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Parthenium hysterophorus (PH), often known as parthenium weed, is one of the seventh most devastating weeds in the world. The primary aim of the study was to produce and optimize fungal FPase enzymes under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions for application in enzymatic hydrolysis to produce bioethanol. The impact of various physiological factors was verified through a systematic approach, initially using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Further optimization was carried out using statistical tools by response surface methodology (RSM), selecting three variables, i.e., lactose concentration, peptone concentration, and pH level. The outcomes of this research demonstrated that the RSM-based model led to the optimization of enzyme activity, resulting in 4.08U/ml of FPase, with a lactose concentration of 1.62 %, a peptone concentration of 1.5 %, and a pH level of 6 being the ideal conditions. When employing the FPase enzyme for biomass hydrolysis, the maximum yield of reducing sugar, at 0.37 ± 0.01 g/g, was achieved within a 96-hour period, using enzyme and substrate levels of 30 FPU/100 ml and 3 % (w/v), respectively. Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate was carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C, pH 6.0, and 120 rpm, which resulted in 0.45g/g ethanol yield after 48 h. Overall, our findings reveal that PH biomass can be introduced into sugar-based biorefineries to produce biofuels and other valuable chemicals.

Cotton fabric based textiles utilizing metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), offer potential options for reducing spreading of infection by bacteria due to their excellent antimicrobial properties, which depend on the nanoparticle's structure and morphology, as well as the fiber functionalization process. In this work, a simple padding and rolling technique for preparing antibacterial cotton fabrics by functionalizing their surface with nanostructured ZnO is demonstrated. L-methionine amino acid is utilized as a binding reagent due to its low toxicity to mammalian cells, biocompatibility with living tissues, and the presence of amine and carboxylic groups, which enhance its coordination capacity to improve ZnO adhesion. Zn(NO3)2·3H2O was precipitated as Zn(OH)2(s) using an alkali mixture of (NaOH+NaBH4), which was then converted into ZnO NPs up on heat treatment on the surface of modified cotton (LCt). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was utilized to confirm the chemical alteration of the fabrics by L-methionine. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations confirmed the crystalline structure, purity, and average crystallite size of the ZnO NPs (15.72 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests revealed that the NPs were successfully coordinately bonded to the textiles. HR-SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) mapping demonstrated that NPs were well-covered on the fabric fibers. The thermal degradation behavior of the modified and functionalized cotton was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The functionalized fabric shown outstanding antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, as well as gram-positive bacteria S. aurous and S. pyogenes, with washing durability of up 50 wash cycles. After 50 wash cycles, approximately 88 % of the Zn was retained. This indicated a strong bond between the fabrics. Furthermore, the change has little effect on cotton qualities such as vapor permeability, water absorption, and water transport.

Parthenium hysterophorus is a lignocellulosic material with a high potential for fermentable sugar production due to its high availability and adaptability. The current investigation aims at studying the effectiveness of KOH-assisted ultrasonication on the pretreatment of P. hysterophorus biomass. Ultrasonication is a new hydrolysis technology that can provide a higher fermentable sugar yield in less time and at a lower temperature while using less alkali. The combination of KOH and ultrasound has been applied with a detailed study into the effects of various parameters such as sonication time (operating range of 10–50 min), KOH concentration (0.5–2.5%), and temperature (20–50 °C). A higher reducing sugar yield (128.15±0.06 mg/g) was obtained in US-KOH-pretreated biomass as compared with that of the KOH-pretreated biomass. The optimised pretreatment (using a 1:10 bath ratio, 1% (w/v) KOH, and 15-min sonication times) reduced lignin content (delignification) by 58.72% (w/w) and increased the available cellulose content (27.97% w/w) over untreated biomass, which was confirmed by compositional analysis of treated biomass. Further US-KOH-pretreatment was investigated for the liberation of maximum reducing sugar (325.51 mg/g) using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Following statistical optimization using response surface methodology, the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was increased by 3.2-fold compared to the control. According to the investigations, P. hysterophorus can be used as a promising and affordable biomass source for the production of commercial bioethanol.

Background: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) commonly known as liquorice is one of the highly exploited and utilized medicinal plant of the world. Since ancient times liquorice is considered as an auspicious and valuable traditional medicine across the world for treatment of various ailments. Method: Several electronic online scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, online books and reports were assessed for collecting information. All the collected information was classified into different sections to meet the objective of the paper. Results: The electronic database search yielded 3908 articles from different countries. Out of them one ninety-eight articles published between 1956 and 2021 were included, corresponding to all detailed review on G. glabra and research on anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory through pre-clinical and clinical models. From all selective area of studies on G. glabra and its bioactive components it was established (including molecular mechanisms) as a suitable remedy as per the current requirement of pandemic situation arise through respiratory tract infection. Conclusion: Different relevant studies have been thoroughly reviewed to gain an insight on utility of liquorice and its bioactive constituents for anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory effects with special emphasized for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection with possible mechanism of action at molecular level. Proposed directions for future research are also outlined to encourage researchers to find out various mechanistic targets and useful value added products of liquorice in future investigations.

