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1. Contributors

Author

Jochen Abb, Toru Abo, Raffaella Acero, Hans Acha-Orbea, Dolph O. Adams, William H. Adler, Lars Ährlund-Richter, Anders Ahre, Saverio Alberti, Jane E. Allan, Paola Allavena, Anthony C. Allison, Abdulrazzak Alsheikhly, D. Bernard Amos, Torbjörn Andersson, G. Andrighetto, Tadao Aoki, Yoshitaka Aoyagi, Shmuel Argov, Inger Axberg, Fritz H. Bach, Jean-Francois Bach, Malcolm G. Baines, Tibor Bakács, Charles M. Balch, Pierre Bardos, Teresa Barlozzari, Scott P. Bartlett, Jerry A. Bash, Thomas Bechtold, Dean Befus, Maria T. Bejarano, Miklós Benczur, Michael Bennett, Miroslav Beran, E. William Bere, Kurt Berg, Peter Biberfeldt, John Bienenstock, Andrea Biondi, Christine A. Biron, Katleen Bizière, Henric Blomgren, Barry R. Bloom, Eda T. Bloom, Richard S. Bockman, Reinder Bolhuis, Benjamin Bonavida, G. D Bonnard, Diana Boraschi, Claudio Bordignon, Barbara Bottazzi, Philippe Bougnoux, Thomas P. Bradley, C. Phillip Brandt, Colin G. Brooks, Garth W. Brown, Michael J. Brunda, D. Brunet, Donald E. Burgess, Robert C. Burton, Jean Caraux, George A. Carlson, Olli Carpén, Robin Carpenter, Giorgio Caspani, Y. Cayre, C. Cesarmi, Kenneth S.S. Chang, Zong-liang Chang, Christina Cheers, Donna A. Chow, Tae June Chung, James A. Clagett, Edward A. Clark, Alistair J. Cochran, C. Colmenares, Nicoletta Colombo, Max D. Cooper, Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, Didier Cupissol, Michael Cuttito, Paula J. D’Amore, Surjit K. Datta, Jan E. de Vries, J. H Dean, Danielle Degenne, Friedrich Deinhardt, Alfred C. Denn, Gunther Dennert, James J. Devlin, David Dexter, Julie Y. Djeu, Marie-Christine Dokhélar, Wolfgang Domzig, Maria Benedetta Donati, Jean-Marie Dupuy, Anne Edwards, Margalit Efrati, Rachel Ehrlich, Anneka Ehrnst, Stefan Einhorn, Jørgen Ellegaard, Sandra L. Emmons, Helmut Engler, Elsie M. Eugui, Isrván Földes, Astrid Fagraeus, Virginia Fanning, Carine Favier, François Favier, Mei-fu Feng, Gabriel Fernandes, Manlio Ferrarini, Helmut Feucht, Carl G. Figdor, Dina G. Fischer, Patricia Fitzgerald, James T. Forbes, Adrien Forget, Bertil Fredholm, Cecilia Galatiuc, Michael T. Gallagher, Tamás Garam, Maria Gherman, Pietro Ghezzi, Magnus Gidlund, Steven Gillis, Ronald H. Goldfarb, Marc G. Golightly, Sidney Golub, Robert A. Good, E. Gorelik, Donald L. Granger, Gale A. Granger, Arthur I. Grayzel, F. Anthony Greco, Arnold H. Greenberg, Alvar Grimberg, Philippe Gros, Peter Groscurth, Carlo Enrico Grossi, Zvi Grossman, Jane E. Grundy (Chalmer), Sudhir Gupta, Éva Gyódi, Bengt Härfast, Sonoko Habu, Tina Haliotis, Nabil Hanna, Mona Hansson, Andrew J. Hapel, Frank Hatcher, Toshio Hattori, A. Hatzfeld, Sven Haukaas, Barton F. Haynes, Steven H. Hefeneider, Stephen Helfand, Hans Hengartner, Christopher S. Henney, R. B Herberman, Iver Heron, Peter Hersey, John B. Hibbs, Thomas Hoffman, Marianne Hokland, Peter Hokland, Howard T. Holden, Susan R. Hollán, E. Carmack Holmes, Yon Horikawa, Dorothy Hudig, Nam Doll Huh, James N. Ihle, Martino Introna, Sally T. Ishizaka, Teruko Ishizaka, T. Jablonski, Pamela J. Jensen, Bo Johansson, Donald R. Johnson, William J. Johnson, Mikael Jondal, Klas Kärre, Dominique Kaiserlian, Terje Kalland, Masataka Kasai, Peter Kaudewitz, Ichiro Kawase, Norihiko Kawate, Eli Kedar, Robert Keller, Rolf Kiessling, Yoon Berm Kim, Holger Kirchner, Dahlia Kirkpatrick, Eva Klein, George