthy dietary pattern would be expected to promote adherence to food-based dietary recommendations, achieve nutrient adequacy, and decrease risk of many major chronic diseases, notably cardiovascular disease and overweight/obesity.

Published
2014

35. The Role of Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Author

Chesney K. Richter, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, and Ann C. Skulas-Ray

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Cvd risk, Emerging risk, business.industry, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood pressure, Environmental health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, business, Intensive care medicine
Abstract

This chapter focuses on nutritional strategies for optimizing lipids and lipoproteins as a means of reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effects of diet on other established and emerging risk factors are also addressed briefly. When whole-food, evidence-based approaches are utilized, risk factor reduction includes both the well-characterized CVD risk factors and emerging and yet to be discovered risk pathways.

Published
2013

36. List of Contributors

Author

Marcos Alcocer, Zane D. Amenhotep, Philip R. Andersen, David Armbruster, John Backus, Steven R. Binder, Ronald R. Bowsher, Catherine A. Brennan, Carey-Ann D. Burnham, Daniel W. Chan, Richard S. Chapman, Nic D. Christofides, Penny M. Clark, Alastair H. Dent, John L. Dessi, Sushil G. Devare, Christopher Doern, Gordon Duffin, David C. Duffy, Sherry A. Dunbar, John R. Dunn, Katy Evans, Sherry Faye, Richard Fleming, William Fraser, Deborah French, James K. Gimzewski, Angela Gore, Douglas A. Granger, Jianwen He, Peter Hindmarsh, Michaela R. Hoffmeyer, Oliver Hofmann, David Huckle, Alun Hutchings, Jennifer Isler, Rhys John, Sara B. Johnson, Robert Karlsson, Ravi Kaul, David F. Keren, Thomas I. Koshy, Larry J. Kricka, Kelly J. Lamb, Omar F. Laterza, John C. Lawrence, Valerie L. Leathers, Katherine M. Leith, Eryl Liddell, Timothy J. McDonald, Jean Metzar, James H. Nichols, William L. Nowatzke, Thomas P. O’Connor, Brendan O’Farrell, Dorothée Out, Jason Y. Park, Simon P. Parker, Leslie Perry, Christopher P. Price, Frank A. Quinn, Radha Ramachandran, Simon Rattle, Jason Reed, Simon Renshaw, David M. Rissin, Arne Røseth, Philip A. Routledge, Gill Rumsby, Jeffrey M. Sailstad, Patrice D. Sarfati, Amy Sarli, Colin Self, Dinesh O. Shah, Chris Sheehan, Lori J. Sokoll, Kevin Spencer, James L. Stewart, Theresa Street, Catharine M. Sturgeon, Hoon H. Sunwoo, Stephen Thompson, Sarah M. Tiplady, Maggie Turnbull, Edwin F. Ullman, Ian Weeks, Mike Wheeler, David G. Wild, David H. Wilson, Erwin Workman, Alan H.B. Wu, John Ardern, Alan S. Armstrong, Arthur L. Babson, Pierre Blockx, Doug Brandt, Kenneth F. Buechler, Tim Chard, Kay W. Colston, Susan J. Danielson, Christopher Davies, Derek Dawson, Bruce J. Dille, Theresa Donahoe, Roger Ekins, Gareth Evans, Kent Ford, David A. Hilborn, Wlad Kusnezow, Manuella Martin, W.N. McLellan, Sami Medbak, Isa K. Mushahwar, Mary Beth Myers, Michael Preece, Jane Pringle, Mats Rilvën, Robert Ritchie, John W. Safford, Mari G. Smith, Carole A. Spencer, John C. Stevenson, Mavanur R. Suresh, Harry Waters, Colin Wilde, and Lars Yman

Published
2013

37. Dietary linoleic acid increases and palmitic acid decreases hepatic LDL receptor protein and mRNA abundance in young pigs

Author

Allen D. Cooper, Terry D. Etherton, Vikkie A. Mustad, Jeff L. Ellsworth, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Messenger RNA, Meal, Calorie, Cholesterol, Linoleic acid, Cell Biology, QD415-436, Biology, Biochemistry, Palmitic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Mrna level, Internal medicine, LDL receptor, medicine, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins)
Abstract