Background: Shankhpushpi is an Ayurvedic drug, widely used for its actions on the central nervous system, especially to improve intellect and boost memory. Four botanicals viz. Canscora decussata Schult. (CD), Clitorea ternatea Linn. (CT), Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (CP) and Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. (EA) are considered as sources of Shankhpushpi by Indian practitioners on the basis of their morphological descriptions given in ancient texts. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuropharmacological effect of four herbs commonly identified as source of Shankhpushpi. Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of all four varieties were tested and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their neuropharmacological effects. Experiments such as protection against β-amyloid induced neurotoxicity on brain cell line (Neuro 2A), antioxidant potential, AchE (acetylcholinesterase enzyme) inhibition, and 5-LOX (lipoxygenase) enzyme inhibition were conducted for in vitro evaluation. For in vivo evaluation, scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) induced memory retrieval using pole climbing apparatus and Morris water maze were performed in rat models. Results: It was found that protective effects of EA and CD against β-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in Neuro 2A cells were significantly higher than CT and CP. EA proved to be superior than other varieties on the basis of antioxidant activity, AchE inhibitory and LOX inhibitory activities. The preventive activity of EA on scopolamine induced memory retrieval in pole climbing and Morris water maze task in rats was found to be higher than that of CD, CT and CP. Conclusion: EA has remarkable neuropharmacological effect as compared to other three varieties of Shankhpushpi. This effect may be attributed due to the presence of steroids (stigmasterol and betulinic acid), coumarins (scopoletin) and flavonoids (β-carotene and chlorogenic acid). Hence it can be used as a promising lead in development and management of neuronal disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Keywords: Neuroprotection, Lipoxygenase, Enzyme inhibition, Memory, Shankhpushpi

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant proteins that are involved in cellular defence against reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Humans have six peroxiredoxins, hPrxI-VI, out of which hPrxI and hPrxII belongs to the typical 2-Cys class sharing 90% conservation in their amino acid sequence including catalytic residues required to carry out their peroxidase and chaperone activities. Despite the high conservation between hPrxI and hPrxII, hPrxI behaves differently from hPrxII in its peroxidase and chaperone activity. We recently showed in yeast that in the absence of Tsa1 and Tsa2 (orthologs of hPrx) hPrxI protects the cells against different stressors whereas hPrxII does not. To understand this difference, we expressed catalytic mutants of hPrxI in yeast cells lacking the orthologs of hPrxI/II. We found that the catalytic mutants lacking peroxidase function including hPrxIC52S, hPrxIC173S, hPrxIT49A, hPrxIP45A and hPrxIR128A were not able to grow on media with nitrosative stressor (sodium nitroprusside) and unable to withstand heat stress, but surprisingly they were able to grow on an oxidative stressor (H2O2). Interestingly, we found that hPrxI increases the expression of antioxidant genes, GPX1 and SOD1, and this is also seen in the case of a catalytic mutant, indicating hPrxI can indirectly reduce oxidative stress independently of its own peroxidase function and thus suggesting a novel role of hPrxI in altering the expression of other antioxidant genes. Furthermore, hPrxIC83T was resistant to hyperoxidation and formation of stable high molecular weight oligomers, which is suggestive of impaired chaperone activity. Our results suggest that the catalytic residues of hPrxI are essential to counter the nitrosative stress whereas Cys83 in hPrxI plays a critical role in hyperoxidation of hPrxI.

The molecular effects of obesity are mediated by alterations in the levels of adipocytokines. High leptin level associated with obese state is a major cause of breast cancer progression and metastasis, whereas adiponectin is considered a “guardian angel adipocytokine” for its protective role against various obesity-related pathogenesis including breast cancer. In the present study, investigating the role of adiponectin as a potential inhibitor of leptin, we show that adiponectin treatment inhibits leptin-induced clonogenicity and anchorage-independent growth. Leptin-stimulated migration and invasion of breast cancer cells is also effectively inhibited by adiponectin. Analyses of the underlying molecular mechanisms reveal that adiponectin suppresses activation of two canonical signaling molecules of leptin signaling axis: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. Pretreatment of breast cancer cells with adiponectin protects against leptin-induced activation of ERK and Akt. Adiponectin increases expression and activity of the physiological inhibitor of leptin signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which is found to be integral to leptin-antagonist function of adiponectin. Inhibition of PTP1B blocks adiponectin-mediated inhibition of leptin-induced breast cancer growth. Our in vivo studies show that adenovirus-mediated adiponectin treatment substantially reduces leptin-induced mammary tumorigenesis in nude mice. Exploring therapeutic strategies, we demonstrate that treatment of breast cancer cells with rosiglitazone results in increased adiponectin expression and inhibition of migration and invasion. Rosiglitazone treatment also inhibits leptin-induced growth of breast cancer cells. Taken together, these data show that adiponectin treatment can inhibit the oncogenic actions of leptin through blocking its downstream signaling molecules and raising adiponectin levels could be a rational therapeutic strategy for breast carcinoma in obese patients with high leptin levels.

