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1. Role of Cardiac Neural Crest in the Development of the Caudal Pharyngeal Arches, the Cardiac Outflow and Disease

Author

Mary R. Hutson and Margaret L. Kirby

Subjects
Neural fold, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cardiac neural crest cells, Great arteries, Pharynx, Thyroid, cardiovascular system, medicine, Neural crest, Outflow, Anatomy, Disease, Biology
Abstract

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the requirement of the cardiac neural crest cells in the formation of the septum that divides the cardiac arterial pole into systemic and pulmonary circulations. Further, cardiac neural crest cells directly support the normal development and patterning of derivatives of the caudal pharyngeal arches, including the great arteries and the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroids. Recently, cardiac neural crest cells have also been shown to indirectly influence the development of the secondary heart field, another derivative of the caudal pharynx, by modulating signaling in the pharynx. The contribution and function of the cardiac neural crest has been learned in avian models; most of the genes associated with cardiac neural crest function have been identified using mouse models. Together these studies show that the neural crest cells may not always directly cause abnormal cardiovascular development, but may be involved secondarily because they represent a major component in the complex tissue interactions in the caudal pharynx and outflow tract. Cardiac neural crest cells span from the caudal pharynx into the outflow tract, and therefore may be susceptible to any perturbation in or by other cells in these regions. Thus, understanding congenital cardiac outflow malformations in human sequences of malformations resulting from genetic and/or environmental insults necessarily requires understanding development of the cardiac neural crest.

Published
2010
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2. List of Contributors

Author

Jeffrey D. Amack, Brad A. Amendt, Robert H. Anderson, Piero Anversa, Ana Paula Azambuja, David Bader, Shoumo Bhattacharya, Brian L. Black, Daniel G. Blackmore, Rolf Bodmer, Thomas Brand, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, Nigel A. Brown, Benoit G. Bruneau, Margaret E. Buckingham, Todd D. Camenisch, Hozana Andrade Castillo, Rodrigo Abe Castro, Bishwanath Chatterjee, Vincent M. Christoffels, Ondine Cleaver, Frank L. Conlon, Kimberly R. Cordes, David M. Cox, Richard M. Cripps, Brad Davidson, José Luis de la Pompa, Stefanie Dimmeler, Pascal Dollé, Min Du, Victor J. Dzau, David A. Elliott, Sylvia M. Evans, Max Ezin, Ann C. Foley, Richard Francis, Manfred Frasch, Daniel J. Garry, Lior Gepstein, Massimiliano Gnecchi, Joseph Gold, Joaquim Grego-Bessa, Thomas Gridley, Rosa M. Guzzo, Hiroshi Hamada, Natasha L. Harvey, Richard P. Harvey, Steve Hauschka, Charis Himeda, Willem M.H. Hoogaars, Guo-Ying Huang, Mary R. Hutson, Kimberly E. Inman, Silviu Itescu, Jan Kajstura, Robert G. Kelly, Margaret L. Kirby, Edwin P. Kirk, Paul A. Krieg, Enrique Lara-Pezzi, Shuaib Latif, Kory J. Lavine, Linda Leatherbury, Annarosa Leri, Michael Levine, Cecilia W. Lo, Roger R. Markwald, James F. Martin, John C. McDermott, Sigolène M. Meilhac, Mark Mercola, Takashi Mikawa, Timothy Mohun, Antoon F.M. Moorman, Katherine Moynihan, Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli, Charles E. Murry, Georges Nemer, Mona Nemer, Karen Niederreither, Eric N. Olson, David M. Ornitz, Lil Pabon, José M. Pérez-Pomares, Kenneth Poss, Rodney L. Rietze, Nadia Rosenthal, Raymond B. Runyan, Allysson Coelho Sampaio, Daniel Schaft, Robert J. Schwartz, Ian C. Scott, Yuan Shen, Marcos Sawada Simoes-Costa, Jonathan M.W. Slack, Deepak Srivastava, Frank Stockdale, Paul A. Trainor, Gert van den Berg, Sandra Webb, Wolfgang Weninger, Andy Wessels, José Xavier-Neto, Deborah Yelon, H. Joseph Yost, Bryan D. Young, Qing Yu, Katherine E. Yutzey, Zhen Zhang, and Xiao-Qing Zhao

