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Nomophobia has been reported as a prevalence among especially emerging adults by a wide variety of studies. The current study aims to investigate the personality and psychosocial antecedents of nomophobia. Specifically, the mediating roles of perceived stress and ostracism in the association of loneliness and nomophobia were investigated with the inclusion of narcissism through structural equation modeling. The study was conducted with the participation of 602 university students. The findings first indicated that loneliness is an indirect predictor of nomophobia with the mediation of perceived stress. It was also revealed that narcissism is a significant predictor of nomophobia; but not of its psychosocial antecedents. It was concluded that as university students experience more feelings of loneliness, they perceive more stress and demonstrate more nomophobic behaviors. Considering the influence of narcissism on nomophobia among university students, further research is suggested on the possible mediators and moderators in this relationship.

Nomophobia (no-mobile-phone phobia) is the fear and anxiety of being without a mobile phone. This study pioneers the investigation of nomophobia in Afghanistan using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), addressing a crucial gap in the field. We collected statistical data from 754 undergraduate medical students, comprising men (56.50 %) and women (43.50 %), and analyzed the dimensions of nomophobia. While results revealed that all but two participants were nomophobic, they identified three significant dimensions affecting the level of nomophobia among participants: (a) gender, (b) age, and (c) marital status. The study's contributions are precious, given the peculiarity of Afghan political turmoil, security, and human rights issues, especially for women. For example, the study's data collection was abruptly halted in December 2022 due to the Taliban regime's decision to make it illegal for women to enroll in universities as students. Therefore, while examining the characteristics of nomophobia across societies is imperative, it is also vital to investigate what is true of one society, Afghanistan, at one point in time and space. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to broaden participants' scope in future studies to better understand the prevalence of nomophobia across broader societal contexts and forces.

This is a dataset that describes data on the correlation between dimensions of Nomophobia. Data were obtained from a study population of university students aged 18–29 years. The entire sample consisted of 841 university students. Of these, 609 (72.4 %) are female students and 232 (27.6 %) are male students. Data were collected using paper-and-pencil surveys from the students in the three cities: Prishtina, Ferizaj, and Gjakova. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used. Research analyses aiming to examine the relationship between nomophobia dimensions were carried out using descriptive statistics and Pearson analysis in the SPSS program. The research instrument was confirmed to have all necessary psychometric values deemed appropriate for the study. Various descriptive statistical analyses were performed to further clarify the data and provide the necessary platform for further analysis.

With the popularity of smart terminals and mobile Internet, mobile phone had been a necessity in everyone's daily life. Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) also needs attention. Although there were multiple measurements to assess the PMPU, most of the tools were in traditional forms with fixed items. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a computerized adaptive testing for problematic mobile phone use (CAT-PMPU) based on the Item Response Theory, which might help to provide an optimal solution to psychological assessments with long-scale and heterogeneous samples. The data in this article provided results of PMPU with different measurements. The dataset provided in this article includes 1619 participants, encompassing middle school students, undergraduate students, and graduate students recruited from various grades in China. The sample consists of 628 males and 991 females. Self-report measures were administrated including the Chinese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, Smartphone Addiction Inventory, Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale for Chinese Adults. All the measurements were in the Chinese version. A .csv file consists of major variables we used was included as supplementary material on the Zenodo Repository. The discussion of the findings based on the dataset could be found in two articles: Development of a Computerized Adaptive Test for Problematic Mobile Phone Use & Generalizing computerized adaptive testing for problematic mobile phone use from Chinese adults to adolescents.

Nomophobia, the fear of being without one's smartphone, is pervasive among students globally, yet its relationship with smartphone uses and academic achievement remains underexplored, particularly in countries like Vietnam. This cross-sectional study examined 950 students from six high schools in Central Vietnam. Results revealed that 60.1% of participants used smartphones for over three years, dedicating an average of 5.73 h daily. Nomophobia prevalence reached 99.9%, with 23.7% exhibiting severe levels. Females and older students displayed higher nomophobia levels than males and younger peers. A robust correlation emerged between nomophobia and daily phone-checking frequency. The study emphasizes the urgent need for further research to uncover contributing mechanisms to nomophobia and develop interventions promoting responsible smartphone use among students, providing valuable insights into an increasingly prevalent concern impacting the academic landscape.