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fatty acids on hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) protein abundance and mRNA levels. Sixty pigs were randomized into 10 groups and fed corn-soybean meal diets containing three cholesterol levels (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, w/w) with no added fat, or fats rich (30% of calories) in palmitic acid or linoleic acid. A control group was fed the base diet with no added fat. After 30 days, plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels increased as the dietary cholesterol increased (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant effect of either fatty acid. Dietary fatty acids, however, had distinctly different effects on hepatic LDLr protein (analyzed by ELISA) and mRNA (analyzed by Northern blot) abundance. When pigs consumed diets containing 0.25% cholesterol, linoleic acid increased hepatic LDLr protein 40% whereas palmitic acid reduced it 40% (P < 0.05). These changes in LDLr protein abundance were accompanied by parallel changes in hepatic LDLr mRNA; linoleic acid increased LDLr mRNA 2-fold (P < 0.01), whereas palmitic acid decreased it 60% (P < 0.01). The differential effects of fatty acids on LDLr expression were only observed at 0.25% cholesterol, suggesting that higher intakes of cholesterol have a dominant and repressive effect on regulation of LDLr expression. Cholesterol intake increased hepatic total cholesterol levels (P < 0.01) while dietary fatty acids had no effect on hepatic sterols. In summary, our results indicate that dietary linoleic acid and palmitic acid have markedly different effects on hepatic LDLr protein abundance that are mediated by differential effects on LDLr mRNA and protein levels. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which fatty acids regulate LDLr mRNA and protein levels.

Published
1996

38. Contributors

Author

Ashkan Afshin, George L. Bakris, Christie M. Ballantyne, Ronny A. Bell, Jeffrey S. Berger, Deepak L. Bhatt, George L. Blackburn, Michael J. Blaha, Roger S. Blumenthal, Ariel Brautbar, Matthew J. Budoff, Gregory L. Burke, Javed Butler, Alison M. Coates, Mary C. Corretti, Rebecca B. Costello, Michael H. Davidson, Milind Y. Desai, William J. Elliott, R. Curtis Ellison, Edward Fisher, Puneet Gandotra, Vasiliki V. Georgiopoulou, Gary Gerstenblith, Ty J. Gluckman, M. Odette Gore, Kristina A. Harris, Alison M. Hill, P. Michael Ho, Paul N. Hopkins, Silvio E. Inzucchi, Heather M. Johnson, Steven R. Jones, Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Sekar Kathiresan, Chad Kliger, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Peter O. Kwiterovich, Edward G. Lakatta, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, John C. Longhurst, Russell V. Luepker, Thomas M. Maddox, Shaista Malik, Darren K. McGuire, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Michael Miller, Emile R. Mohler, Samia Mora, Kiran Musunuru, Christian D. Nagy, Samer S. Najjar, Vijay Nambi, Khurram Nasir, Raymond Oliva, Raza H. Orakzai, Gurusher S. Panjrath, Jessica M. Peña, Tamar Polonsky, Prabhakar Rajiah, Elizabeth V. Ratchford, Alan Rozanski, Arthur Schwartzbard, Amil M. Shah, Leslee J. Shaw, Chrisandra L. Shufelt, Sidney C. Smith, Kristina Spellman, Laurence S. Sperling, James H. Stein, Kerry J. Stewart, Peter P. Toth, Karol E. Watson, Howard Weintraub, Francine K. Welty, Mark A. Williams, Peter W.F. Wilson, Samuel Wollner, and Nathan D. Wong

Published
2011

40. Contributing Authors

Author

Gerd Assmann, Deborah Bagshaw, Ashok Balasubramanyam, Christie M. Ballantyne, Philip Barter, Harold Bays, Roger S. Blumenthal, H. Bryan Brewer, B. Greg Brown, John D. Brunzell, Catherine Y. Campbell, Paul L. Canner, Lars A. Carlson, A.L. Catapano, Tina J. Chahil, Timothy S. Church, David E. Cohen, Michael H. Davidson, Prakash C. Deedwania, Jean-Pierre Després, Sridevi Devaraj, Patrick J. Devine, Zahi A. Fayad, Sergio Fazio, Bengt Fellstrøm, Peter Ganz, Henry N. Ginsberg, Anne Carol Goldberg, Antonio M. Gotto, John R. Guyton, William S. Harris, Hallvard Holdaas, Ron C. Hoogeveen, Terry A. Jacobson, Alan G. Jardine, David J.A. Jenkins, Ishwarlal Jialal, Peter H. Jones, Andrea R. Josse, Cyril W.C. Kendall, Jon A. Kobashigawa, Marlys L. Koschinsky, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Salila Kurra, Carl J. Lavie, Ngoc-Anh Le, Peter Libby, MacRae F. Linton, Santica M. Marcovina, Patrick B. Mark, Mark E. McGovern, James M. McKenney, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Michael Miller, Yury I. Miller, Samia Mora, Patrick M. Moriarty, Kiran Musunuru, Kelly S. Myers, Vijay Nambi, Tri H. Nguyen, Stephen J. Nicholls, Steven E. Nissen, G.D. Norata, Melissa Ohlson, Chris J. Packard, F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, Donna Polk, Henry J. Pownall, Daniel J. Rader, Robert S. Rosenson, James H.F. Rudd, Joseph S. Saseen, Gregory G. Schwartz, Udo Seedorf, Rajagopal V. Sekhar, Neil J. Stone., Allen J. Taylor, Sotirios Tsimikas, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan, David Q.-H. Wang, Nanette K. Wenger, Barbara S. Wiggins, Peter W.F. Wilson, and Julia M.W. Wong