Published
2010
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3. Content Experts

Author

Kurt A. Albertine, I. Santiago Alvarez, Laure Bally-Cuif, Kate F. Barald, Edward Bersu, Arthur Brothman, Janice L.B. Byrne, Blanche Capel, John C. Carey, YiPing Chen, Helena Edlund, Carol A. Erickson, Donna M. Fekete, Sabine Fuhrmann, Richard P. Harvey, Brigid Hogan, Irene Hung, Alexandra L. Joyner, Gabrielle Kardon, Margaret L. Kirby, Raj Ladher, Andrew Lumsden, Suzanne L. Mansour, Salvador Martinez, Anne Moon, Bruce A. Morgan, L. Charles Murtaugh, Harukazu Nakamura, José Xavier Neto, Peter Nichol, Marysia Placzek, Olivier Pourquié, Mahendra Rao, Alan Rope, Marian Ros, Raymond Runyan, Sheryl Scott, Maya Sieber-Blum, Cliff Tabin, Irma Thesleff, Paul Trainor, Monica Vetter, Michiko Watanabe, David Winlaw, Gen Yamada, and Kenneth S. Zaret

Published
2009
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4. CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Soraya Abbasi, Steven H. Abman, S. Lee Adamson, N. Scott Adzick, Kurt H. Albertine, Benjamin A. Alman, Steven M. Altschuler, Page A.W. Anderson, Russell V. Anthony, Elisabeth A. Aron, Ahmet R. Aslan, Jeanette M. Asselin, Richard L. Auten, Mary Ellen Avery, Ellis D. Avner, H. Scott Baldwin, Philip L. Ballard, Eduardo Bancalari, David J.P. Barker, Pierre M. Barker, Frederick C. Battaglia, Gary K. Beauchamp, Jacqueline Beesley, Corinne Benchimol, Laura Bennet, Robert A. Berg, Gerard T. Berry, Carol Lynn Berseth, Vinod K. Bhutani, Stan R. Blecher, Arlin B. Blood, David L. Bolender, Robert D.H. Boyd, Robert A. Brace, Eileen D. Brewer, Patrick D. Brophy, Delma L. Broussard, John C. Bucuvalas, Douglas G. Burrin, Bridgette M.P. Byrne, Anne Grete Byskov, Mitchell S. Cairo, Barbara Cannon, Michael S. Caplan, Neil Caplin, Susan E. Carlson, David P. Carlton, William J. Cashore, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Sylvain Chemtob, Robert L. Chevalier, Sadhana Chheda, Robert D. Christensen, David H. Chu, Robert Ryan Clancy, M. Thomas Clandinin, David A. Clark, Jane Cleary-Goldman, Ronald I. Clyman, Pinchas Cohen, Howard E. Corey, Robert B. Cotton, Beverly J. Cowart, Richard M. Cowett, Timothy M. Crombleholme, James E. Crowe, Leona Cuttler, Mary E. D'Alton, Enrico Danzer, Diva D. De León, Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos, George A. Diaz, Chris J. Dickinson, John P. Dormans, David J. Durand, A. David Edwards, John F. Ennever, Robert P. Erickson, Bulent Erol, Mohamed A. Fahim, Leonard G. Feld, Miguel Feldman, Lucas G. Fernandez, Douglas G. Field, Delbert A. Fisher, William W. Fox, Hans-Georg Frank, Philippe S. Friedlich, Aaron L. Friedman, Joshua R. Friedman, Marianne Garland, Maria-Teresa Gervasi, James B. Gibson, P.D. Gluckman, Michael J. Goldberg, Armond S. Goldman, Gary W. Goldstein, R. Ariel Gomez, Bernard Gondos, Denis