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The term capillary leak syndrome (CLS) describes the manifestations associated with an increased capillary permeability to proteins leading to an escape of plasma from the blood circulatory system to surrounding tissues, muscle, organs, or body cavities. This results clinically in the typical triad of hypotension, edema, and elevated hematocrit. The more severe cases of CLS may present with cardiovascular collapse, shock, and death. The most classic form of this pathology is represented by the idiopathic systemic CLS (SCLS) also called Clarkson's disease, but capillary leaks are also described as adverse drug reactions foremost among which are anticancer drugs. This review will focus on oncologic drugs such as gemcitabine, therapeutic growth factors or cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that appear now as the strongest candidates for anticancer drug-induced CLS., (© 2022 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Given the high risk of infection-related mortality, patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) may be at increased risk with COVID-19. To assess this, we compared outcomes of patients with and without ESKD, hospitalized with COVID-19. This was a retrospective study of patients admitted with COVID-19 from 13 New York hospitals from March 1, 2020, to April 27, 2020, and followed through May 27, 2020. We measured primary outcome (in-hospital death), and secondary outcomes (mechanical ventilation and length of stay). Of 10,482 patients with COVID-19, 419 had ESKD. Patients with ESKD were older, had a greater percentage self-identified as Black, and more comorbid conditions. Patients with ESKD had a higher rate of in-hospital death than those without (31.7% vs 25.4%, odds ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.12 - 1.70). This increase rate remained after adjusting for demographic and comorbid conditions (adjusted odds ratio 1.37, 1.09 - 1.73). The odds of length of stay of seven or more days was higher in the group with compared to the group without ESKD in both the crude and adjusted analysis (1.62, 1.27 - 2.06; vs 1.57, 1.22 - 2.02, respectively). There was no difference in the odds of mechanical ventilation between the groups. Independent risk factors for in-hospital death for patients with ESKD were increased age, being on a ventilator, lymphopenia, blood urea nitrogen and serum ferritin. Black race was associated with a lower risk of death. Thus, among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, those with ESKD had a higher rate of in-hospital death compared to those without ESKD., (Copyright © 2020 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with patients hospitalized with Covid-19, and associated outcomes are not well understood. This study describes the presentation, risk factors and outcomes of AKI in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. We reviewed the health records for all patients hospitalized with Covid-19 between March 1, and April 5, 2020, at 13 academic and community hospitals in metropolitan New York. Patients younger than 18 years of age, with end stage kidney disease or with a kidney transplant were excluded. AKI was defined according to KDIGO criteria. Of 5,449 patients admitted with Covid-19, AKI developed in 1,993 (36.6%). The peak stages of AKI were stage 1 in 46.5%, stage 2 in 22.4% and stage 3 in 31.1%. Of these, 14.3% required renal replacement therapy (RRT). AKI was primarily seen in Covid-19 patients with respiratory failure, with 89.7% of patients on mechanical ventilation developing AKI compared to 21.7% of non-ventilated patients. 276/285 (96.8%) of patients requiring RRT were on ventilators. Of patients who required ventilation and developed AKI, 52.2% had the onset of AKI within 24 hours of intubation. Risk factors for AKI included older age, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, black race, hypertension and need for ventilation and vasopressor medications. Among patients with AKI, 694 died (35%), 519 (26%) were discharged and 780 (39%) were still hospitalized. AKI occurs frequently among patients with Covid-19 disease. It occurs early and in temporal association with respiratory failure and is associated with a poor prognosis., (Copyright © 2020 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial condition, and an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis forms the basis for effective treatment planning. Craniofacial structure and attached soft tissues and muscles play a central role in OSA. Evidence-based studies demonstrate the effectiveness of oral appliances for mandibular advancement and tongue stabilization in managing OSA, and current clinical standards of practice recommend the use of oral appliances to treat OSA when patients cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Although effective, oral appliances are less predictable in managing OSA compared with CPAP therapy. Measures can be taken to improve predictability of oral appliance treatment., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial condition, and an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis forms the basis for effective treatment planning. Craniofacial structure and attached soft tissues and muscles play a central role in OSA. Evidence-based studies demonstrate the effectiveness of oral appliances for mandibular advancement and tongue stabilization in managing OSA, and current clinical standards of practice recommend the use of oral appliances to treat OSA when patients cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Although effective, oral appliances are less predictable in managing OSA compared with CPAP therapy. Measures can be taken to improve predictability of oral appliance treatment., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Mesentericoportal venous thrombosis (MVT) is a rare condition, accounting for 5-15% of acute mesenteric ischemia. Primary MVT is even rarer, with some reports quoting an incidence rate of 10-30% of reported cases. It presents a diagnostic challenge and is associated with a significant mortality rate, ranging from 13% to 50%. As it is an uncommon condition, the evidence in current literature regarding the treatment of MVT is limited. We discuss our surgical experience with a case of acute primary MVT that was managed with good clinical outcome and discuss the current evidence for the treatment of acute MVT. A 50-year-old Chinese lady with no significant past medical history presented with a 2-day history of abdominal pain and epigastric tenderness on examination. Computed tomography of her abdomen and pelvis showed evidence of extensive acute thrombi present in portal confluence extending into the superior mesenteric vein, associated with submucosal edema in some central jejunal loops. Despite systemic anticoagulation therapy with intravenous heparin, the patient deteriorated clinically, and decision was made for an exploratory laparotomy, small bowel resection, and open thrombectomy. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. She was discharged on postoperative day 13 with lifelong oral anticoagulation. In conclusion, we describe the successful management of a patient with extensive acute primary MVT where open thrombectomy was performed together with small bowel resection., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by their broad developmental potential and the capacity to self-renew. The advent of high-throughput technologies has facilitated genome-wide studies of transcriptional network, resulting in an ever-increasing repertoire of transcription factors implicated in the maintenance of the embryonic stem cell state. While the transcriptional circuitry continues to expand, epigenetic regulation has also gained attention as an important process in stem cell function. Herein, we discuss the recent advancements made in understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of embryonic stem cells.

Technological advances in miniaturization have found a niche in biology and signal the beginning of a new revolution. Most of the attention and advances have been made with DNA chips yet a lot of progress is being made in the use of other biomolecules and cells. A variety of reviews have covered only different aspects and technologies but leading to the shared terminology of "biochips." This review provides a basic introduction and an in-depth survey of the different technologies and applications involving the use of non-DNA molecules such as proteins and cells. The review focuses on microarrays and microfluidics, but also describes some cellular systems (studies involving patterning and sensor chips) and nanotechnology. The principles of each technology including parameters involved in biochip design and operation are outlined. A discussion of the different biological and biomedical applications illustrates the significance of biochips in biotechnology.