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Introduction: Previous studies on the prevalence of vertical root fractures (VRFs) were based on extracted teeth, or teeth referred for apical surgery. This study examined teeth with an isolated periodontal probing depth (PD) as an indicator of VRF. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vertical root fracture (VRF) and non-VRF among teeth with an isolated probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm. The secondary aim was to assess factors associated with VRF by comparing the teeth with and without VRF in the Japanese population., Methods: A total of 288 teeth with an isolated PD ≥ 5 mm were grouped pathologically into 8 groups comprising VRF and non-VRF conditions. A descriptive analysis for age, sex, tooth type, endodontically treated teeth (ETT) versus non-ETT, proximal contacts, PD (depth), PD (broadness and location), restoration type, and presence of a post was performed. Moreover, the associations between these factors and VRFs were investigated using the Chi-square test., Results: The prevalence of VRF was 32%. Lower first molars were the most common tooth type in both VRF (31.5%) and non-VRF groups (29.7%), while premolars were exclusively frequent in VRF (30.2%) and not frequent in non-VRF (7.8%). Narrow buccolingual PD was common in VRF (78.1%) whereas wide PD was frequent in non-VRF (67.1%). ETT, narrow buccolingual PD, tooth type (premolars), restoration type (crown), and the presence of a post showed significant associations with VRF (P ≤ .001)., Conclusions: VRFs may be more prevalent in ETT among the Japanese. Careful assessment is necessary to differentiate VRFs from other conditions when the lower first molars show an isolated PD ≥ 5 mm. When an endodontically treated premolar with a post shows a narrow buccolingual PD, the probability of a VRF may be greater than in other tooth types., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: YouTube is one of the most used social media platforms for health care information. Misinformation and poor educational content on this platform can exacerbate public anxiety and fear of root canal treatment. This study aimed to investigate the quality of videos examining risks of root canal treatment on YouTube., Methods: YouTube was searched using a combination of keywords relating to endodontic complications to replicate goal-orientated browsing. Video quality was assessed using a modified DISCERN score and global quality score by 2 authors independently. Manifest quantitative content analysis was used to capture information about the video and extent of interactions. The 10 most viewed videos were further analyzed in terms of the messaging and format of the videos., Results: The mean overall quality of the videos was relatively low (2.20). Videos produced by regulatory bodies had the highest mean score (3.00) and the shortest mean length (2 minutes 23 seconds) but had the fewest views and interactions. The poorest quality videos (mean 1.5) were produced by nonclinicians and news/media, which tended to be longer (mean 8 minutes 49 seconds) and received more engagement. Across all videos, information related to patient decision making tended to be poorly presented., Conclusions: The dental community, particularly institutions and organizations, need to strategically create engaging videos to redress patients' concerns about root canal treatment. This can counterbalance the existing misleading information and improve access to evidence-based content, which will ultimately affect patient decision making., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare periapical radiographs (PRs) and upper standard occlusal (USO) radiographs with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging on clinicians' confidence in the diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs)., Methods: This study included 35 maxillary anterior teeth from 25 patients with at least 1 PR (parallax view) and a CBCT scan. Fourteen patients also had a USO radiograph. Ten examiners selected a diagnosis and treatment plan, which were compared with a reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictor values, and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to determine the diagnostic accuracy., Results: CBCT imaging exhibited significantly higher sensitivity than both conventional radiographic techniques combined (PRs and PRs + USO radiographs) for all diagnoses (TDI: 99% vs 84%, lateral luxation: 80% vs 34%, extrusions: 92% vs 42%, and cortical plate fracture: 58% vs 1%) other than horizontal root fractures in which the results were close to statistical significance (88% vs 69%). CBCT imaging was significantly more accurate for all diagnoses (TDI: 91% vs 70%, lateral luxations: 83% vs 61%, extrusive luxations: 92% vs 68%, alveolar cortical plate fractures: 78% vs 48%, and horizontal root fractures: 93% vs 82%). Examiners had the most confidence with CBCT imaging and the least confidence in diagnosing using PRs + USO radiographs than with PRs alone. Agreement with management plans was significantly better using CBCT imaging compared with PRs and PRs + USO radiographs., Conclusions: CBCT imaging improved the clinical diagnosis of TDIs. The addition of USO radiographs to PRs did not improve the diagnosis of TDIs in this investigation. CBCT imaging improved confidence in the diagnosis of TDI cases and treatment planning compared with conventional radiography., (Crown Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This retrospective study used cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging to evaluate the differences in the mucosal thickness of the Schneiderian membrane in primary and secondary endodontic lesions., Methods: A total of 121 CBCT scans were analyzed. Clinical features such as sex, age, size and volume of the periapical lesion, dimension of the bone, morphology, and relationship between the roots and the mucosal thickness were recorded and analyzed in primary and secondary endodontic lesions in CBCT sagittal and coronal planes. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple logistic regression (P < .05)., Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in membrane thickness between the primary and secondary lesions in the sagittal and coronal planes (P = .08 and .06). Differences between age groups were statistically significant in both groups (P < .05). The volume of the periapical lesions of the secondary endodontic lesions were statistically greater than that of the primary lesions (P < .05). Mucosal thickness prevalence increased when the volume of the lesion was greater, and the bone dimension was narrower in maxillary second premolars and first and second molars. Teeth with 2 or more affected roots were directly related to increased sinus mucosa thickening., Conclusions: CBCT images showed no differences in mucosal thickening between primary and secondary endodontic lesions., (Copyright © 2020 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was firstly to compare the impact of radiographs, cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging, and 3D Endo software (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) on the assessment of root canal anatomy and radiographic quality of endodontic treatment and secondly to assess stress levels in the same cohort of residents performing endodontic treatment., Methods: Sixty patients requiring primary molar endodontic treatment were allocated randomly into 3 groups: group 1 (n = 20), conventional radiographs (periapical radiography [PR]) only; group 2 (n = 20), PR and CBCT imaging; and group 3 (n = 20), PR, CBCT imaging, and 3D Endo software. All treatment was performed using a standardized protocol. Residents completed a questionnaire to assess their stress levels and usefulness of the imaging modality used. The radiographic quality of completed cases was assessed by 2 experienced endodontists who were not involved in the supervision of the cases being assessed., Results: Groups 2 (CBCT imaging) and 3 (PR, CBCT imaging, and 3D Endo) proved significantly better than group 1 (PR) (P < .001) for assessing the number of root canals and anatomy and estimating the working lengths. Group 3 provided a significantly more accurate determination of the working level (P = .002). There were significantly more cases with obturation short of the apex (<2 mm) and voids in group 1 compared with group 3 (P < .05) and a significantly higher number of cases with voids in group 1 compared with group 3 (P < .01). Clinicians found treatment to be moderately or very stressful in 75%, 5%, and 0% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively., Conclusions: 3D Endo software followed by CBCT imaging were found to be more desirable for the evaluation of root canal anatomy and working lengths and reducing the residents' stress levels., (Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination in endodontic consumables (gutta-percha points, rubber dams, paper mixing pads, caulking agents, and endodontic instrument sponges [EISs]) before and after clinical use and storage., Methods: Materials were randomly sampled in triplicates at 3 time points (t 0 , at package opening; t 1 , at 7 days; and t 2 , at 14 days) during their clinical usage. The gutta-percha points and caulking agent (25 mg) were added to 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The rubber dam, paper mixing pad, and EIS were added to 25 mL PBS. After vortexing, centrifuging, and removing the supernatant, the pellet was resuspended in 1 mL PBS, plated on fastidious anaerobic agar, and incubated aerobically and anaerobically. The grown colonies were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The total bacterial load was calculated in the remaining volume (800 μL) from each sample by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after DNA extraction., Results: All tested materials showed a varied number of contaminated samples at the 3 time points (except EIS at t 0 ) using MALDI-TOF MS. The most isolated genera were Propionibacterium (42%) and Staphylococcus (32%). By using non-culture-based approaches, all tested materials at the 3 time points (except gutta-percha at t 0 and the caulking agent at t 0, t 1, and t 2 ) carried bacterial DNA., Conclusions: The majority of the tested materials harbored bacteria in their samples before and after clinical storage. Nosocomial infection derived from commonly used consumables could have an impact on the outcome of endodontic treatment., (Copyright © 2017 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Treatment options for endodontic failure include nonsurgical or surgical endodontic retreatment, intentional replantation, and extraction with or without replacement of the tooth. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging on clinical decision making among general dental practitioners and endodontists after failed root canal treatment. A second objective was to assess the self-reported level of difficulty in making a treatment choice before and after viewing a preoperative CBCT scan., Methods: Eight patients with endodontically treated teeth diagnosed as symptomatic apical periodontitis, acute apical abscess, or chronic apical abscess were selected. In the first session, the examiners were given the details of each case, including any relevant radiographs, and were asked to choose 1 of the proposed treatment alternatives and assess the difficulty of making a decision. One month later, the examiners reviewed randomly the same 8 cases with the additional information from the CBCT data., Results: The examiners altered their treatment plan after viewing the CBCT scan in 49.8% of the cases. A significant difference in the treatment plan between the 2 imaging