M. Grant, Lucy R. Green, Jay S. Greenspan, Adda Grimberg, Justin C. Grindley, Ian Gross, Jean-Pierre Guignard, Alistair J. Gunn, Gabriel G. Haddad, J. Nathan Hagstrom, Kathrin V. Halpern, K. Michael Hambidge, Margit Hamosh, Mark A. Hanson, Aviad Haramati, Richard Harding, Mary Catherine Harris, Musa A. Haxhiu, William W. Hay, Anthony R. Hayward, William C. Heird, Emilio Herrera, Harry R. Hill, A. Craig Hillemeier, Kurt Hirschhorn, Steven B. Hoath, David A. Horst, Tracy E. Hunley, Christian J. Hunter, Shahid M. Husain, Susan M. Hutson, Machiko Ikegami, Terrie E. Inder, Alan H. Jobe, Lois H. Johnson, Michael V. Johnston, Richard B. Johnston, Deborah P. Jones, Peter Lloyd Jones, Pedro A. Jose, Satish C. Kalhan, Suhas Kallapur, Stanley Kaplan, Saul J. Karpen, Sudha Kashyap, Frederick J. Kaskel, Lorraine E. Levitt Katz, Peter Kaufmann, Susan E. Keeney, Laurie Kilpatrick, John P. Kinsella, Margaret L. Kirby, Charles S. Kleinman, Barry A. Kogan, Otakar Koldovský, Valentina Kon, Ernest A. Kopecky, Helen M. Korchak, Gideon Koren, Nancy F. Krebs, Thomas J. Kulik, Jessica Katz Kutikov, Timothy R. La Pine, Miguel Angel Lasunción, John Laterra, P.C. Lee, Fred Levine, David B. Lewis, Chris A. Liacouras, Michael A. Linshaw, George Lister, Cynthia A. Loomis, John M. Lorenz, Steven Lobritto, Ralph A. Lugo, Akhil Maheshwari, Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson, Carlos B. Mantilla, M. Michele Mariscalco, László Maródi, Karel Maršál, Richard J. Martin, Dwight E. Matthews, Marcia McDuffie, Jane E. McGowan, James McManaman, Huseyin Mehmet, Julie A. Mennella, Andrew Metinko, Martha J. Miller, Paul Monagle, Jacopo P. Mortola, Glen E. Mott, M. Zulficar Mughal, Susan E. Mulroney, Upender K. Munshi, Leslie Myatt, Margaret A. Myers, Ran Namgung, Michael R. Narkewicz, Heinz Nau, Jan Nedergaard, Margaret C. Neville, Heber C. Nielsen, Lawrence M. Nogee, Shahab Noori, Errol R. Norwitz, Victoria F. Norwood, Edward S. Ogata, Robin K. Ohls, Thomas A. Olson, Taher I. Omari, James F. Padbury, Mark R. Palmert, Elvira Parravicini, Gilberto R. Pereira, Jeff M. Perlman, Anthony F. Philipps, Arthur S. Pickoff, C.S. Pinal, David Pleasure, Jeanette Pleasure, Sabine Luise Plonait, Richard A. Polin, Daniel H. Polk, Scott L. Pomeroy, Fred Possmayer, Martin Post, Gordon G. Power, Jorge A. Prada, Guy Putet, Theodore J. Pysher, Graham E. Quinn, Marlene Rabinovitch, Scott H. Randell, Timothy R.H. Regnault, Michael J. Rieder, Henrique Rigatto, Natalie E. Rintoul, Jean E. Robillard, Julian Robinson, Roberto Romero, Seamus A. Rooney, James C. Rose, Charles R. Rosenfeld, Arthur J. Ross, Colin D. Rudolph, Rakesh Sahni, Harvey B. Sarnat, Lisa M. Satlin, Ola Didrik Saugstad, Kurt R. Schibler, Karl Schulze, Jeffrey Schwartz, Gunnar Sedin, Jeffrey L. Segar, Istvan Seri, Kenneth Setchell, Thomas H. Shaffer, Philip W. Shaul, