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Recently the urea and urinated wastewater electrolysis process has shown promising technology for hydrogen fuel green production in addition to denitrification of wastewater. However, to make the process economically valuable, the electrocatalysts nanoarchitecture, nanometer size, shape, facets, and composition need to be engineered to boost the urea oxidation reaction (UOR). This work demonstrates a simple and novel approach to the synthesis of mesoporous nickel phosphate nanoparticles (meso-NiPO) via chemical deposition from a surfactant liquid crystal template. Typically, the nickel ions dissolved in the aqueous domain of the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase of the Brij®78 template were chemically reacted with the sodium phosphate solution to precipitate the mesoporous nickel phosphate nanoarchitecture after washing up the surfactant. The physicochemical characterizations show the meso-NiPO exhibits an amorphous highly mesoporous structure with a higher specific surface area (43.50 m2/g) compared to the bare nickel phosphate (bare-NiPO, 4.26 m2/g) prepared in the absence of surfactant. The electrochemical performance of meso-NiPO electrocatalyst for the urea oxidation reaction in alkaline solution exhibits superior activity including a lower oxidation onset potential (0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl), charge transfer resistance (3.35 O) and mass activity of 700.7 mA/cm2 mg at the oxidation potential of 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Moreover, the meso-NiPO reveals long-term stability, and 97.5% of the steady-state oxidation current was maintained after the 3-hour urea electrolysis test. Using an H-shape urea electrolyzer, the corresponding cathodic hydrogen production rate reached 415 µmol/h and a Faradic efficiency of 96.8 % at an applied bias of 2.0 V. The electroactivity high performance of the mesoporous nickel phosphate is ascribed to the high specific surface area and mesoporous architecture that provide efficient charge transfer, as well as mass transport of the electroactive species. The chemical deposition from a surfactant liquid crystal template has the advantages of a one-pot template, applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of nanomaterials with various compositions and nanoarchitectures at room temperature for application in electrochemical energy production and storage systems.

The alkaline water electrochemical splitting reactions need economical, very energetic, and durable catalysts. Here, a disordered mesoporous and highly defected titanium dioxide (dom-TiO2) electrocatalyst for the oxidation of hydroxide ion was prepared via ligand-assisted evaporation-induced self-assembly. The (dom-TiO2) electrocatalyst showed significant electrocatalytic performance for the oxidation of hydroxide ion compared to that of non-porous TiO2 (bare-TiO2) and highly-ordered hexagonal mesoporous (hm-TiO2) electrodes. The chemical and electrochemical parameters of the diffusion (D), concentration in the bulk (Cb), the number of transferred electrons (n), rate constant of heterogeneous electron transfer (ks), redox potential (E°), and homogeneous chemical rate constant (kc) for the oxidation of hydroxide ion reaction at the porous TiO2 electrodes were determined via the convolution–deconvolution voltammetry and competed against that of non-porous (bare-TiO2) and hm-TiO2 and catalysts. In addition to the effect of dom-TiO2 film thickness and the type of supporting electrolytes on the electrochemical parameters of the electrocatalytic oxidation of OH– ions have been estimated. The convolutive–deconvoluted results show that the dom-TiO2 electrode catalyst exhibits a superior reaction rate constant among the studied electrodes that depend on the film thickness and type of supporting electrolyte.