Published
2009

41. Human Nutrition Value of Soybean Oil and Soy Protein

Author

Heather I. Katcher, Brent Flickinger, Alison M. Hill, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, food.ingredient, Calorie, Linoleic acid, food and beverages, Fatty acid, Isoflavones, Soybean oil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Human nutrition, food, chemistry, Food science, Soy protein, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract

Publisher Summary Of the edible Soybean (SB) products in the U.S. market, the consumption of Soybean Oil (SBO) is the greatest because of its contribution to the diet. SBO is the major edible oil in the United States. The predominant dietary sources of SBO are salad and cooking oil (48%), and baking and frying fats (34%). SBO has a unique fatty acid profile; it is comprised predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids, including Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA), of which the predominant PUFA is linoleic acid (LA), and to a much lesser extent, α-Linolenic Acid (ALA). Soybeans are also a source of protein. Consumption of soybean products containing soy protein has risen in recent years, although this remains significantly less than the consumption of SBO. One component of soy protein that also gained interest is isoflavones (bioactive molecules contained in soy protein) because of their potential health effects. Based on dietary assessment data for energy and fat, SBO accounts for about 12% of calories in the average American diet. This chapter discusses the health effects of SBO and its constituent fatty acid profile, as well as soy protein and its bioactive components.

Published
2008

42. Contributors

Author

Larry L. Berger, Carl J. Bern, Nicolas A. Deak, James K. Drackley, Sevim Z. Erhan, George C. Fahey, Brent D. Flickinger, Jose A. Gerde, Peter D. Goldsmith, H. Mark Hanna, David C. Hernot, Alison M. Hill, Theodore Hymowitz, Lawrence A. Johnson, Heather I. Katcher, Gerhard Knothe, Penny M. Kris, KeShun Liu, Edmund W. Lusas, Randall G. Luttrell, Ingomar S. Middelbos, Patricia A. Murphy, Deland J. Myers, Richard D. O'Brien, James H. Orf, Carl M. Parsons, Marvin R. Paulsen, Khee Choon Rhee, John Rupe, John F. Schmitz, Brajendra K. Sharma, Hans H. Stein, Jon Van Gerpen, Tong Wang, Kathleen A. Warner, Pamela J. White, and William F. Wilcke

Published
2008

44. Dietary Macronutrients and Cardiovascular Risk

Author

Denise Shaffer Taylor, Amy E. Binkoski, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Guixiang Zhao, Stacie M. Coval, and Kari D Hecker

Subjects
business.industry, Cholesterol, Insulin, medicine.medical_treatment, Physiology, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Diabetes mellitus, Medicine, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), medicine.symptom, business, Lipoprotein, Cause of death, Sedentary lifestyle
Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States accounting for more deaths than all other causes combined. Numerous risk factors for CVD are identified, many of which are modifiable by diet and lifestyle practices. Major modifiable risk factors include cigarette smoking, elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, overweight and obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a sedentary lifestyle. Other important risk factors that are modifiable by diet are a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated levels of triglycerides, lipoprotein, insulin, hypertension, altered hemostatic factors, and small, dense LDL particles. This chapter reviews the understanding of how changes in the macronutrient profile of the diet affect CVD risk status. It describes various low saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol diets that differ in macronutrient content and present the plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses that are reported for these diets. This, chapter highlights the effect of various low SFA , low-cholesterol diet options with differentmacronutrient profiles on newly defined CVD risk factors.