Klein, Gunnar O. Klein, Eugenie S. Kleinerman, Jean Pierre Kolb, Patricia A.L. Kongshavn, G. C Koo, Hillel S. Koren, Dietrich Kraft, Richard Kubota, Raymond E. Kuhn, Vinay Kumar, Patrick C. Kung, Takanobu Kurashige, Kagemasa Kuribayashi, Nuha T. Kusaimi, Santo Landolfo, Fred Lanefeldt, Rosmarie Lang, Emanuela Lanza, Tamás Laskay, Edmund C. Lattime, Gad Lavie, Jeffrey A. Ledbetter, Kam H. Leung, Elinor M. Levy, Tullia Lindsten, Marc Lipinski, Marie-Luise Lohmann-Matthes, Jürgen Lohmeyer, Bernard Longhi, Carlos Lopez, Eva Lotzová, Anne Luck, Walter Luini, John A. Lust, Jenny Macgeorge, Elinor Malatzky, Annette E. Maluish, Moiara Manciulea, Rosemonde Mandeville, Alberto Mantovani, R. J Marchmont, Pancrazio Martinetto, Giovanna Martinotti, Giuseppe Masucci, Maria G. Masucci, Aoi Masuda, S. Matzku, William McCarthy, D. Olga McDaniel, Ronald C. McGarry, P. F Mellen, Håkan Mellstedt, Jean E. Merrill, Michael Micksche, Aaron E. Miller, V. Miller, Gerald Milton, Nagahiro Minato, Karen M. Miner, Lory Minning, L. R Mittl, Hideo Miyakoshi, Mikio Mizukoshi, Pierangela Molina, M. Moore, Doris Morgan, Andrew V. Muchmore, Edwin D. Murphy, Juneann Murphy, Kenneth E. Muse, Mircea Musset, Anthony G. Nasrallah, John R. Neefe, P. Andrew Neighbour, Walter Newman, Masayuki Niitsuma, Kennith Nilsson, Erling Norrby, Masato Nose, Gerhard Obexer, Thomas N. Oeltmann, Ko Okumura, Susana Olabuenaga, Claes Örvell, John R. Ortaldo, György Pálffy, Gerd R. Pape, Elena Pasqualetto, Manuel Patarroyo, Gene A. Pecoraro, Louis M. Peius, J. R Peppard, Giuseppe Peri, Peter Perlmann, Bice Perussia, Sidney Pestka, Győső Petrányi, Gerald E. Piontek, Chris D. Platsoucas, B. Pohajdak, Nadia Polentarutti, Sylvia B. Pollack, Nicholas M. Ponzio, Elizabeth L. Priest, Hugh Pross, Tamás Pulay, David T. Purtillo, Robert S. Pyle, Phuc-Canh Quan, Keith M. Ramsey, Doug Redelman, Robert Rees, Elizabeth Reinitz, Gérard Renoux, Micheline Renoux, Augustin Rey, Craig W. Reynolds, Carlo Riccardi, Ernst Peter Rieber, Gert Riethmüller, Gábor Ringwald, Normand Rocheleau, John C. Roder, B. Rosen, Kendall L. Rosenthal, John B. Roths, Domenico Rotilio, Berish Y. Rubin, Peter Rubin, Mary J. Ruebush, Helmut Rumpold, Eero Saksela, Mario Salmona, Angela Santoni, C. A Savary, Queen B. Saxena, Rajiv K. Saxena, Liesel Schindler, Günter Schlimok, Hans Schreiber, Janet K. Seeley, Anna Senik, Susana A. Serrate, Bernard Serrou, Susan O. Sharrow, Geoffrey R. Shellam, Akira Shibata, Kazuo Shimamura, Frederick P. Siegal, Emil Skamene, Scott D. Somers, Hergen Spits, Ivana Stoger, Beda M. Stadler, Mary M. Stevenson, Lothar Stitz, Hans Strander, Osias Stutman, Andrei Sulica, Deming Sun, Egon Svastits, Aldo Tagliabue, Mitsuo Takasugi, Margarita Tálas, Kenichi Tanaka, Donatella Taramelli, Stephan R. Targan, Jussi Tarkkanen, Eckardt Thiel, Tuomo Timonen, Klára Tótpál, Thomas Tötterman, John J. Trentin, Giorgio Trinchieri, Thomas Tursz, Atsushi Uchida, Mans Ullberg, James Urban, David L. Urdal, Farkas Vánky, Luigi Varesio, Miklòs Varga, Ismo Virtanen, B. M Vose, Jerrold M. Ward, James E. Weiel, William O. Weigle, Monica L. Weitzen, Raymond M. Welsh, Jerome A. Werkmeister, Patricia A. Weston, H. Wigzell, R. Wiltrout, Nancy T. Windsor, Henry J. Winn, Isaac P. Witz, James N. Woody, Susan C. Wright, Robert S. Yamamoto, Ganesa Yogeeswaran, M. Zöller, Daniel Zagury, Helmut Zander, Joyce M. Zarling, Rainer Zawatzky, and Hans-Werner Loems Ziegler