Background : Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations are widely prescribed for a wide range of inflammatory conditions, yet, despite widespread use, there has been no systematic documentation of their safety and efficacy. Objective : The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of Ajmodadi churna (AJM) in rats. Materials and Methods : Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and air pouch inflammation models were used for the study. Results : The extracts showed significant antiinflammatory activity, reducing paw edema volume by 0.417 ± 0.097 and 0.379 ± 0.049, respectively. In the carrageenan-induced air pouch model, AJM reduced total leukocyte count by 73.09 ± 7.13 and 62.17 ± 10.53, granulocyte count by 69.48 ± 5.44 and 63.33 ± 4.13, and myeloperoxidase activity by 14.84 ± 0.91 and 18.44 ± 3.18, respectively, compared to controls. Discussion and Conclusion : AJM significantly reduced paw edema, during the second phase of edema development. In the carrageenan-induced air pouch model, AJM inhibited cellular infiltration into the air pouch fluid. We conclude that AJM is an effective candidate for prevention or treatment of acute inflammation

Coal continues to be one of the most important primary energy sources and is a major contributor to economic growth, especially in the developing world. Coal fines are an unavoidable by-product of coal extraction. Fine coal is classified as waste when it is too difficult or uneconomical to process and thus disposed of into waste ponds. This leads to environmental liability and loss of valuable high-quality product. There have been numerous studies regarding the efficient processing of fine coal particles, to realise the full economic potential whilst reducing the product's environmental risks. Fluidization is commonly used in the processing of powders or fine particles since it enables continuous powder handling and promotes good particulate mixing. However, the fluidization of fine particles is challenging due to the propensity for channelling, clustering and elutriation. Enhanced fluidization methods have been used to overcome these problems. Several methods that have been employed include electric or magnetic fields, mechanical vibrations, centrifugal forces, introduction of foreign particles, the use of microjets and the use of acoustic sound waves. This study considered the use of in-situ ultrasound as a new alternative enhanced fluidization technique. The overall aim of this research project was to quantitatively determine the improvement in the fluidization behaviour of fine coal particles, under the influence of ultrasound. This new technique helped prevent channel formation, and bed cracking, and improvement in fluidization regimes were observed. Decreasing minimum fluidization velocities were observed for increasing ultrasonic intensities, across various bed heights. The addition of the ultrasound correction factor was able to improve the prediction capability of the model that was developed for the minimum fluidization velocity. The reduction in minimum fluidization velocity shows promise for reduced energy consumption, and increased production throughput, of the fine coal particle processing industry. Overall the novel application of ultrasound improved the quality and operability of the fluidization of fine coal particles.

In Ayurveda, every individual is believed to possess a unique entity known as Prakriti, which distinguishes them from others physically, physiologically, and psychologically. This entity also determines an individual's response to a particular stimulus, and it is believed that such responses are not solely determined by genetics. The present research aims to validate the Ayurvedic concept of Prakriti from a modern molecular perspective to strengthen the personalized and precise treatment approach. A study was conducted to investigate the role of the KCNJ11gene in the susceptibility of individuals to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with their metabolic status. The research involved allele mining on three major Prakriti groups - Vata, Pitta, and Kapha - in 112 patients with T2DM and 112 healthy individuals. The KCNJ11 gene, responsible for insulin secretion membrane pore formation, was analyzed to determine the susceptibility of different Prakriti types to T2DM. The MutPred tool predicted the molecular cause of disease-related amino acid substitution. According to the study, only Pitta and Kapha Prakriti were diagnosed with diabetes, while all three Prakriti types were present in the control group of healthy individuals. A protein model was prepared, and the changes resulting from mutations were observed for each group in their protein sequence, both as synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. Ultimately, these changes contributed to the manifestation of T2DM. Based on the findings, it appears that Prakriti groups may experience changes in protein function due to nonsynonymous mutations and differences in amino acids at the protein level.

Acoustics based smart condition monitoring is a viable alternative to mechanical vibrations or image-capture based predictive maintenance methods. In this study, a texture analysis based transfer learning methodology was applied to classify tool wear based on the noise generated during mild steel machining. The machining acoustics were converted to spectrogram images and transfer learning was applied for their classification into high/medium/low tool wear using four pre-trained deep learning models (SqueezeNet, ResNet50, InceptionV3, GoogLeNet). Moreover, three optimizers (RMSPROP, ADAM, SGDM) were applied to each of the deep learning models to enhance classification accuracies. Primary results indicate that the InceptionV3-RMSPROP obtained the highest testing accuracy of 87.50%, followed by the SqueezeNet-RMSPROP and ResNet50-SGDM at 75.00% and 62.50% respectively. However, SqueezeNet-RMSPROP was determined to be more desirable from a practical machining quality and safety perspective, owing to its greater recall value for the highest tool wear class. The proposed acoustics-texture extraction-transfer learning approach is especially suitable for cost effective tool wear condition monitoring involving limited datasets.

