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Systemic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). Responses to first-line platinum-based therapy tend to be short-lived with potential toxicity. Despite the approval of checkpoint inhibitors, the long-term prognosis for patients with metastatic UC remains dismal. Herein we report the case of a patient with a solitary pulmonary metastatic lesion of urothelial origin as the only site of metastatic disease who remained free of disease for more than 2 years without systemic therapy after metastasectomy. We review the literature discussing the role of combined surgical and medical management of oligometastatic UC. As our case illustrates, a growing body of evidence suggests a potential role for a multimodal approach in patients with oligometastatic UC., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Bladder cancer (BC) screening is not accepted in part owing to low overall incidence. We used the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) to identify optimal high-risk populations most likely to benefit from screening., Materials and Methods: Data were extracted from PLCO and NLST to stratify risk of BC by overall population, sex, race, age at inclusion, and smoking status. Incidence rates between groups were compared using chi-square test., Results: BC was identified in 1,430/154,898 patients in PLCO and 439/53,173 patients in NLST. BCs were grade III/IV in 36.8% and 41.3%. Incidence rates were significantly higher in men than in women (PLCO: 1.4 vs. 0.31/1,000 person-years and NLST: 1.84 vs. 0.6/1,000 person-years, both P<0.0001). In proportional hazards models, male sex, higher age, and duration and intensity of smoking were associated with higher risk of BC (all P<0.0001). In men older than 70 years with smoking exposure of 30 pack-years (PY) and more, incidence rates were as high as 11.92 (PLCO) and 5.23 (NLST) (per 1,000 person-years). In current high-intensity smokers (≥50 PY), the sex disparity in incidence persists in both trials (0.78 vs. 2.99 per 1,000 person-years in PLCO and 1.12 vs. 2.65 per 1,000 person-years in NLST)., Conclusions: Men older than 60 years with a smoking history of>30 PY had incidence rates of more than 2/1,000 person-years, which could serve as an excellent population for screening trials. Sex differences in the incidence of BC cannot be readily explained by the differences in exposure to tobacco, as sex disparity persisted regardless of smoking intensity., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The 8th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank (BCAN-TT) brought together a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates in an effort to advance bladder cancer research., Methods and Materials: With the theme of "Collaborating to Move Research Forward," the meeting included three panel presentations and seven small working groups., Results: The panel presentations and interactive discussions focused on three main areas: gender disparities, sexual dysfunction, and targeting novel pathways in bladder cancer. Small working groups also met to identify projects for the upcoming year, including: (1) improving enrollment and quality of clinical trials; (2) collecting data from multiple institutions for future research; (3) evaluating patterns of care for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; (4) improving delivery of care for muscle-invasive disease; (5) improving quality of life for survivors; (6) addressing upper tract disease; and (7) examining the impact of health policy changes on research and treatment of bladder cancer., Conclusions: The goal of the BCAN-TT is to advance the care of patients with bladder cancer and to promote collaborative research throughout the year. The meeting provided ample opportunities for collaboration among clinicians from multiple disciplines, patients and patient advocates, and industry representatives., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: No guidelines exist for the management of micropapillary bladder cancer (MPBC) and most reports of this variant of urothelial carcinoma are case series comprising small numbers of patients. We sought to determine current practice patterns for MPBC using a survey sent to the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) and to present those results in the setting of a comprehensive review of the existing literature., Materials and Methods: A survey developed by the Translational Science Working Group of the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network-sponsored Think Tank meeting was distributed to members of the SUO. The results from 118 respondents were analyzed and presented with a literature review., Results: Most survey respondents were urologists, with 80% considering bladder cancer their primary area of interest. Although 78% of the respondents reported a dedicated genitourinary pathologist at their institution, there were discrepant opinions on how a pathologic diagnosis of MPBC is determined as well as variability on the proportion of MPBC that is clinically significant. Among them, 78% treat MPBC differently than conventional urothelial carcinoma, with 81% reporting that they would treat cT1 MPBC with upfront radical cystectomy. However, the respondents had split opinions regarding the sensitivity of MPBC to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, which affected utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive disease., Conclusions: The management of MPBC is diverse among members of the SUO. Although most favors early cystectomy for cT1 MPBC, there is no consensus on the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive MPBC., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Because bladder cancer (BC) patients often have comorbidities that adversely affect their health, we wanted to determine whether grade and stage of BC at diagnosis are associated with the hazard of death from causes other than BC., Materials and Methods: Cancer records for 93,033 patients diagnosed with urothelial BC during 1988-2002 were obtained from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The grade-stage categories were defined as follows: (1) low grade, stage 0/I (Ta/T1, N0/Nx), (2) high grade, stage 0/I (Ta/Tis/T1, N0/Nx), (3) any grade, stage II (T2, N0/Nx), (4) any grade, stage III (T3-T4a, N0/Nx), (5) any grade, stage IV (T4b and/or N+). Patients with known distant metastases at presentation were excluded. Other covariates were age, gender, and race. The outcome measures were defined as the hazard of death from all causes, from BC, and from non-BC causes. Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of grade-stage categories on over-all and cause-specific hazards with adjustment for covariates., Results: The 5-year mortality proportions by grade-stage category were as follows: low grade, stage 0/I: all-causes 25%, BC 3%, non-BC 22%; high grade stage 0/I: all-causes 38%, BC 13%, non-BC 25%; stage II: all-causes 63%, BC 36%, non-BC 27%; stage III: all-causes 69%, BC 45%, non-BC 24%; stage IV: all-causes 83%, BC 68%, non-BC 15%. Using low grade, stage 0/I as a reference category, the hazard ratios for increasing grade-stage categories (high grade 0/I, II, III, IV) were as follows: all-cause mortality 1.30, 2.37, 3.07, 6.14; BC-related hazard 3.31, 10.02, 14.65, 32.04; non-BC-related hazard: 1.05, 1.37, 1.49, 1.65 (all P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Grade-stage categories were associated with the hazard of death from non-BC causes. However, their influence on BC-related hazard was much greater in magnitude. Because BC (rather than co-morbidities) is the main cause of death in patients with muscle-invasive disease, aggressive BC-directed therapies in these patients, when feasible, are justified., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program is a commonly used data source in cancer research. This article provides an introduction to the SEER database, describes important data items available from SEER on the most commonly diagnosed urologic malignancies (prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers), and reviews limitations of SEER data for urologic oncology research., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Three applications of markers of detection: screening, replacing surveillance cystoscopies, and guiding evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria, are discussed. In one study, repetitive hematuria screening in men age >or=50 effectively shifted the stage of high grade cancers at diagnosis from muscle invasive to earlier ones, reducing bladder cancer, and all cause mortality. This technique is sensitive, but is not terribly specific. Testing other markers alone or in combination with each other and/or hemoglobin screening in similar or higher risk populations is now beginning. Currently, no commercially available marker is sufficiently sensitive to replace all surveillance cystoscopies for low risk bladder cancer, although some cystoscopic examinations can probably be replaced by markers. Available markers are too insensitive for small, high grade cancers to replace any surveillance cystoscopies in this group. No single marker or combination of markers can safely replace cystoscopy in the work-up of patients with microhematuria who are at high risk for harboring bladder cancer. However, markers may be useful for directing which patients age