Published
2001

45. Contributors to Volume 2

Author

Charles E. Wade, Tom Sanders, Ellisiv Lærum-Onsager, Liam McKeever, Asim Maqbool, Irina Kirpich, Vijay Srinivasan, Stephen Colagiuri, Jennie Brand-Miller, Ibrahim Elmadfa, Weimin Guo, Melinda M. Manore, Hilda E. Fernandez, Jeanne H.M. de Vries, Laura M. Nance, David D. Schnakenberg, Thomas L. Nickolas, Louise M. Burke, E. Wayne Askew, Sonya J. Jones, Elizabeth J. Campbell, Craig James McClain, Kimberly K Vesco, Kirsten A Herrick, Ellisiv Jacobsen, Charlene Compher, Donna H. Ryan, Renee D. Rienecke, Johanna T. Dwyer, Paolo M. Suter, Vi Goh, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Marie Johnson, Dayong Wu, Maria R. Mascarenhas, Emily A. Johnston, Cynthia L. Ogden, Alyssa M Tindall, Philip A. Sapp, Katherine Alaimo, David B. Haytowitz, Mariana Chilton, Stephen D. Anton, Elizabeth Prout Parks, Carolyn Newberry, Vivian M. Zhao, Katherine L. Tucker, Rebecca Egdorf, Sylvia Stephen, Steve L. Taylor, Joseph L. Baumert, Robert C. Post, Alexa L. Meyer, Sarah Safadi, René Rizzoli, Marga C. Ocké, Nancy F. Krebs, Kristina S. Petersen, Sharon Y. Irving, Paul J.M. Hulshof, Juquan Song, Wafaie W. Fawzi, Alexandra M. Johnstone, Thomas R. Ziegler, Asta Bye, Namrata G. Jain, Karen L. Lindsay, Pablo Monsivais, Elizabeth M. Wallis, Valerie K. Sullivan, Janine L. Lewis, Adam Drewnowski, Sarah A. McNaughton, Stephanie P. Gilley, Karl E. Friedl, Sung Nim Han, James E. Hoadley, Jimi Francis, Pamela R. Pehrsson, Kirstine J. Bell, Steven E. Wolf, Terrence M. Riley, Ajibola I Abioye, Simin Nikbin Meydani, and Laura Smart

Subjects
Volume (thermodynamics), Petroleum engineering, Environmental science
Published
1990

46. Studies on the etiology of the hyperlipemia in rats fed an atherogenic diet

Author

Allen D. Cooper and Penny M. Kris-Etherton

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Very low-density lipoprotein, Cholesterol, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Cell Biology, QD415-436, Biology, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Chylomicron remnant, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, Etiology, Secretion, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Propylthiouracil, Chylomicron, medicine.drug, Lipoprotein
Abstract

The etiology of the hyperlipemia which occurs in cholesterol- and fat-fed hypothyroid rats was investigated. In hyperlipemic rats the disappearance rate of 125I-labeled chylomicron remnants was markedly prolonged (t1/2 of 13.1 +/- 0.9 min versus t1/2 of 2.1 +/- 0.5 min in controls). However the ability of isolated livers from these rats to remove remnants was not significantly different from that of control livers. This suggested that the delay in removal was due to an increase in the circulating remnant concentration without a removal defect. 125I-labeled VLDL from hyperlipemic rats was removed by isolated livers from normal rats at a rate similar to normal chylomicrons or hepatic VLDL and more slowly than normal remnants. This suggested that remnants were not the principal constituents of the VLDL in these animals. Moreover when these VLDL were injected into intact normal rats they were removed with a t1/2 (5.5 +/- 1.2 min) comparable to normal VLDL rather than remnants. Finally, livers from hyperlipemic rats were perfused and the composition of the VLDL secreted was examined Compared to controls or animals fed propylthiouracil, these livers secreted a particle which was triglyceride-poor and cholesteryl ester-rich. Thus, the etiology of the hyperlipemia has several components. There is both expansion of the remnant pool and secretion of an abnormal lipoprotein.