modalities was recorded for endodontists and general practitioners (P < .05). After CBCT evaluation, neither group altered their self-reported level of difficulty when choosing a treatment plan (P = .0524). The extraction option rose significantly to 20% after viewing the CBCT scan (P < .05)., Conclusions: CBCT imaging directly influences endodontic retreatment strategies among general dental practitioners and endodontists., (Copyright © 2017 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Clinical information and diagnostic imaging are essential components of preoperative diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging on clinical decision-making choices among different specialists (prosthodontists, endodontists, oral surgeons, and periodontists) in endodontic treatment planning. A secondary objective was to assess the self-reported level of difficulty in making a treatment choice before and after viewing a preoperative CBCT scan., Methods: In accordance with the endodontic case difficulty guidelines of the American Association of Endodontists, 30 endodontic cases with varying degrees of complexity were selected. Each case included clinical photographs, digital periapical radiographs, and a small-volume CBCT scan. In the first evaluation, examiners were given all the information of each case, except the CBCT scan. Examiners were asked to select one of the proposed treatment alternatives and assess the difficulty of making a decision. One month later, the examiners reviewed randomly the same 30 cases with the additional information from the CBCT data., Results: The CBCT scans only had a significant influence on the treatment plan when the endodontic case was classified as high difficulty (P < .05). The level of difficulty in choosing a treatment choice was significantly more difficult after viewing a preoperative CBCT scan (P < .05), with the exception of the endodontists (P = .033). After viewing the CBCT scan, the extraction option increased significantly (P < .05)., Conclusions: CBCT imaging has a substantial impact on endodontic decision making among specialists, particularly in high difficulty cases., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of 2 cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) units with parallax periapical (PA) radiographs for the detection and classification of simulated external cervical resorption (ECR) lesions., Methods: Simulated ECR lesions were created on 13 mandibular teeth from 3 human dry mandibles. PA and CBCT scans were taken using 2 different units, Kodak CS9300 (Carestream Health Inc, Rochester, NY) and Morita 3D Accuitomo 80 (J Morita, Kyoto, Japan), before and after the creation of the ECR lesions. The lesions were then classified according to Heithersay's classification and their position on the root surface. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values, and receiver operator characteristic curves as well as the reproducibility of each technique were determined for diagnostic accuracy., Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic value for diagnostic accuracy for PA radiography and Kodak and Morita CBCT scanners was 0.872, 0.99, and 0.994, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for both CBCT scanners were significantly better than PA radiography (P < .001). There was no statistical difference between the sensitivity and specificity of the 2 scanners. The percentage of correct diagnoses according to the tooth type was 87.4% for the Kodak scanner, 88.3% for the Morita scanner, and 48.5% for PA radiography.The ECR lesions were correctly identified according to the tooth surface in 87.8% Kodak, 89.1% Morita and 49.4% PA cases. The ECR lesions were correctly classified according to Heithersay classification in 70.5% of Kodak, 69.2% of Morita, and 39.7% of PA cases., Conclusions: This study revealed that both CBCT scanners tested were equally accurate in diagnosing ECR and significantly better than PA radiography. CBCT scans were more likely to correctly categorize ECR according to the Heithersay classification compared with parallax PA radiographs., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This in vivo study assessed whether there was a difference between periapical radiographs (PRs) and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging in the detection, assessment, and management of external cervical resorption (ECR). The secondary aim was to determine if parallax radiographs were of any further benefit compared with a single PR., Methods: PR and CBCT data were gathered for 115 teeth (98 patients) consecutively diagnosed with ECR. The diagnosis and treatment plan of each tooth were determined with PRs and CBCT imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values, and receiver operator characteristic values were determined., Results: The overall sensitivity (0.86) and specificity (0.89) of PRs was significantly lower than CBCT imaging (P < .001). PRs had a limited ability to accurately detect the size (0.75), circumferential spread (0.60), and location of ECR compared with CBCT imaging (P < .001). PRs also underestimated the size of the ECR lesion. Significant differences (P < .001) were apparent in the treatment plans formed when PRs were assessed versus CBCT imaging. Parallax radiographs were shown to be of no additional benefit compared with a single radiograph., Conclusions: PRs have significant limitations in the detection, assessment, and treatment planning of ECR when compared with CBCT imaging. A CBCT scan should be considered before the management of a potentially restorable ECR lesion., (Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging is a valuable adjunct to endodontic practice. Among the endodontic applications of CBCT imaging, it aids in the diagnosis of apical periodontitis, often in cases in which there is no evidence of pathosis identified by conventional