The most appropriate time to introduce hormonal therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer is a contentious issue. Recent prospective studies comparing immediate and deferred hormonal therapy (medical or surgical castration) on survival outcome are reviewed with the aim of redefining the most appropriate time to initiate hormonal therapy for individual patients. The evidence supports the use of immediate hormonal therapy in previously untreated patients with advanced disease (M1) and also the use of adjuvant hormonal therapy after radical prostatectomy and lymphadenectomy for node-positive (but clinically localized) disease. Immediate hormonal therapy may also be advantageous in advanced local/regional disease when it is the primary treatment contemplated (i.e., without any definitive curative therapy to the prostate), although not all studies show this. Adjuvant hormonal therapy has significantly improved survival in some studies in the radiotherapy setting; the lack of statistically significant benefits in other studies may be a result of the timing of hormonal therapy in relation to the administration of external beam irradiation. Decisions on the immediate initiation of hormonal therapy should also take into account the patient's life expectancy and the side effects and long-term complications of androgen deprivation therapy. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that prostate cancer mortality has fallen in the USA. This decline in prostate cancer mortality is likely to be multifactorial with early application of hormonal therapy being one potential contributory factor. It is recommended that after an assessment of their disease risk, patients should be informed about the benefits and side effects of all potential treatment options and allowed to make an informed choice about their treatment.

While 80% of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) present as Ta Tl lesions, they account for only 15% of deaths caused by TCC. We have evaluated the ability of DNA ploidy analysis to predict outcome in 228 patients with Ta Tl TCC. All patients were judged to be at increased risk for tumor recurrence due to having two occurrences of Stage TI tumor within 56 weeks, or three or more tumors presenting simultaneously within 16 weeks of registration. Concurrent carcinoma in situ was acceptable. All patients were treated with either bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy or mitomycin-C (MMC) intravesical chemotherapy. Patients with nondiploid tumors had higher hazard rates for both tumor progression and death (p = 0.007 and p = 0.016, respectively); however, the prognostic information of DNA ploidy was not additive to tumor grade.

To compare the toxicity and efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy and mitomycin C (MMC) chemotherapy in the prophylaxis of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma, 469 patients with completely resected stage Ta or TI transitional cell carcinoma were enrolled in a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Phase III study. All patients were judged to be at increased risk for tumor recurrence due to having had two occurrences of tumor within 56 weeks, stage T I tumor or three or more tumors within 16 weeks, or concurrent carcinoma in situ. Three hundred and seventy-seven evaluable patients received either 50 mg of Tice BCG in 50 cc saline or 20 mg MMC in 20 cc water weekly for 6 weeks and then monthly to one year. Local and systemic grade I and 2 toxicity was seen significantly more frequently following BCG treatment (P = 0.003), but no life threatening toxicity was seen with either treatment. Recurrence-free survival was significantly prolonged (P = 0.017, proportional hazard regression) in patients randomized to the BCG arm compared to the MMC arm, but there were no statistically significant differences at this analysis for worsening-free survival and overall survival, although the number of these events is too low for a definitive analysis of these long-term outcomes. Therefore, when compared to MMC chemotherapy, BCG immunotherapy is associated with a significantly higher frequency of grade 1 and 2 adverse reactions and a significantly lower first recurrence hazard rate.

A patient with severe electrical burns to his perineum and genitalia is presented. Evaluation of such patients necessarily includes local wound exploration, cystourethroscopy and proctoscopy. The principles of early serial debridement and wound closure were applied to all tissues including testis and penis. Removal of non-viable tissue and wound closure was accomplished by postburn day 10 without sacrifice of viable tissue and without wound sepsis. The benefits of early debridement and wound closure are reduction of infection, earlier onset of physiotherapy, quicker recovery of function, and shortened hospital stay.