Search

The present article investigates the unsteady energy efficiency and isotherms for the inclined radiative concave parabolic fin. Fourier Law is employed by incorporating the radiation and convection phenomena. Darcy model has been employed to study the porous effects on a fin. The novelty of the present problem is transient thermal analysis of a radiative porous concave parabolic fin by consideration of fin tapper ratio and angle of inclination for several pertinent parameters. Calculation of fin efficiency is the added feature of present study. The governing partial differential is transformed into the dimensionless form by employing the non-dimensional variables. With the help of MATHEMATICA a partial differential equation is solved by applying the ND Solve. The isotherms are obtained for the variations in time and space variables. It is unveiled that temperature distribution diminishes for the upsurge in the convective radiative parameters. Temperature distribution elevates as the enhancement in heat generating parameter. It has been concluded that the fin taper ratio and angle of inclination palys a vital role in heat transfer performance. An elevated thermal dispersal is seen for increasng time.

This study aims to extend the Fama-French three-factor model by including human capital as a fourth factor. For this purpose, we have collected data from 164 non-financial firms from July 2010 to June 2020. To evaluate the validity and applicability of our augmented human capital-based four-factor model, we apply the two-pass time series regression proposed by Fama-Macbeth (1973). We find that small firms outperform big firms, value stocks firms outperform growth stocks firms, and low-labor-income firms outperform high-labor-income firms. The augmented human capital-based four-factor model is valid and applicable in the context of the Pakistan equity market. The empirical results motivate academia and all investors to consider human capital in investment decisions.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by producing remarkable clinical outcomes for patients with various cancer types. However, only a subset of patients benefits from immunotherapeutic interventions due to the primary and acquired resistance to ICIs. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a crucial role in creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), a negative immune checkpoint protein highly expressed on MDSCs, presents a promising target for overcoming resistance to current ICIs. This article provides an overview of the evidence supporting VISTA's role in regulating MDSCs in shaping the TME, thus offering insights into how to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

Exposure to saline environments significantly hampers the growth and productivity of oil crops, harmfully affecting their nutritional quality and suitability for biofuel production. This presents a critical challenge, as understanding salt tolerance mechanisms in crops is key to improving their performance in coastal and high-salinity regions. Our content might be read more properly: This review assembles current knowledge on protein-level changes related to salinity resistance in oil crops. From an extensive analysis of proteomic research, featured here are key genes and cellular pathways which react to salt stress. The literature evinces that cutting-edge proteomic approaches − such as 2D-DIGE, IF-MS/MS, and iTRAQ − have been required to reveal protein expression patterns in oil crops under salt conditions. These studies consistently uncover dramatic shifts in protein abundance associated with important physiological activities including antioxidant defence, stress-related signalling pathways, ion homeostasis, and osmotic regulation. Notably, proteins like ion channels (SOS1, NHX), osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and stress-related proteins (HSPs, LEA) play central roles in maintaining cellular balance and reducing oxidative stress. These findings underline the complex regulatory networks that govern oil crop salt tolerance. The application of this proteomic information can inform breeding and genetic engineering strategies to enhance salt resistance. Future research should aim to integrate multiple omics data to gain a comprehensive view of salinity responses and identify potential markers for crop improvement.

To address the limitations of nanofluids and combine the physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles in a meaningful way, researchers have been focusing on the usage of hybrid nanofluids. A rising number of studies have been conducted in the literature to explore the thermal performance of hybrid nanomaterials. In the current study, dual analysis is carried out to show the impact of theoretical correlations on the heat transfer capabilities of hybrid nanofluids. In this context, a mathematical model for a hybrid nanofluid is developed employing ethylene glycol as a base fluid, conveying magnesia and silver as nanoparticles on an inclined porous stretching/shrinking surface. The thermal transport aspects of a hybrid nanofluid are analyzed in terms of thermal radiation, Ohmic and viscous dissipation, and variable heat source/sink effects. The mathematical model is numerically solved using the bvp4c function in the MATLAB program. The outcomes of controlling factors on the fluid velocity, thermal distributions, as well as friction drag coefficient and heat transfer rate, are illustrated graphically. The findings show that due to remarkable thermal capabilities, the hybrid nanofluid is more effective at transferring heat than ordinary nanofluid. Additionally, the upshots show that the suction and magnetic parameter expands the shrinking range for which the dual solution lives.