imaging. The purpose of this study was to correlate the presence of apical periodontitis of teeth evaluated with 2-dimensional periapical (PA) radiographs and 3-dimensional CBCT volumes with clinical signs and symptoms., Methods: Clinical records were reviewed from patients examined at the graduate endodontics clinic. The examination included clinical examination, sensibility tests, PA radiographs, and limited field-of-view CBCT scans. Of 498 cases, 67 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were evaluated for apical periodontitis and symptomology. CBCT slices and PA radiographs were evaluated by 2 board-certified endodontists and a board-certified oral and maxillofacial radiologist for the presence of apical periodontitis., Results: Thirty eight of 67 teeth showed the presence of apical radiolucencies on PA radiographs and on CBCT imaging, whereas 14 teeth had no evidence of apical radiolucencies on either imaging modality. Fifteen cases showed the presence of apical radiolucencies visible on CBCT imaging that were not visible on PA radiographic images. The presence of apical radiolucencies on CBCT slices and PA radiographic images was correlated with clinical signs and symptoms, including the chief complaint., Conclusions: This research has important implications to prevent overexposure to radiation and to provide treatment for those patients with persistent symptoms lacking proper diagnosis based on conventional (2D) radiographs., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: We investigated the root canal configuration of maxillary premolars in a Spanish population by using cone-beam computed tomography., Methods: Images of 804 maxillary first and second premolars were obtained from 620 patients who underwent cone-beam computed tomography scanning during preoperative assessment (before implant surgery, orthodontic treatment, dentoalveolar trauma diagnosis, or difficult root canal treatment). We determined tooth position, number of roots, root canal configuration (Vertucci's classification), number of root canals, and number of apical foramina per root and used the χ(2) test to analyze the correlation between root number and tooth position., Results: In the maxillary first premolar group (n = 430), 46% (n = 198) had 1 root, 51.4% (n = 221) had 2 roots, and 2.6% (n = 11) had 3 roots. Most exhibited a type IV canal configuration (n = 227, 52.8%). Single-rooted teeth had a more variable canal configuration, whereas most 2-rooted teeth showed a type IV configuration (n = 215, 97.3%). In the maxillary second premolar group (n = 374), 82.9% (n = 310) had 1 root, 15.5% (n = 58) had 2 roots, and 1.6% (n = 6) had 3 roots. The majority of single-rooted second premolars exhibited a type I configuration (n = 147, 47.2%). Overall, type VIII canals were only observed in 3-rooted teeth. No statistical correlation was evident between root number and gender and tooth position., Conclusions: There was a high frequency of 2-rooted and single-rooted teeth among maxillary first and second premolars, respectively. The canal morphology of single-rooted teeth was highly variable., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Although the pathogenesis and etiology of external cervical resorption (ECR) are not well understood, several predisposing factors have been reported to potentially contribute toward the initiation of ECR. However, a potential link between systemic medication and ECR has not been reported. Bisphosphonates (BSPs) are 1 group of these medications (the amino-containing BSP), which are associated with an acute-phase response and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which could be associated with the initiation of ECR. Therefore, a possible causal link between BSPs and ECR could be drawn., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alteration of the exposure parameters of a cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scan on the detection of the presence or absence of simulated horizontal root fractures (HRFs)., Methods: CBCT scans of the lower incisor region of 5 human, dentate, dry mandibles were performed with 11 different exposure parameters. Ten teeth were extracted, and simulated HRFs were created near the apical thirds of the root. The fragments were reattached and the teeth replanted. The mandibles were rescanned over the same range of exposure parameters. Receiver operator characteristic analysis and kappa analyses were performed to assess diagnostic accuracy and intra- and interexaminer agreement for each scan setting., Results: The overall Az value (area under receiver operator curve) for the manufacturer's default setting was 0.95. The sensitivity was 0.94 and the specificity 0.96. A reduction in the tube current to 2 mA at 360° or 180° of rotation had no significant impact on the Az value, sensitivity, or specificity of CBCT imaging in the detection simulated HRFs. A reduction in the current to 1 mA at 360° or 180° of rotation significantly reduced the Az value (0.9 and 0.75, respectively) in comparison with the manufacturer's default setting (P < .05)., Conclusions: CBCT scans are an accurate and reliable technique to detect HRFs. Within the limitations of this study, it is possible to reduce the radiation dose by altering the exposure parameters without a significant reduction in the diagnostic quality of the CBCT scan generated for the detection of HRFs., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the in vivo diagnostic accuracy of digital radiography (DR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging in the detection of vertical root fracture (VRF). The presence/absence of VRF was confirmed by visual inspection of the extracted root surface and was the reference standard against which both imaging modalities were compared., Methods: Twenty-one unsalvageable teeth from 20 patients that had been radiographed and scanned with CBCT imaging were included in the study. The teeth were atraumatically extracted and visually inspected under a microscope to confirm the presence/absence of fracture. The widest point of each fracture was recorded using an optical coherence tomography scanner in order to quantify the size of fractures. Images were viewed under standardized conditions by 13 examiners and repeated 2 weeks later to assess their consistency., Results: DR and CBCT imaging showed similarly poor sensitivity of 0.16 and 0.27, respectively. Both imaging modalities had similarly high specificity of 0.92 and 0.83, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the diagnostic accuracy of either imaging modality. Fracture width did not affect the detection rate of either imaging modality. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed mean Az values of 0.535 and 0.552 for DR and CBCT imaging, respectively., Conclusions: Both DR and CBCT imaging have significant limitations when detecting vertical root fractures., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate in an ex vivo model the reduction in patient radiation dose while maintaining accurate linear measurements by comparing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken at 360° versus 180° rotation, with porcine jaw specimens as a reference standard., Methods: CBCT scans of 12 sectioned porcine hemimandibles at 360° and 180° rotations were taken with standardized clinical exposure parameters. To assess interobserver variability, 6 assessors who were blinded to the degree of rotation took linear measurements of anatomic structures on each scan. The measurements were repeated after 2 weeks to assess intraobserver variability. Accuracy of measurement was judged against the corresponding measurements taken from the porcine jaw specimens., Results: Intraclass correlations signaled good-to-excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement (0.65-0.98 and 0.79-0.98), respectively. Mixed regression analysis found no significant difference between the measurements from 180° or 360° rotations and no difference between the 2 rotations and porcine jaw specimens., Conclusions: A CBCT image sufficient to make accurate clinical measurements with a reduced radiation exposure may be obtained by using 180° rotation of the CBCT tube head., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) on individual roots of teeth with irreversible pulpitis viewed with periapical (PA) radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans., Methods: PA radiographs and CBCT scans were taken of 138 teeth in 130 patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis (symptomatic and asymptomatic). Two calibrated examiners assessed the presence or absence of AP lesions by analyzing the PA and CBCT images. A consensus was reached in the event of any disagreement. The data were analyzed using the hypothesis test, and significance was set at P ≤ .05., Results: Three hundred seven paired roots were assessed with both PA and CBCT images. A comparison of the 307 paired roots revealed that AP lesions were present in 10 (3.3%) and absent in 297 (96.7%) pairs of roots when assessed with PA radiography. When the same 307 sets of roots were assessed with CBCT scans, AP lesions were present in 42 (13.7%) and absent in 265 (86.3%) paired roots. The prevalence of AP lesions detected with CBCT was significantly higher in the symptomatic group compared with the asymptomatic group (P < .05). An additional 22 roots were identified with CBCT alone., Conclusions: The present study highlights the advantages of using CBCT for detecting AP lesions, especially in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis., (Copyright © 2012 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Internal root resorption is the progressive destruction of intraradicular dentin and dentinal tubules along the middle and apical thirds of the canal walls as a result of clastic activities., Methods: The prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, histologic manifestations, differential diagnosis with cone beam computed tomography, and treatment perspectives involved in internal root resorption are reviewed., Results: The majority of the documentation that exists in the literature is in the form of case reports, and there are only a limited number of studies that attempted to examine the histologic manifestations and biologic aspects of the disease. This might be due, in part, to the relatively rare occurrence of this type of resorption and the lack of an in vivo model, apart from the previous attempt on the use of diathermy, to predictably reproduce the condition for study. From a histologic perspective, internal root resorption is manifested in one form that is purely destructive, internal (root canal) inflammatory resorption, and another that is accompanied by repair, internal (root canal) replacement resorption that is featured by the deposition of metaplastic bone/cementum-like tissues adjacent to the sites of resorption., Conclusions: From a differential diagnosis perspective, the advent of cone beam computed tomography has considerably enhanced the clinician's capability of diagnosing internal root resorption. Nevertheless, root canal treatment remains the treatment of choice for this pathologic condition to date., (Copyright 2010 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

External cervical resorption (ECR) is the loss of dental hard tissue as a result of odontoclastic action; it usually begins on the cervical region of the root surface of the teeth. The etiology, predisposing factors, diagnosis, and management of ECR are reviewed. Effective management and appropriate treatment can only be carried out if the true nature and exact location of the ECR lesion are known. The role of cone beam computed tomography as a diagnostic adjunct for the management of ECR is also reviewed.