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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus of cattle that infects approximately 45% of all US dairy cattle, with about 90% of US dairy herds having at least one infected animal. Studies have found BLV infection to be associated with multiple measures of decreased immune function, which may explain the observed economic losses from milk production, decreased cow longevity, and predisposition to lymphoma and other diseases. Our objective was to measure the association between BLV infection and cow longevity in dairy cow operations. Ninety-one dairy herds from 9 US states volunteered to participate in this study. Milking dairy cows (n = 3,611) were tested for BLV antibodies using an ELISA milk test, and their presence in the herd was monitored for an average of 29 mo. The survival analysis controlled for herd and lactation number. Cows sold for dairy purposes were excluded, and individual cow results were not shared with producers so as not to influence culling decisions. Overall, 47.1% (1,701/3,611) of cows were BLV-positive by ELISA. The significant hazard ratio of 1.30 indicated that positive cows were 30% more likely than their negative herdmates to die or be culled during the monitoring period. These results are consistent with other studies in finding a negative effect of BLV infection on cow lifespan.