The wavenumbers of Raman and infrared spectra for environment friendly double perovskite Sr2B′WO6 (B’= Co, Ni) of I4/m phase (No.-87) has been analyzed using Wilson's GF matrix method. Theoretical assignments for the Raman and infrared wavenumbers for Sr2CoWO6 and Sr2NiWO6 compounds have been reported for the very first time. As far as we know, no theoretical assignments have been made for the infrared frequencies of Sr2CoWO6 and Sr2NiWO6 compounds in the I4/m phase. Both compounds are Lead-free oxide double perovskites which are emerging as a sustainable alternative to lead-based versions, offering similar electronic, optical, and magnetic properties without the associated environmental and health risks. A robust correlation with the B’ site has been identified across a range of frequencies, providing insights into the structural details of the examined compounds. The force constants related to the B’-site atom exhibit a consistent trend and reveal variations in values with changes in atomic orbitals. Moreover, frequencies influenced primarily by the B’ atoms display distinct characteristics with the variation of atomic number, emphasizing the considerable effect of the B’ atom's size on vibrational properties. The frequencies determined in this research align well with experimentally observed frequencies. Additionally, an exploration of potential energy distributions (PED) delves into the influence of interatomic forces on the computed Raman and infrared phonon modes for these materials.

This research investigates the inherent radial non-uniformity within the rotary friction welding process, particularly concerning microstructure attributes like grain size, grain boundaries, misorientation angles, and interlayer presence along the radial axis. SS321-AA2219 rotary friction welding was carried out with and without an AA6061 interlayer. The numerical thermal model suggests increase in temperatures from the center to the periphery, due to non-uniform heat generation. Also, dissimilar material across the interface resulted in an asymmetric temperature profile along axial direction. Plastic deformation on the Aluminum side suggests dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement, whereas pronounced low-angle grain boundary (LAGB) formation near the SS side interface validates dynamic recovery. A radial non-uniformity in microstructure is observed, with metrics such as average grain size, LAGB fraction, and misorientation showing an increase from the center towards the periphery. The insertion of an interlayer alters process dynamics, manifesting in reduced temperatures and heightened forces, resulting in a more consolidated joint by enhancing the strength by 31 %. Interdiffusion of elements across the interface formed Fe-Al intermetallic compounds (IMC) confirmed with X ray diffraction. Fractography analysis elucidates the presence of rubbing marks and facet surfaces in interlayer-less joints, while joints with interlayer display sticking and dimples.

This paper experimentally investigates the factors influencing the flow boiling heat transfer of R134a refrigerant within smooth and micro-fin tubes having an outer diameter of 9.52 mm. The tube has a peculiar micro-fin shape with a 46° apex angle and 22° helix angle, producing a surface area 1.62 times bigger than a smooth tube of identical diameter. The main goal of the study is to understand the influences of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, and average vapor quality on heat transfer characteristics. The findings are initially compared with known flow boiling correlations; moreover, performance index, penalty factor, and enhancement factor considerations are also made. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) relies on mass flux, with significant improvements at G = 200 kg m−2 s−1, despite dry-out difficulties at high vapor quality. Intensified flow velocity from higher mass flux causes a rise in frictional pressure drop (FPD), with micro-fin tubes demonstrating superior heat transfer, owing to their larger surface area and improved swirl formation. Compared to smooth tubes, FPD is significantly influenced by vapor quality for micro-fin tubes. The study analyses the importance of micro-fin tubes to improve heat transfer in industrial applications, as well as the effects of saturation temperature and vapor quality on HTC.

This comprehensive review explores furfural production from agricultural residues, focusing on its significance as a low-volume, high-value asset crucial for environmental sustainability. It covers diverse production technologies, recent advancements, and applications in agriculture, evaluating furfural's potential to enhance crop resilience and yield. Showing its role in a circular economy, the review discusses how furfural can replace conventional petrochemical processes, thereby reducing environmental impact. Case studies, such as successful implementations with cotton biomass byproducts, illustrate furfural's practical applications and environmental benefits. The study underscores the need for ongoing research, supportive policies, and furfural's growing role in sustainable agriculture and industry. It is focused on furfural's essential contribution to promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable practices. By examining furfural's role as a value-added product from agricultural residues, this review provides insights into its economic viability and potential challenges.