This study reveals an incompressible steady Darcy flow of Maxwell nanofluid by a porous disk with the impact of activation energy. The liquid flow is due to a stretchable rotating disk. The heat equation also includes the impact of heat source/sink and radiation for the purpose of heat transportation. The von Karman transformations are utilized to gain the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solutions are visualised in the form of graphical results using bvp 4c method in Matlab software. The ranges of the associated physical parameters as, 0.0≤β≤0.9, 0.0≤M≤0.9, 0.0≤λ≤1.5, 0.1≤R≤0.9, −0.2≤s≤1.3, 0.3≤Bi≤0.6, 0.0≤γ≤0.15, 0.1≤Nt≤2.0, 0.2≤Nb≤0.8, 0.0≤Rd≤0.3, 0.0≤σ≤1.5, and 0.0≤E≤0.9 are provided for the graphical solutions developed for the problem. The data of Nussetl and Sherwood numbers are presented here with regard to various physical parameters. According to the numerical results, increasing the Deborah number has a trend to decrease the radial curves. Moreover, the temperature distribution is increased considerably for rising the radiation parameter and the higher rate of the rotation parameter shows a weaker concentration trend. To validate the numerical approach, an excellent comparison is established using a tabular description. To sum up, the current study effectively fills a gap in the antecedent literature.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted much attention for civil and military uses because of their high mobility and adaptable deployment capabilities in open spaces. They facilitate agile communications and ubiquitous connectivity. UAVs benefit from dominant line-of-sight communication links but are more susceptible to adversary eavesdropping attacks. Since upper-layer cryptography methods may be insufficient, physical-layer security (PLS) is an attractive alternative. PLS capitalizes on the inherent randomness of wireless channels to improve information confidentiality, particularly in UAV systems. This article provides a comprehensive overview of PLS in the context of UAV systems, examining various communication channels, including ground-to-air (G2A), ground-to-ground (G2G), air-to-ground (A2G), and air-to-air (A2A). First, we give a general review of UAV communications, emphasizing its functions as user equipment, base station (BS), and mobile relay. Following that, we provide an overview of PLS and its forms. The survey organizes the most advanced PLS techniques against passive wireless eavesdropping regarding the channels they are designed to protect. These schemes are further categorized into optimization and secrecy performance analysis. We examine technical aspects within each sub-category and classify core contributions based on approaches and objectives to improve secrecy performance. Moreover, we added summary tables of the identified schemes considering optimization and secrecy performance analysis domains for each category, providing an in-depth understanding of their technical aspects. In addition, we discuss open research issues and identify future research directions to address evolving threats and requirements in UAV communications to improve information confidentiality.

The dynamics of the chemotaxis mechanism for the bioconvection in the fluid motion engender by the swirling movement of a flexible heated cylinder is the core concern of the present investigation. The cylinder movement is basically combination of constant rotation and axial dependent stretching. The non-linear viscoelastic fluid is considered here with the time relaxation phenomenon. Moreover, the fluid also contains the gyrotactic micro-species. In energy transportation analysis the impact of thermal and concentration gradients on solutal and thermal transportation of energy, respectively, is analyzed with the help of the Soret-Dufour theory. The magnetic field is applied as an external constraint in the flow present problem. The problem governed by non-linear differential equations is solved with help of bvp5c function. The outcomes of the present problem are expressed in graphical forms and explained in the view of practical implementation. Each result of the study reflects the impact of non-dimensional parameters on flow, energy, and bio-convection phenomena. It is depicted that fluid temperature increases for Soret and Dufour number because these effects prevent the solutal deposition and serve as a coolant for surface boundary.

The purpose of the present research is to conduct an examination of entropy generation in a 2D magneto Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow that contains cobalt ferrite and titanium oxide nanoparticles and undergoes surface-catalyzed reactions through a thin vertical needle. The consequences of joule heating and viscous dissipation are considered to elaborate the features of heat transport. Further, the influence of thermal stratification, thermal radiation, and homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction is also taken into account. Through the application of appropriate similarity variables, the dimensionless system of coupled ordinary differential equations is achieved. The coupled system of equations is numerically solved by the usage of the bvp4c technique in the MATLAB algorithm. The current investigation also compared the existing outcomes with the available literature, which shows great harmony between the two. The consequences of the physical parameters are discussed graphically and with numerical data. It is worth noting that larger values of homogeneous reaction strength and the surface-catalyzed parameter diminish the concentration field. Further, the velocity distribution and their related momentum boundary layer thickness, diminishes with the enlargement of the Weissenberg parameter.

Due to excessive heating, various physical mechanisms are less interested in engineering and modern technologies. To reduce excessive heating, the aligned magnetic field acts like a coating material to insulate the heat which is a very important mechanism in modern technologies. To solve this problem, the primary goal of the current analysis is to utilize magnetization normal to the surface. Numerical simulations have been made of the magnetohydrodynamic convective heat-transfer phenomena of electrically conductive fluid flow down the horizontally non-magnetized heated cylinder. The associated non-linear PDEs that control fluid motion can be conveniently represented by using the finite-difference algorithm and primitive element substitution. The numerical outcomes are deduced in graphs and tabular form with the help of FORTRAN program. The distinct parameters in the flow model are affected by physical features such skin friction, heat transfer, and current density for velocity profile, magnetic field profile, and temperature profile together with their slopes. The current magnetohydrodynamics and thermal problem is very important in the fields of MRI resonance sequences, artificial heart wolves, internal heart cavities, and nanoburning technologies. Additionally, the increase in Prandtl Pr leads to a reduction in skin friction and heat transmission, which is physically consistent, due to frictional forces between viscous layers with lesser magnitude.