College students have a high prevalence of nomophobia. However, research on the effects of emotion regulation and resilience on nomophobia in China is lacking. This research investigated how cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies directly and indirectly affect nomophobia through resilience. Therefore, from March to May 2023, 756 university student volunteers (21.4 % men) were selected from a university in northeastern China for a questionnaire survey. Our findings suggest that college students' resilience has a masking effect on the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and nomophobia and can attenuate the negative effect of the frequency of using cognitive reappraisal strategies on nomophobia. The frequency of expressive suppression strategies directly and positively affected nomophobia. Early psychological interventions targeting resilience might be potentially effective in alleviating nomophobia among college students.

Objective: Nomophobia, as a growing phenomenon, has gradually affected the quality of social interactions and people's communication and has had considerable consequences on the quality of their real-world relationships. The present study aimed to identify the quality of social interactions and the factors underlying their formation based on the experiences of girls with nomophobia syndrome. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. The participants were 20 girls with nomophobia symptoms, who were selected through purposive sampling from among all unmarried girls aged 20–30 living in Babol, Iran in 2022. The participants were screened using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and open-ended questions asked by the researcher. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Data analysis was performed using Strauss and Corbin's (1998) approach until the data saturation point. Results: The data revealed 103 open codes, 24 axial codes, and 10 selective codes clustered into five main categories: Contextual conditions (family background and socio-economic conditions), causal conditions (individual and personality factors and individual's internal experiences from online interactions), intervening conditions (external facilitators and inhibitors), action and reaction (alternative strategies in social interactions), and consequences (attachment consequences, mobile loss consequences, and interactional consequences of online communication). Conclusion: This study identified five main categories of themes that can account for the process of nomophobia and understand how people with nomophobia interact socially. Following the developed model and the related factors, related professionals can make more accurate evaluations and then conduct more effective interventions with a focus on reducing and eliminating drivers and forces underlying, perpetuating, and reinforcing nomophobia and preventing and treating it based on individual characteristics of the affected people. Moreover, some suggestions were offered for further research and interventions in this field.

The study was conducted in three locations: Yogyakarta, Palembang, and Jambi. A total of 355 psychology students from three different universities were recruited using purposive sampling. Among the participants, there were 313 females (88.03%) and 42 males (11.83%). The participants completed several questionnaires in the Indonesian version, including the nomophobia NMP-Q scale (Yildirim & Correia, 2015), the R-UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), the self-control scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and the Spiritual Meaningfulness scale developed based on the theory of Pargament (2007).Before commencing the analysis, the research team ensured the accuracy and reliability of the collected data sets. Participants who did not fully complete the questionnaire were removed from the sample. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the research ethics committee, and the researchers obtained permission from the respective university administrations for data collection. Prior to participation, all individuals agreed to take part in the study, provided voluntary informed consent, and were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses.

Background: A psychological condition known as NOMOPHOBIA causes individuals to fear losing ability to use or reach their mobile phones. The NMP-Q (nomophobia questionnaire) is a commonly used survey for assessing symptoms related to nomophobia. Materials and methods: We performed a meta-analysis using reliability generalization (RG) on the NMP-Q. Thirteen studies involving 15,929 participants have reported original reliability estimates of the NMP-Q determined through a comprehensive and methodical examination of the available literature. Results: For the total scores, the pooled internal consistency reliability was 0.93 [0.91; 0.95] and for the subscales it ranged from 0.83 to 0.91. Specifically, 0.91 [0.88; 0.93], 0.84 [0.80; 0.88], 0.83 [0.78; 0.88, and 0.83 [0.80; 0.85] for the subscales. Subscale 1 = not being able to communicate; subscale 2 = losing connectedness; subscale 3 = not being able to access information; and subscale 4 = giving up convenience”, respectively. All reported effect sizes are Cronbach's alphas. Structural validity supported a solution of four-factors. Conclusions: NMP-Q has an excellent internal consistency. Structural validity of four factors appears to be vigorous in fitting NMP-Q items. Our recommendation is to require future studies using NMP-Q to provide a reliability estimate based on their own data.

Nomophobia (‘no mobile phone phobia’) has been growing issue worldwide in recent years and has been associated with a number of psychological and behavioral health-related problems. However, few studies have examined nomophobia in Bangladesh. Therefore, the severity and correlates of nomophobia, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia was investigated. A cross-sectional study utilizing 585 university students was conducted employing a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a survey in March 2022. The survey comprised questions related to socio-demographics, behavioral health, academic performance, nomophobia, smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. The mean score of nomophobia was 88.55 out of 140 (±21.71). The prevalence was 9.4% for mild nomophobia, 56.1% for moderate nomophobia, and 34.5% for severe nomophobia. First-year students had higher levels of nomophobia than other years. Significant predictors for nomophobia included daily duration of smartphone time, psychoactive substance use, and being in a relationship. Nomophobia was significantly associated with smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. Moreover, smartphone addiction significantly mediated the relationship between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Strategies that help reduce daily smartphone time, and reduce psychoactive substance use might help reduce nomophobia prevalence among university students.

Resumen: Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una escala de nomofobia en escolares de 9 a 13 años. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: El estudio piloto se realizó en diciembre de 2019 con alumnos de un colegio de Ávila y otro de Madrid. El estudio de campo se realizó los meses de enero-marzo de 2020, recogiendo datos de 592 alumnos de un colegio de Badajoz y 3 de Ávila. Participantes: Alumnos de ambos sexos de 4.o, 5.o y 6.o de Educación Primaria y de 1.o y 2.o de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, de colegios públicos y concertados. Método: El estudio se hizo en 2 fases. Fase I: elaboración de un cuestionario de 40 ítems con el asesoramiento de un panel de expertos. Este cuestionario se pasó, dentro del estudio piloto, a 312 niños matriculados en Educación Primaria o Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Tras analizar los resultados, se modificó la escala de 40 ítems para mejorar la comprensión de los escolares y se realizó un estudio de campo con 592 participantes. Fase II: consistió en un análisis factorial exploratorio realizado por el método de componentes principales que proporcionó la distribución de los ítems en 7 componentes. Tras el análisis factorial confirmatorio se definió la escala definitiva de 32 ítems. Resultados: Se demostró que esta escala produce puntuaciones válidas y confiables. Conclusiones: La validación de esta escala será útil para identificar a niños con riesgo de nomofobia, permitiendo a educadores, padres y profesionales de la salud detectarla precozmente para prevenir un uso patológico del teléfono móvil. Abstract: Objective: To design and validate a nomophobia scale in children aged 9–13 years. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Site: The pilot study was carried out in December 2019 with students from a school in Ávila and another in Madrid. The field study was carried out during the months of January to March 2020, collecting data from 592 students from a school in Badajoz and 3 from Ávila. Participants: Students of both sexes from 4th, 5th and 6th of Primary Education and from 1st and 2nd of Compulsory Secondary Education, from public and private schools. Method: The study has been divided in 2 phases. Phase I: consisted of the preparation of a 40-item questionnaire with the advice of a panel of experts. This questionnaire was passed, within the pilot study, to 312 children enrolled in Primary Education or Compulsory Secondary Education. After analyzing the results, the 40-item scale was modified to improve the understanding of the schoolchildren and a field study was carried out with 592 participants. Phase II: consisted of an exploratory factorial analysis carried out using the principal components method, which provided the distribution of the items in 7 components. After the confirmatory factorial analysis, the final 32-item scale was defined. Results: This scale was shown to produce valid and reliable scores. Conclusions: The validation of this scale will be useful to identify children at risk of nomophobia, allowing educators, parents and health professionals to detect this phenomenon early in order to prevent pathological smartphone use.