Coronaviruses have emerged as a global health challenge, with the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 affecting more than 600 million individuals worldwide. While vaccination remains a central preventive approach, addressing SARS-CoV-2 involves antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and corticosteroids. Research indicates that coumarin exhibits potent antiviral properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antiviral properties of newly synthesized coumarin analogues (NCA) against coronaviruses. The study involved the synthesis of NCAs through esterification, hydrazination, imination, and cyclo-condensation reactions, followed by their characterization using FTIR, NMR, and Mass Spectrometry. Cell viability analysis was conducted using HEK-293 cells, and the viral replication inhibition activity of NCAs against OC43 was assessed using plaque assays. The antiviral activity of NCAs against the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) was evaluated based on mortality rate, lesion development, and viral RNA load suppression. The study successfully synthesized NCAs and elucidated their structures. The viral plaque assay demonstrated the ability of NCAs to effectively inhibit viral replication. Analysis of viral RNA by qRTPCR confirmed a decrease in OC43 viral load following NCA treatment. Immunofluorescence assays also showed a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the presence of NCAs. Evaluation of cytotoxicity using HEK-293 cells indicated that NCAs exhibited a favourable safety profile while effectively inhibiting IBV viral replication. These findings highlight the promising antiviral activities of NCAs against coronavirus replication and infection.

Background: Arterial anastomoses are still most commonly performed using orthodox hand sewing technique. Various rationale such as non-pliable, atherosclerotic, thick-walled or irradiated vessels limit the competency of coupler devices for arterial micro-anastomosis. Microvascular coupling devices (MCD) are well known for venous anastomoses but arterial MCD have relatively been less navigated in reported literatures. This review outlines the current applications, troubleshooting, safety and efficiency of arterial MCD in free flaps. Methods: Comprehensive search of electronic databases (PUBMED/MEDLINE) in accordance with PRISMA guideline was performed. Data were extracted and collected in four groups of standardised variables. Results: Out of a total of 263 identified articles, 38 studies were analysed and 16 amidst these were included in final data synthesis. Included studies contained a combined total of 2416 patients who went through 521 arterial and 2460 venous anastomoses using 3 M/Synovis coupling devices. Among all coupled arterial anastomoses, 407 were conducted in head and neck free tissue transfer and 114 were performed in breast reconstruction. The aggregate coupled arterial micro-anastomosis success rate reported was 90.01 % (469/521). Only 9.98 % (52 out of 521) manifested pooled incidence of troubleshooting, thrombosis or flap failure. Conclusion: Microsurgeons are resisting the frequent use of arterial coupling devices owing to inherent arterial characteristics, but with suitable vessel selection, arterial coupling may be a powerful tool and can be executed in safe, expeditious and reliable fashion. This study embellishes collaborative suggestions and troubleshooting issues related to arterial coupling, however further assessment would be required with controlled trials.

Background: Anomalous left brachiocephalic vein (ALBCV) is a rare venous anomaly. Double Left brachiocephalic vein is the rarest type of ALBCV anomaly. Case report: Here we report a case of gentleman with post myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia who underwent ICD implantation, where we could not place the lead initially through left side. CT angiography revealed presence of a duplicated circumaortic left BCV. It's cranial limb coursing normally anterior to arch and compressed at its confluence with RBCV and the caudal limb with a subaortic course draining into the RSVC. We report this first case of double LBCV along with right sided aortic arch and aberrant origin of LSCA arising from Kommerel's diverticulum. Conclusion: This case highlights that interventional cardiologists should be aware of these venous anomalies for proper planning and implantation of CIED successfully via transvenous approach.

We investigated self-lubricating Al–Mg–Si hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) embedded with MoS2–B4C particulates, for use in automotive engine components. Composites with different B4C content (x = 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, and 17 wt%) were prepared, with the MoS2 content of 3.0 wt%. The metal matrix composites were processed using the powder metallurgy route comprising milling for 2 h and cold pressing and consolidation at a sintering temperature of 560 °C. Their dry sliding wear behavior was examined at applied loads (20–50 N) and sliding distances (1–3 km), and the wear variables were optimized using the Taguchi model (L9). Microstructural analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. A homogeneous particle distribution was observed in the HMMCs, without any appreciable instance of agglomerates. The wear resistance and friction coefficient (COF) improved when MoS2 was incorporated into the HMMCs, compared with a matrix alloy under the same operating conditions. In particular, the COF fluctuated up to a sliding distance of 250 m and was constant for larger values. The wear rate depends on not only the maximum hardness but also the appreciation of self-lubricant MoS2. The Taguchi findings showed that the fraction of hybrid reinforcement had the strongest effect on the wear resistance, and it was followed by the applied load, sliding distance, and track diameter. Apart from providing self-lubrication, the MoS2 particles reduced the wear rate.