Published
1982
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6. TARGET CELL RECOGNITION BY NATURAL KILLER AND NATURAL CYTOTOXIC CELLS

Author

Edmund C. Lattime, Gene A. Pecoraro, and Osias Stutman

Subjects
Lymphokine-activated killer cell, Effector, Cell, Biology, Major histocompatibility complex, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Antigen, Immunology, biology.protein, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Receptor, Cytotoxicity
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the target cell recognition by natural killer (NK) and natural cytotoxic cells. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) is the function of at least two distinct effector cell populations, NK, and natural cytotoxic cells. Studies from a number of laboratories have resulted in significant characterization of the effector populations; however, little is known regarding the nature and specificity of their respective target cell recognition structures. Cross cold target inhibition studies have been valuable in comparing a number of tumor cell lines for the presence or absence of such antigens. The inhibition of NK and NC cell activities by monosaccharides has led us to suggest that lectin-like receptors may be involved in the effector–target interaction. On the other hand, the isolation of a resistant variant of the NK susceptible L-5178 lymphoma has resulted in the association of the neutral glycolipid asialo-GM2 with NK-susceptibility. Antigens encoded by the major histocompatibility complex are involved in cell–cell interactions leading to the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The studies show that variant tumors with differences in susceptibility to NCMC represent possible models for the definition of NCMC target antigens.

Published
1982
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8. GENETIC CONTROL OF NC ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE: THREE GENES LOCATED IN CHROMOSOME 17

Author

Michael J. Cuttito and Osias Stutman

Subjects
Genetics, Mutation, Strain (biology), Meth, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Chromosome 17 (human), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Cytotoxicity, Fibrosarcoma, Gene
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some studies on the genetic control of natural cytotoxic (NC) reactivity of different mouse strains and congenie partners against Meth 113 targets, which are a fibrosarcoma of BALB/c origin. Some mouse strains had normal high NC activity and low natural killer (NK) activity, including mice carrying the beige mutation. Although some variation of high–low reactivity within a strain has been observed with different targets for NC and NK, the screening of different mouse strains, especially congenie pairs, against a single prototype target has proven informative, both in NK and in NC studies. The results strongly suggest that at least three genes, probably all located in chromosome 17, distally from the D-end of the H2 region, determine the levels of NC reactivity in spleen against the Meth 113 target. None of the putative NC genes appear to affect NK activity. The genetic control of NC activity is different from that of NK activity. The genetic control of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity is complex.

Published
1982
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11. ENRICHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EFFECTOR POPULATIONS MEDIATING NK, NC, ADCC, AND SPONTANEOUS MACROPHAGE CYTOTOXICITY IN MURINE PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELL PREPARATIONS

Author

Louis M. Pelus, Osias Stutman, and Edmund C. Lattime

Subjects
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, education.field_of_study, Lysis, Effector, Cell, Population, Biology, Molecular biology, Sedimentation coefficient, medicine.anatomical_structure, Nucleated cell, Immunology, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, education
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on characterization of effector populations mediating natural killer (NK), natural cytotoxic (NC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and spontaneous macrophage cytotoxicity in murine peritoneal exudate cell preparations. The studies described address two questions: (1) are the lysis of the NK susceptible YAC-1 and the NC-susceptible Meth-A tumor cell lines the function of the same population that manifests ADCC and SK killing and (2) is it possible to separate or enrich the various populations and thus facilitate their characterization. In a study described in the chapter, resident noninduced peritoneal cells were obtained from 8–12 week (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice by lavage. Viable nucleated cells were suspended in mouse tonicity phosphate buffered saline (320 m0sm) and separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity according to the method of Miller and Phillips. After sedimentation, 35 ml fractions were collected, washed, counted, and appropriately diluted. NK, NC, and ADCC cell functions were tested. Significant enrichment and separation of cytotoxic effector populations can be achieved using velocity sedimentation. Velocity sedimentation may represent a valuable pre-enrichment method for secondary characterization studies.