The penetration of smartphones into human life finds expression in problematic smartphone use, particularly under the Covid-19 home confinement. Problematic smartphone use is accompanied by adverse impacts on personal wellbeing and individual performance. However, little is known about the mechanism of such adverse impacts. Motivated by this, the present study strives to answer (i) how bedtime smartphone use impacts students’ academic performance through wellbeing-related strains; (ii) how to mitigate the adverse consequences of bedtime smartphone use. Drawing upon the stressor-strain-outcome paradigm, the current work presents a comprehensive understanding of how smartphone use indirectly deteriorates college students’ academic performance through the mediators of nomophobia — “the fear of being unavailable to mobile phones” (Lin et al., 2021) — and sleep deprivation. This allows a more flexible remedy to alleviate the adverse consequences of smartphone use instead of simply limiting using smartphones. This study collects a two-year longitudinal dataset of 6093 college students and employs the structural equation modeling technique to examine the stressor‐strain‐outcome relationship among bedtime smartphone use, nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and academic performance. This study finds robust evidence that wellbeing-related strains (i.e., nomophobia and sleep deprivation) mediate the negative relationship between bedtime smartphone use and academic performance. Furthermore, engaging in physical activity effectively mitigates the adverse effects of bedtime smartphone use upon nomophobia and sleep deprivation. This study not only enriches the current literature regarding the indirect effect mechanism of smartphone use but also provides valuable insights for academics and educational policymakers.

Mobile phone use brings convenience to people's social communication and leisurely experience. While excessive mobile phone use also leads to problematic mobile phone use such as mobile phone addiction and nomophobia which has serious harm. For college students who have just entered college, the adaptability to college life and the level of adult attachment might affect mobile phone use. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationships among mobile phone use, adaptability and adult attachment among college students in China. The data in this article could help researchers explore the mechanism between the mobile phone use, adaptability and adult attachment and had a deeper comprehension to the impact factor of mobile phone use among college students in China. Dataset provided in this article included 673 college students recruited from different grades in Tianjin Normal University. Among the participants, there were 138 males (20.5%) and 535 females. Fifty participants completed their questionnaires as a paper-pencil version in a classroom, there were 389 participants completed paper-pencil version in total and other 284 participants completed online surveys through the Wen Juan Xing App (https://www.wjx.cn). They took Nomophobia Scale for Chinese (NMP-C), Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS), Freshmen Adaptation Inventory (FAI) and Chinese of Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR-C) to measure college students’ mobile phone use, adaptability and adult attachment in China, the missing values of these items were imputed by EM method due to the missing values were missing completely at random(MCAR). All the instruments for data collection were in the Chinese version. In addition, a .csv file consists of major variables we used were included as a supplementary material on the Zenodo Repository [1]. We used SPSS to perform descriptive statistical analysis and MPLUS to carry out lasso regression analysis with the collected data. For a discussion of the findings based on the dataset please see the article: The effect of college students’ adaptability on nomophobia based on lasso regression [2].

Background/Objective: Smartphone addiction, smartphone dependence, and compulsive smartphone use all describe similar phenomena that can cause problems in everyday daily life in many countries worldwide. Most scholars agree that it is the applications on smartphones that individuals have problems with rather than the smartphone itself. For this reason, smartphone application-based addiction is an issue of concern and one instrument has been specifically developed to assess this risk, namely, the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS). Although the SABAS has been translated into a number of languages, it has not been translated or validated into Indonesian. Methods: The SABAS was translated into Bahasa Indonesian utilizing a cross-cultural method to ensure its linguistic validity. The linguistic validity of the Indonesian SABAS was ensured using international standard translation guidelines. Moreover, reliability and validity testing of the translated Indonesian SABAS were carried out using Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and correlations with psychometric scales assessing psychological distress and nomophobia. Results: Using a sample of 458 participants (mean age = 22.46 years), reliability tests showed that the Indonesian SABAS was acceptable (Cronbach α = 0.74; McDonald’s ω = 0.79). Construct validity of the Indonesian SABAS was supported by satisfactory CFA fit indices; concurrent validity supported by good correlations with psychological distress (r = 0.50) and nomophobia (r = 0.61). Conclusions: The Indonesian version of SABAS is valid and reliable to be used for assessing the risk of smartphone application-based addiction in college students.

The fear of being without a mobile phone has emerged as a global psycho-social phenomenon impacting smartphone users and their behaviour. Determining whether higher levels of nomophobia are associated with an increased likelihood of illegal smartphone use in vehicles may provide driver licencing authorities with avenues to reduce risk by developing programs and training aimed at mitigating nomophobia. This study builds upon a previous analysis that revealed only one of nomophobia's four factors—the fear of being without access to information—predicted the likelihood of illegal smartphone use while driving. By measuring total nomophobia scores in terms of severity, not factors, this study identified a stronger relationship than previously thought between driver's illegal smartphone use and the fear of being without a mobile phone. Indeed, using a sample of 2773 Australian smartphone users from the state of Victoria, individuals with ‘severe’ nomophobia were 85% more likely to engage in illegal use while driving. In other words, the odds of engaging in illegal smartphone use among those with severe nomophobia increased by a factor of 6.6. Given the global prevalence of severe nomophobia is over 20%, these findings become significant for road users around the world, especially in low to middle income countries where 90% of road traffic deaths occur. Developing educational and/or behavioural programs reducing nomophobia may reduce road traffic deaths.