Refractory metals that can withstand at high temperatures and harsh conditions are of utmost importance for solar-thermal and energy storage applications. Thin films of TiN have been deposited using cathodic vacuum arc deposition at relatively low temperatures ∼300 °C using the substrate bias ∼ −60 V. The nanomechanical properties of these films were investigated using nanoindentation and the spatial fluctuations were observed. The nanoindentation results were simulated using finite element method through Johnson-Cook model. A parametric study was conducted, and 16 different models were simulated to predict the hardening modulus, hardening exponent, and yield stress of the deposited film. The predicted values of elastic modulus, yield stress, hardening modulus and hardening exponent as 246 GPa, 2500 MPa, 25000 MPa and 0.1 respectively are found to satisfactorily explain the experimental load-indentation curves. We have found the local nitridation plays an important role on nanomechanical properties of TiN thin films and confirms that the nitrogen deficient regions are ductile with low yield stress and hardening modulus. This study further opens the opportunities of modelling the nanoscale system using FEM analysis.

In the push for sustainability in the power sector, Electric Vehicles show substantial promise. However, they still face hurdles in replacing traditional combustion engine cars, which have dominated the market for decades. Consumer awareness, especially regarding new technologies like Electric Vehicles, remains a significant barrier to adoption. This study aims to bridge the gap between technical aspects and consumer knowledge and a case study is done on the Indian state of Bihar. Using a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approach with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers, a customized model is presented to help residents choose the right Electric Vehicle based on their needs and resources. Results are analyzed from customers’ perspective using Quality Function Deployment and conduct Sensitivity Analysis to explore cost trends. This survey examines seven Electric Vehicle models available in India, with MG ZS Electric Vehicle emerging as a potential standout. It's important to note that this research work does not endorse any specific Electric Vehicle model; rather, a mathematical framework is build to guide customers in selecting an Electric Vehicle that suits their requirements.

Oat is a dual-purpose crop used for both food and feed for animals. The objective of this work is to characterize oat varieties for their genetic diversity in yield, physical traits, and nutritional composition, aiming to identify potential parent varieties for breeding programs to develop new oat varieties for improved livestock feed and diverse industrial applications. To conduct, chemical analysis for protein and carbohydare fractions, energy and digestible nutrient estimated, stastical analyses performed to assess genetic variations for traits among vaieties. Significant genetic variation (p

Limonia acidissima Groff, commonly referred to as the Wood apple, is a tropical fruit belonging to Rutaceae family. Indigenous to Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar, it is extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. This fruit holds a profound historical significance in traditional medicine due to its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic attributes. Wood apple pulp is significantly abundant in β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and contains a substantial amount of vitamin B, including riboflavin and thiamine, as well as trace amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Moreover health-benefitting properties associated with L. acidissima, such as, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic, analgesic, antiulcer, and antihyperlipidemic properties, are attributed to a diverse range of phytochemicals. These encompass polyphenolic compounds, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, triterpenoids, coumarins, amino acids, tyramine derivatives, and vitamins. From the findings of the various studies, it was observed that wood apple fruit shows significant anticancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer. Furthermore, wood apple finds wide-ranging commercial applications in the formulation of ready-to-serve beverages, syrups, jellies, chutneys, and various other food products. In summary, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of wood apple, depicts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic capabilities, and explores its potential in value-added product development. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the molecular mechanisms supporting these properties remain an underexplored domain. To ensure the safe integration of wood apple fruit into the realms of the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors, rigorous clinical trials, including toxicity assessments, are required. These endeavors hold the potential to promote innovation and contribute significantly to both research and industrial sectors.

The case report describes a patient with stage IV breast cancer which metastasized to the lungs. The patient's initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a malignant lesion in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast and multiple pulmonary nodules, suggesting pulmonary metastasis. After starting palliative chemotherapy with intravenous paclitaxel and subcutaneous injections of Herceptin, a follow-up CT scan 3 months after the initiation of treatment showed the disappearance of metastasis, and her cancer regressed to stage II breast cancer that could be surgically resected. This case report highlights the importance of timely and appropriate palliative treatment measures, which can lead to unexpected outcomes, such as the regression of metastatic lesions and the possibility of curative treatment in such advanced cancer.

Host-defense peptides (HDPs) such as human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and cathelicidin (LL37) are essential components of innate immune response against tuberculosis (TB) infection, which could also be assessed for diagnostic potential in spectrum of TB infection. We assessed mRNA and circulating levels of HDPs in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and their household contacts (HHCs). hBD-2 and LL37 were found to be significantly higher in both PTB and HHCs suggestive of bacterial exposure which was further corroborated by higher levels of HDPs in mantoux positive HHCs (latent TB). Higher levels of HDPs in HHCs may suggest protective host response against infection as indicated by inverse relation of LL37 with disease severity in PTB. Both peptides demonstrated high levels of sensitivity and specificity, although hBD-2 proved to be a better HDP for distinguishing LTBI from active TB at a cutoff of 3904 pg/ml. However, follow-up studies are required to validate these findings.

