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Adonis coerulea Maxim. presents acaricidal activity in vitro and in vivo, and inhibits AChE and other enzymes activities. However, the active compounds against Psoroptes cuniculi were still unclear. AChE, a common acaricidal and insecticidal target, plays a key role in neural conduction of mites. In this study, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, AChE was used as a target to capture the compounds from A. coerulea methanol extract (MEAC). After calculating the affinity with molecular docking, the inhibitory effect of compounds against AChE was studied. Results showed that 27 compounds were captured by AChE and identified from MEAC by LC-MS/MS. Among of these compounds, eight compounds presented the high affinity with AChE and high scores in molecular docking assay, especially for silibinin (-12.19 kcal/mol) and vitexin (-11.72 kcal/mol). Further studies showed that although these compounds have the weak cytotoxicity against C6/36 cells, silibinin, quercetin and corilagin could inhibit AChE activity with IC 50 values of 40.11 μg/mL, 46.15 μg/mL and 50.98 μg/mL, respectively. These results indicated that silibinin, quercetin and corilagin may be responsible for AChE inhibition which contributes to the acaricidal properties of A coerulea. This study lays the foundation for developing sensitive and sustainability methods for active compound detection from plants., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Scope: Adonis coerulea Maxim. is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows in scrub, grassy slope areas, and as traditional medicine it has been used to treat animal acariasis for thousands of years. In this paper, we aimed to study the acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of A. coerulea (MEAC) in vivo and in vitro for supporting the clinic uses. The acaricidal activity and the mechanism of action against Psoroptes cuniculi were investigated., Results: The results showed that isoorientin, luteolin and apigenin were the primary compounds in MEAC. The toxicity test showed that median lethal dose (LD 50 ) and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of MEAC were estimated to be more than 5000mg/kg in mice in vivo and more than 50mg/ml against RAW 264.7 and GM00637 cells in the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. After culturing with MEAC, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na + -K + -ATPase of mites were evaluated. Compared with the control group, SOD activity of MEAC-treated group of mites was inhibited, and CAT activity was activated at the preliminary phase but was gradually inhibited over the period of incubation. MDA content reached a peak at 6h and then gradually decreased. However, GST activity in the mites was activated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AChE and Na + -K + -ATPase activities related to neural conduction, vital functions and the transmembrane ion gradient of the mites were inhibited., Conclusion: MEAC is safe in the given doses in both the in vitro and the in vivo tests, can be applied in the clinic and it had good acaricidal activity. The extension of the incubation time in the mites led to dynamic disequilibrium between the production and clearing of superoxide anions, a disruption of the energy metabolism and the transmembrane ion gradient, and the inhibition of motor function. These factors may have resulted in mite death., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oregano oil possesses marked antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and is widely applied in animal husbandry. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the acaricidal activities of oregano oil and its major component, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that oregano oil exhibited significant acaricidal effects against P. cuniculi that were dose- and time-dependent response. In in vitro test, concentrations of 0.05% and 0.02% (v/v) killed all of the mites within 1h and 6h, respectively. Moreover, 0.1mg/ml (w/v) carvacrol, 0.2mg/ml (w/v) thymol and 1% p-cymene (v/v) also possessed marked acaricidal activities, and compared with the control group, elicited mean mortalities of 84.00%, 96.00% and 66% at 24h, respectively. The median lethal times (LT50) against P. cuniculi of the concentrations of 0.02%, 0.01% and 0.005% (v/v) of oregano oil, thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene were 2.171h, 11.396h, 26.102h, and 4.424h, 8.957h and 15.201h, respectively. Meanwhile, twenty naturaly infested rabbits were used to four homogeneity groups: negative control (without treatment), positive control (treated with ivermectin), group treated with 1% of oregano oil and other group with 5% of oregano oil. All the treatments were topically. After the treatment of 1% and 5% oregano oil, the P. cuniculi were completely eliminated in the rabbits, and at the end of the test (day 20), the rabbits of all treatment groups exhibited favorable mental and physical statuses. These results indicated that oregano oil could be widely applied as a potential acaricidal agent in the treatment of animal acariasis in the future., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Phlomis umbrosa Turcz has been used as the traditional medicine for thousands of years in China. In this paper, the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the hot plate test, the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, the xylene-induced ear swelling test, and the acetic acid-induced Evans blue leakage and leukocyte infiltration test were used to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of this plant (25, 50 and 100mg/kg i.p.). Good dose-dependent effects were obtained in most of these tests, except in the hot plate test and the acetic acid-induced Evans blue leakage test. TLC and HPLC analyses showed iridoid glucosides were the main compositions of this extract. These findings suggested that the aqueous extract of P. umbrosa has significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)