Background: Today, smartphones have acquired irreplaceable importance in human lives, connecting with the different corners of the world, storing large amounts of data, obtaining any desirable information, possible with a single touch. Being out of contact with a mobile device leading to anxiousness, nervousness, and discomfort is called nomophobia. The prevalence of nomophobia has been escalating at an alarming rate among the young generation. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of nomophobia and its relationship with social interaction anxiety among the students of Chitkara University, Punjab. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out among 209 students of Chitkara University, Punjab, using a nomophobia questionnaire and social interaction anxiety scale. The convenience sampling technique was employed to select the study participants, and the data was collected through a google form. Descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software were applied to analyze the data. Results: There were 52.15% males and 47.85% female students. All the students were having nomophobia. The majority of the students, i.e., 118 (56.5%), were moderately nomophobic, and 74 (35.4%) were severely nomophobic, whereas only 17 (8.1%) were mildly nomophobic. Nomophobia and social interaction anxiety had weak positive correlation (p = 0.001, r = 0.221). There was a significant association of nomophobia with the department of study, family income per month, working status of parents, and age at which smartphone ownership was obtained, and time in hours per day spent on using a smartphone. Conclusion: There is an increasing prevalence of nomophobia among university students, and social interaction anxiety is a significant predictor. There is an urgent need to develop strategies towards prevention, early identification, and timely management of social interaction anxiety and nomophobia. Key Message: The growing trend of use of information technology in day-to-day routines during the Covid-19 pandemic imposes many challenges like isolation from the real social world and addiction to being indulged in a virtual world. Attainment of mobile phones at an early age and increased duration of usage is a contributory factor in the development of nomophobia.

Increasing rates of smartphone use in Pakistani undergraduate students, coupled with a dearth of research, indicate a need for a better understanding of the effects of Smartphone use on this population. This cross-sectional study therefore aimed to measure rates of nomophobia and its predictors among this understudied population. A total of 138 undergraduate students of a private university in Lahore, Pakistan completed a demographics questionnaire and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) as part of a larger study. All students reported some level of nomophobia, with the largest proportion reporting moderate levels. Gender differences were seen in NMP-Q scores, with women reporting greater levels of nomophobia, specifically within the “Not being able to communicate” subscale of the NMP-Q. Multiple linear regression indicated that, while hours of usage per day, number of times per day checking phone, and amount of time in university were all correlated with NMP-Q scores, however, the only significant predictor was hours of usage per day [R = .331, R2 = .109, F (3, 116) = 4.748, p < .05]. The results of this study indicate that, as use of smartphones continues to increase in this developing nation, monitoring nomophobia and its correlates is of great importance, and carries with it implications at the societal and university policy levels.

In the last decade, smartphone use increased exponentially among the population mainly among adolescents and young adults. Today, people are constantly clinging to the smartphone in many situations of their life, even though this activity can have physical and psychological negative consequences. Through the popularization of smartphones, a new dependency was born, nomophobia, defined as the fear of being away from one’s smartphone. This study analyzes the propensity of young adults (18–24 years old) towards nomophobia and lifestyle. A sample of 495 participants showed a positive and moderate correlation between nomophobia and psychopathological symptoms. Interpersonal sensitivity, obsession-compulsion, and the number of hours of smartphone use per day were identified as strong predictors of nomophobia. Results show that smartphone use, and feelings of personal inadequacy and inferiority are relevant when explaining nomophobia.

Nomophobia is one of the modern pathologies that has been born as a consequence of the impact that portable technologies have had on society and the dependence generated among citizens, especially towards smartphones. This phobia manifests itself and is intensified by the loss of immediate access to information, to the network of contacts, as well as by the impossibility of contacting or being contacted by other people. All this ends up interfering with the development of the person's daily life (physical, physiological, psychological, social problems, among others). Although the research is in an incipient phase, the problem has not been studied with the teaching population, so we present a pioneering study with this group, the main objective being to analyze the prevalence of nomophobia in future teachers of Early Childhood and Primary Education, as well as to check the incidence of rest time in the levels of nomophobia. The study follows a descriptive, correlational, transversal and predictive design and a quantitative methodology. The standardized nomophobia questionnaire NMP-Q was used on a sample of n = 849 future teachers. The results show average levels of nomophobia in most of the variables. However, the higher levels of nervousness, fear or anxiety stand out due to the inability to communicate instantaneously. Also, a higher prevalence of the problem is observed in the sector of the sample that claims to sacrifice rest time due to the use of their mobile phone. Although these numbers are not alarming, we must take into account that in some variables the prevalence is slightly higher, making it necessary to make educational interventions in this regard and to promote education for the responsible and critical use of media and technologies.

Objectives: Nowadays, adolescents spend a lot of their time on smartphones. They find it difficult to go about their daily lives without using their smartphones. Losing a mobile phone or Wi-Fi connection can be distressing to anyone. This study examined the prevalence of nomophobia and smartphone addiction among Filipino adolescents and their association with adolescent lifestyle profiles (ALPs). Furthermore, gender and grade (i.e., junior vs. senior high school students) differences in nomophobia, smartphone addiction, and ALPs as well as their differences in four nomophobia groups and among participants with and without smartphone addiction are determined. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Pearson’s correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, independent samples t -test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted. Using an online survey (i.e., created using Google Forms), data were collected from 1,447 (boys: n = 580, girls: n = 867) junior and senior high school students in the Philippines during the academic year 2018–2019. The Nomophobia Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and Adolescent Lifestyle Profile-Revised 2 were used to measure nomophobia, smartphone addiction, and lifestyle profiles, respectively. Results: Only 0.5% ( n = 7) of the participants ( N = 1,447) did not have nomophobia. In contrast, 12.4% ( n = 180), 63.2% ( n = 915), and 23.8% ( n = 345) of them had mild, moderate, and severe nomophobia, respectively. Moreover, 62.6% (n = 906) of the participants had smartphone addiction. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that nomophobia and smartphone addiction were positively intercorrelated (r = .615; p < .01). Nomophobia was significantly related to overall ALPs ( r = .060; p< .05) and some of its subdomains, namely, positive life perspective, interpersonal relationship, and spiritual health. It was not correlated with health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, and stress management. Smartphone addiction was not significantly related to overall ALPs ( r = -.020; p > .05). However, positive life perspective and interpersonal relationship were significantly and negatively related to smartphone addiction. Both nomophobia and smartphone addiction were significant predictors of ALPs. Furthermore, there were significant gender differences in nomophobia and ALPs but not in smartphone addiction. Moreover, there was no significant grade difference in nomophobia, smartphone addiction, and overall ALPs. There was a significant difference in smartphone addiction and overall ALPs between the four nomophobia groups. Finally, those with and without smartphone addiction differed significantly in overall nomophobia, but not in overall ALPs. Conclusions: The role of nomophobia and smartphone addiction in ALPs were evident within the following subdomains: positive life perspective, health responsibility, physical activity, interpersonal relationship, nutrition, stress management, and spiritual health. Therefore, rules governing smartphone use should be enforced at home and in schools. Further, preventive measures should be implemented to avoid the exacerbation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction and promote a healthy lifestyle among adolescents.

Despite the advantages that the development of new technologies has brought to our lives, it is also true that the problematic use of technology can have negative effects on some people, as the prevalence of nomophobia, defined as the fear and anxiety of being unreachable via one's mobile phone. While some authors are beginning to study the relationship of nomophobia with variables such as age, no investigation has yet been carried out into psychological variables. Our study contributes to the literature by looking at personality, self-esteem, gender and age as predictors of nomophobia, evaluated by the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). The study comprised 242 Spanish students (46.7% men and 53.3% women; 49.2% studying for a high school certificate and 50.8% for a university degree). Multiple regressions were conducted, finding that self-esteem, extraversion, conscientiousness and emotional stability predict nomophobia. Finally, we discuss these results and provide suggestions for future research., (Copyright © 2017 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)