Purpose: Despite several initiatives taken by government of India since 2013 to improve the performance of major ports, growth was not as anticipated. Hence, there is a need to understand the performance of these major ports during 2013–2020 and to identify the critical challenges that affect their performance. Design/methodology/approach: Performance analysis was conducted using Malmquist productivity index (MPI) and critical challenges were identified using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique as well as the cross-impact matrix multiplication (MICMAC). Findings: Ten major ports in terms of operational, 12 ports in terms of service quality, and six ports in terms of financial performance have been categorised as high performers, based on the MPI values. 19 challenges affecting the performance were identified in an eight layered ISM model. Research limitations: This research is limited to major ports of India and does not cover the non-major ports of India due to unavailability of data Practical implications: This study will enable the port decision-makers to identify the ports which are high performers in terms of operational, service quality, and financial performance, and thereby the best practices followed across can be replicated. Originality/value: This study explored the multi dimensions of performance of Major ports of India and there was no such study in the past. Despite the existence of performance studies in the literature, none of them explored the challenges faced by the major ports.

Self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) can be used to reduce the wear and coefficient of friction (COF) in automotive engine components in which the use of liquid lubricants is not desirable. High temperatures accelerate the oxidation and thermal degradation of a liquid lubricant. In this study, we used powder metallurgy (PM) technique to prepare self-lubricant (MoS2)-based Al–Mg–Si AMCs, designated as Al–Mg–Si–xMoS2 (x in wt.%; x = 1.5, 2.0, 30, 3.5, and 4.0). The dry sliding wear properties were assessed using a pin-on-disk tribometer at various applied loads (20–50 N) and sliding distances (1000–3000 m), based on the Taguchi model (L9). Furthermore, electrochemical corrosion tests such as open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) were performed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl medium. The morphology of the Al–Mg–Si–xMoS2 composites was observed through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy to clarify the particle distribution and chemical composition. The results indicated that the addition of MoS2 to Al–Mg–Si decreased the wear and COF and increased the corrosion resistance, compared with those of the pristine Al–Mg–Si matrix alloy under same operating conditions. As the sliding distance increased to 250 m, the COF fluctuated, but it stabilized as the distance approached 3000 m. The effects of the load and reinforcement concentration were more significant than those of the sliding distance and track diameter, as predicted by the Taguchi model and analysis of variance methods.

As the size of the transistor decreases in the nanoscale regime, certain parameters, such as, cell stability, power dissipation, and delay, have changed. This poses a significant challenge when attempting to scale down metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) has exhibited remarkable advantages compared to MOSFETs in circuit designs within the nanoscale range, owing to its extraordinary characteristics. In this work, a CNTFET-based six-transistor (6T) static random access memory (SRAM) cell is designed using the low power input-dependent (INDEP) technique. The suggested circuits' performance and efficiency is enhanced using CNTFET technology. The suggested design undergoes circuit simulations using the 32 nm CNTFET Stanford model. The results obtained from the simulations indicate that the suggested INDEP 6T SRAM cell surpasses both the conventional 6T SRAM cell and the previous designs in terms of power dissipation, delay, and energy efficiency. The hold, read, and write operations use less power, and the hold and write operations take less time to complete. The suggested design also demonstrates improved energy efficiency for hold and read operations compared to the conventional design. Furthermore, a stability analysis is conducted on the suggested INDEP 6T SRAM cell using the static noise margin (SNM) metric. The suggested INDEP approach in comparison to the other schemes has greater SNMs for hold, write, and read operations, indicating improved SRAM cell stability.

Integrated circuit designers face challenges in using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology as it has a large leakage current and scalability challenge in ultra-nanoscale regime. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a nanotechnology that can replace CMOS for designing ultra-deep submicron circuits and overcoming CMOS limitations. In this research paper, a novel area-efficient 1:2 demultiplexer is proposed using QCA technology. A demultiplexer is an important combinational circuit used in communication systems and computer memories. It receives serial input data and routes data in parallel to multiple outputs. QCA Designer and QCA Pro-tools are used for layout, simulation, and analysis of power dissipation. 11 QCA cells are utilized in the construction of the proposed 1:2 demultiplexer. The cell area and layout cost of the proposed demultiplexer have improved to 42.11 % and 55.56 % of the current best design, respectively. An essential factor to consider when developing integrated circuits is power dissipation. The proposed design dissipates less power. The energy dissipation of the proposed design has improved to 57.67 % at the kink energy level of 1.5 of the current best design.

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is the best suited technology for the nanocomputing applications. The limitations of the conventional transistors in nanoscale region can be removed by QCA nanotechnology. Hence, this paper proposes a novel design and implementation of a 3 × 3 universal and reversible gate in QCA nanotechnology. The proposed gate requires only 39 cells and has a total area of 0.029 µm2 with a latency of 0.25. The proposed gate is evaluated for the various possible defects and the performance parameters. The proposed gate is also compared with the existing gates and the proposed gate is established as the most efficient and productive.