Published
1982
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12. SOLID TUMORS ARE KILLED BY NK AND NC CELL POPULATIONS: INTERFERON INDUCING AGENTS DO NOT AUGMENT NC CELL ACTIVITY UNDER NK ACTIVATING CONDITIONS

Author

Osias Stutman, Edmund C. Lattime, Gene A. Pecoraro, and Michael J. Cuttito

Subjects
Interleukin 21, Lymphokine-activated killer cell, NK-92, Effector, Interferon, Immunology, Cancer research, Interleukin 12, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Priming (immunology), Biology, medicine.drug
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of natural killer (NK) and natural cytotoxic (NC) cell populations in killing of solid tumors. Depending on the few targets used initially for screening, natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) effector cells with different properties were described, the two main prototypes being NK cells and NC cells. An assortment of in vitro activated cells capable of killing NK-susceptible targets has also been described. Based on a variety of criteria, it is suggested that NK and NC cells were related effector populations but belonged to a heterogeneous NCMC system. Both effector types share properties that are different from other cytotoxic mechanisms, especially T cells, such as pre-existence at high levels without priming, lack of detectable memory, lack of H2-restriction for killing, and the ability to be blocked by simple sugars. NC cells are less susceptible than NK cells to boosting by interferon (IFN) or IFN-inducing agents, and target cells derived from solid tumors are susceptible to killing by both NK and NC populations.

Published
1982
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13. NATURAL CYTOTOXIC (NC) CELLS AGAINST SOLID TUMORS IN MICE: SOME TARGET CELL CHARACTERISTICS AND BLOCKING OF CYTOTOXICITY BY D-MANNOSE11Supported by National Institute of Health Grants CA-08748, CA-17818, and CA-15988 and American Cancer Society Grant IM-188

Author

Roberta Wisun, Osias Stutman, Philip Dien, Gene A. Pecoraro, and Edmund C. Lattime

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine.anatomical_structure, Blocking (radio), Chemistry, Cell, medicine, Cancer research, Cytotoxic T cell, Mannose, Cytotoxicity
Published
1980
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14. NC CELLS DO NOT EXPRESS NK-ASSOCIATED CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS AND ARE NOT CULTURE ACTIVATED NK CELLS

Author

Edmund C. Lattime, Osias Stutman, Sally T. Ishizaka, Gene A. Pecoraro, and Gloria C. Koo

Subjects
Antiserum, Interleukin 21, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphokine-activated killer cell, Glycolipid, Antigen, Cell, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Cell Surface Antigens, Biology, Cell biology
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the difference between natural cytotoxic (NC) cell activity and natural killer (NK) cell activity. The studies described in this chapter address two questions: (1) do NK and NC cells express similar cell surface antigens and (2) if not, can differential antigen expression allow the separation of NK and NC functions and, thus, facilitate studies into the relationship of the two populations. NK cells have been shown to share a number of cell surface antigens with other lymphoid populations. NK cells express the T-cell associated Qa-2,3, Qa-5, and Ly-11 antigens. NK cells bear the neutral glycolipid asialo GM-1, NK 1.1, and NK 1.2 antigens and have been shown to express high levels of H-2. Studies described in the chapter demonstrate that NK and NC cells markedly differ in antigen expression. NC cell activity is not affected by treatment with antisera directed to the Qa-2,3, Qa-5, Ly-11, NK 1.2, or asialo GM-1 antigens, all of which deplete NK cell activity. The results also suggest that the NC cell is low in H-2 expression.