Published
1980

48. Effects of saturated fatty acid consumption on lipoprotein (a): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Author

Riley TM, Sapp PA, Kris-Etherton PM, and Petersen KS

Subjects
Humans, Diet, Adult, Fatty Acids administration & dosage, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Lipoprotein(a) blood, Dietary Fats
Abstract

Background: An inverse relationship between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and Lp(a) concentration has been observed; however, there has been no quantification of this effect., Objectives: The objective was to determine whether SFA consumption alters Lp(a) concentrations among adults without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)., Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials contrasting a lower SFA diet(s) with a higher SFA diet(s) among adults without ASCVD was conducted. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, clinicaltrials.gov, and Web of Science databases and registers were searched through October 2023. The standardized mean difference (SMD) in Lp(a) between diets lower and higher in SFA [percentage of energy (%E)] was determined using random-effects meta-analysis. Analyses were also conducted to examine the effect of replacing SFA with carbohydrates (CHO), monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), or trans fatty acids (TFAs)., Results: In total, 6255 publications were identified in the systematic search. Twenty-six publications reporting 27 randomized controlled trials, including 1325 participants and 49 diet comparisons, were included. The mean difference in SFA between lower and higher SFA diets was 7.6%E (3.7%-17.8%E). After lower SFA diets, Lp(a) concentration was higher (SMD: 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03, 0.24) than after higher SFA diets. Subgroup analyses showed higher Lp(a) following diets where SFA was replaced by CHO (trials = 8; n = 539; SMD: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40) or TFAs (trials = 8; n = 300; SMD: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.48). No differences in Lp(a) were observed when MUFA (trials = 16; n = 641; SMD: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.16) or PUFA (trials = 8; n = 415; SMD: 0.09; 95% CI: -0.04, 0.22) replaced SFA., Conclusions: Lower SFA diets modestly increase Lp(a) compared to higher SFA diets among individuals without ASCVD. This effect appeared to be driven by replacement of SFA with CHO or TFA. Research investigating the atherogenicity of diet-induced Lp(a) changes is needed to inform dietary management of lipid/lipoprotein disorders. This trial was registered with PROSPERO as CRD42020154169., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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49. Effect of daily avocado consumption for 6 mo compared with habitual diet on red blood cell fatty acid profiles and association with cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with abdominal obesity: a randomized trial.

Author

Matthan NR, Lovato L, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM, Sabate J, Rajaram S, Li Z, Reboussin DM, and Lichtenstein AH

Abstract

Background: Avocado intake improves dietary fat quality, but the subsequent impact on red blood cell (RBC) saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), and trans-fatty acid (TFA) composition and association with cardiometabolic health, has not been elucidated., Objectives: To compare the effect of consuming 1 avocado/d relative to habitual diet (HAB) on RBC-FA profiles, and their association with visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in individuals with abdominal obesity., Methods: RBC-FA profiling at baseline, 3- and 6 mo was conducted in participants (n = 994) from the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial (HAT). HAT was a multisite, free-living, parallel-arm intervention study in which participants were randomly assigned to either the avocado-supplemented group (AVO, usual diet with 1 avocado/d) or the HAB group (usual diet with limited avocado intake) for 6 mo. Changes in RBC-FA profiles, a secondary outcome measure, were determined within and between groups using linear regression and mixed effect models, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, clinical site, smoking status, and percentage of energy intake from fat at baseline. The association between changes in RBC-FAs with visceral adiposity measures and CMRFs was assessed after covariate and False Discovery Rate (FDR <0.05) adjustment., Results: No major differences in RBC-FA profiles were observed between groups, with the exception of MUFA cis-vaccenic [18:1n-7c], which was significantly higher in AVO (β: 0.11 [0.05, 0.17]) compared with the HAB (β: 0.03 [-0.03, 0.08]) participants. In the HAB but not AVO group, increases in MUFA cis (18:1n-7c, oleic [18;1n-9c], erucic [22:1n-9c]) and MUFA trans (palmitelaidic [16:1n-7t], vaccenic [18:1n-7t], elaidic [18:1n-9t], and petroselaidic [18;1n-10-12t), as well as PUFA γ-linolenic [18:3n-6], dihomo-γ-linolenic [20:3n-6], arachidonic [20:4n-6], and α-linolenic [18:3n-3] were associated with unfavorable changes in visceral adiposity measures, lipid profiles, glucose, insulin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations., Conclusions: Daily avocado intake over 6-mo modified RBC-MUFA composition, notably 18:1n-7c, and potentially mitigated some of the unfavorable individual RBC-FA-CMRF associations observed over time in the HAB group. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/study as NCT03528031., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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50. Dietary modulation of Lp(a): more questions than answers.

Author

Kris-Etherton PM, Riley TM, and Petersen KS

Subjects
Humans, Diet, Lipoprotein(a) blood, Lipoprotein(a) metabolism
Abstract

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article.

Published
2024
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