Technology is quite important in today's contemporary society, especially when it comes to information transmission. The free and open interchange of data via networks is essential for the development of communication technologies. As a result, it is essential to ensure the security of transmitted data, especially digital data like readings from smart meters in smart grids. As a result, the study of chaos-based cryptography has received a great deal of interest in the realm of data security. Due to its favourable characteristics, including ergodicity, pseudo-randomness, non-periodicity, and sensitivity to beginning circumstances, chaotic maps have become a popular choice for data encryption. Researchers have concentrated on factors like the highest Lyapunov exponent and sensitivity to beginning circumstances while evaluating these maps. The MATLAB platform has been used to run simulations that produce bifurcation diagrams and calculate Lyapunov exponents in order to analyse and compare various chaotic maps. Further research is required since these experiments have shown considerable improvements in the chaotic behaviour of one-dimensional maps over time. There are two key areas covered by the review. On the basis of their bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents, it compares newly presented maps in the first place. It then looks at the techniques used to combine one-dimensional chaotic maps. The work shows the potential of chaotic maps for cryptography applications and emphasises the growing significance of data security in the digital age.

Due to lack of knowledge about role of process variables in the hot rolling of magnesium alloy composites, the most desirable wrought products of magnesium alloy-based composites could not be successfully produced till date. Moreover, use of wrought graphene reinforced magnesium alloy-based composite has emerged as a lucrative option for developing novel light alloy products in structural applications. The implicative need to obtain the best possible properties of the composite dictates to fix the optimized process variables in rolling operation. The present study envisages the development of data driven model that enables to derive desirable properties of the said composite; so, in order to secure the optimized subset of requirements (process parameters), a metaheuristic optimization tool is employed. We invoke the use of Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimizing tool in association with linear regression, so as to achieve the best combination of hardness and tensile strength of AZ-61-graphene nanoplate (GNP) composite.Modified magnesium AZ-61 alloy composites of varying GNP content (0, 1 and 2 wt.%) are produced by stir casting. The cast composites are homogenized at 450 °C for 12 h, followed by iced water quenching. The quenched materials are subjected to hot rolling and the process variables of hot rolling operation consist of rolling temperature, number of rolling passes as well as the initial stock thickness. The rolled materials are tested for hardness and tensile strength as the response variables. Instead of using artificial neural network to fix the objective function of GA, a mathematical model is developed by regression analysis; the derived equation is used as the objective function for multi-objective optimization task. The present paper explores the usefulness of implementing evolutionary algorithm (as in genetic algorithm) to correctly forecast the effect of rolling process variables onto the hardness and tensile strength of the stir cast AZ alloy-GNP nanocomposite.The experimental results show that the maximum achievable hardness value happens to be 106.6 VHN and is very close to that predicted by GA, ∼107.41VHN. Similarly, the maximum experimental tensile strength is found to be 266.82 MPa whereas, the corresponding GA predicted value is seen to be 253 MPa. A close fit can thus be noticed between the GA predicted and the experimentally obtained values. Barring a couple of exceptions, the difference between the experimental and GA predicted data lies within 1 % to 5 % (based on [Experimental value ∼ predicted value]/ [experimental value]). This entices to believe that the adopted muti-objective optimization strategy is quite useful in determining the optimum combination of rolling parameters that aids in achieving the most desirable property combination.

This study analyses the feasibility of utilizing waste slate particles as a strengthening component in affordable 3D-printed composite materials to address environmental issues associated with waste management. Composite filaments were created by incorporating waste slate particles (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % by weight) into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix and subsequently evaluated for mechanical properties. A twin-screw extruder obtained the composite filaments, while test samples were produced using a 3D printer by fused deposition modelling. The developed composites have a gradual variation in evaluated properties, about an 8 % increment in hardness, and a 40 % increment in flexural and tensile modulus was noted on the inclusion of 15 wt% of waste slate particles in the ABS matrix. The composites filled with 10 wt% and 5 wt% waste slate particles exhibited the maximum flexural strength (65.24 MPa) and tensile strength (42.11 MPa), respectively. These values were 5 % and 8 % higher than those of unfilled ABS. Furthermore, it was shown that the ABS matrix saw a decrease in elongation and impact strength as the dosage of slate particles increased. The fractured surface morphology indicated that filament breaking, filler pullout, and the creation of voids between neighbouring layers were the primary causes of material failure. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results show the reinforcing effect of slate particles by an increase of storage modulus with 13 % at 35 °C for the composite with 10 wt% slate particles and 20 % for that with 15 wt% slate particles. DMA results analyzed the composite's adhesion factor, degree of entanglement, reinforcement efficiency factor, and effectiveness factor to clarify the reinforcing mechanism of slate particles. The study determines that the most effective utilization of waste slate particles in an ABS matrix is achieved by including 10 wt%. The results of this study enhance the concept of recycling waste slate powder and reveal the potential for their utilization in several industries, including the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and architectural sectors of 3D printing.