Published
1982
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15. NATURAL CTOTOXIC (NC) CELLS AGAINST SOLID TUMORS IN MICE: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARISON TO NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS11Supported by National Institute of Health Grants CA-08748, CA-15988 and CA-17818 and American Cancer Society Grant IM-188. Elizabeth Feo Figarella was supported by a grant from the 'Consejo de Desarrollo Cientifico y Humanistico' and the 'Centro Nacional de Referenda en Inmunologia Clinica' from the Universidad Central de Venezuela

Author

Christopher J. Paige, Osias Stutman, Edmund C. Lattime, and Elizabeth Feo Figarella

Subjects
Chemistry, Cancer research, Natural (archaeology)
Published
1980
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16. Immunodepression and Malignancy

Author

Osias Stutman

Subjects
Host immunity, Host resistance, Immune system, Antigen, business.industry, Immunology, Medicine, business, Malignancy, medicine.disease, Immune surveillance, Immunological Surveillance, Immune mechanisms
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the experimental and clinical findings linking immunodepression with malignant development. This material has accumulated for the past two decades and sufficient information, whether contradictory or not, is now available to permit an appraisal of the role of immune functions as the regulators of tumor development in animals and man. The idea that immunodepression enhances malignant development has become an integral part of the experimental support of the immune surveillance theory. In its more formal presentations, the theory of immunological surveillance against neoplasia included some basic points, with variations in terminology, but which have appeared with regularity as an integral part of the theory. The degree of immunodepression obtained in many experiments is quite profound and is clearly of a different magnitude than the immune defects occasionally observed in tumor-bearing humans. If immune mechanisms are important in host resistance to antigenic malignancies, any interference with the normal expression of host immunity should facilitate malignant development. Thus, both clinical and experimental evidence indicates that the diseases or procedures that lower the immune functions in mammals are associated with a higher incidence of malignancies.

Published
1976
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17. PARTICIPANTS

Author

Stuart A. Aaronson, Norman G. Anderson, Fritz H. Bach, Marilyn L. Bach, David Baltimore, Edward B. Blau, Edward A. Boyse, Roscoe O. Brady, Gilbert C.H. Chang, Yong Sung Choi, J.H. Coggin, Susan E. Cullen, Noorbibi K.B. Day, Stacey B. Day, Frank J. Dixon, Carl Eklund, Astrid Fagraeus, Michael E. Fritz, Larry D. Frye, D. Carleton Gajdusek, Clarence J. Gibbs, Raymond V. Gilden, Norton B. Gilula, Robert A. Good, Daniel A. Goodenough, Beulah Holmes Gray, Maurice Green, William J. Hadlow, Ingegerd Hellstrom, Karl Erik Hellstrom, Sylvia Hoffstein, John R. Hoyer, Sreerama M. Jagarlamoody, John H. Kersey, Stuart Kornfeld, Carlos Lopez, Charles F. McKhann, S. Michael Mauer, Alfred F. Michael, Donald L. Morton, Hans J. Müller-Eberhard, André J. Nahmias, Stanley G. Nathenson, Garth L. Nicolson, Michael B.A. Oldstone, Wade P. Parks, Angelyn Rios, Kenneth J. Rothschild, Benjamin D. Schwartz, Edward M. Scolnick, Robert E. Scott, John R. Sheppard, Richard L. Simmons, S.J. Singer, H. Eugene Stanley, John R. Stephenson, Osias Stutman, Gnanasigamoni Sundharadas, Thomas W. Tillack, George J. Todaro, F. William Tuominen, Robert L. Vernier, Leonard Warren, Gerald Weissmann, Edmond Yunis, and Robert B. Zurier

Published
1972
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18. TRAFFIC OF CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY

Author

Osias Stutman

Subjects
Haematopoiesis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphatic system, Immunity, Immunology, Cell, medicine, Lymph, Bone marrow, Stem cell, Biology, Embryonic stem cell, Cell biology
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter describes traffic of cells and development of immunity. The term traffic of cells, especially lymphocytes, is applied to two distinct physiological processes. The use of chromosome markers in irradiated mice has demonstrated the existence of migration of dividing cells from bone marrow via the thymus to lymph nodes. This journey has a duration of weeks, and the thymus seems to play an instructional role upon the migrating cells. The interpretation of these results indicated that the proliferating cells of bone marrow origin probably underwent a sequence of maturation during this process. By contrast, the second type of traffic represents the rapid recirculation of small mature lymphocytes from blood into lymphoid tissue and back to blood, which takes place in hours. This chapter focuses on certain aspects of the first type of cell traffic in mice. By the traffic of hemopoietic stem cells of embryonic or adult origin to the thymus and subsequent export to lymph nodes, the hemopoietic precursors indeed mature into immunocompetent lymphocytes. Cells derived from the embryonic or adult hemopoietic precursors have present in their surface some isoantigens that are characteristic of lymphoid cells.

Published
1972
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