The thermal energy transport analysis with chemotaxis in the free convective flow of viscous nanofluid over stretchable vertically inclined heated sheet is addressed in this article. The fluid forced and free convection motion is investigated and discussed with physical reasoning. The fluid also contains microorganism heavy-bottom species, and their chemotactic motion is studied. In the light of Buongiorno model, the impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis slip mechanism on thermal conduction in the nanofluid is analyzed. The work is based on the similarity analysis of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) which lead to non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solution of resulting flow and heat equations is computed via bvp4c technique. The outcomes are represented in graphical abstract. It is noted that free convective flow field increases near to the surface of sheet then it decays to free stream exponentially. Higher magnitude of thermophoretic force boost up the thermal energy transport in nanofluid flow. The Brownian motion enhances temperature profile and lower down the convection velocity. Chemotaxis motion of species in nanofluid is increasing function of bioconvective Peclet number.

The magnetohydrodynamics boundary layer flow of a Casson fluid in rotating frame through porous medium caused by exponentially stretching surface is studied numerically in this piece of research. To investigate the transport properties of thermal and solutal energy, the phenomenon of relaxation time for thermal waves with chemical reaction effects is incorporated. Additionally, the bio-convection and process of stratification is also supposed in energy transport mechanism. The numerical outcomes of the problem presented graphically are obtained against the variation in physical constraints. The resistance to fluid motion improves as the Casson parameter is increased in its magnitude, therefore, the flow field is reduced. The higher values of thermal relaxation time slow down the heat waves propagation.

This paper presents the theoretical and computation irreversibility investigation of the Ellis hybrid nanofluid flow (CuO-Al2O3 nanoparticles) model using both homogeneous and heterogeneous responses toward the horizontal porous stretching cylinder. The Joule heating, thermal radiation, and heat generation/absorption are all factors that affect thermal energy transport, all of which are explored. On the surface of the cylinder, the slip boundary conditions are enforced. Keeping in mind that the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), these ODEs are constructed from the mathematical flow model with the aid of proper transformations. With the help of the bvp4c MATLAB built-in method, the nonlinear system equations are tacked numerically. Graphical results are used to discuss the numerical aspects of different parameters. By increasing the curvature parameter, entropy generation increases while fluid velocity decreases. Elasticity and magnetic fields thin boundary layers. Realistically, as liquid porosity increases, momentum boundary layer diminishes.

The current study focuses on the 3D nonlinear mixed convective boundary layer flow of micropolar hybrid nanofluid in the presence microorganism and multiple slip conditions across the slendering surface. The concentration and energy equations are developed in the occurrence of activation energy and joule heating effect. The aim of this research is to consider the Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which are favored materials in the manufacture of electrochemical devices because of their mechanical and chemical stability, good thermal and electrical conductivities, physiochemical consistency, and featherweight. By keeping such extraordinary properties of carbon nanotubes in mind, we investigate the flow of hybrid nanofluid having MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) and SWCNT (single-wall carbon nanotubes). Using an appropriate similarity variable, the flow model (PDEs) are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The bvp4c approach is utilized to tackle the coupled differential equations. The impact of emerging parameter on temperature distribution, velocity field, concentration distribution, and microorganism field are presented graphically. It is noted the stronger values of wall thickness parameter and Hartmann number produces retardation effect, as a result fluid velocity declines for both SWCNT (single-wall carbon nanotubes) and MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the transport rate of heat and mass improves by the higher values of φ2 for both simple and hybrid nanofluid.

The current research explores an unsteady three-dimensional Maxwell nanofluid flow with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity through a stretching surface. The influence of Joule heating, heat generation/absorption, and chemical reaction are also incorporated in current investigation. By the utilization of suitable transformation, the flow model is transformed into coupled ordinary differential equations. The numerical solution of the coupled ODEs is adopted by the usage of Bvp4c built-in code in MATLAB software. The graphical findings are manipulated to present the features of heat and mass transfer for the different parameters. It is observed form the graphical description that the velocity of fluid declines for stronger estimation of Deborah number, because it provides resistance to fluid motion. Further, enhancement is arisen in the velocity of fluid by the increment of the variable viscosity parameter. It is examined from the tabulated data, that the Nusselt and Shewrood number displays reducing behavior for the unsteadiness parameter. Moreover, due to higher estimation of variable thermal conductivity parameter the heat transfer rate declines consequently.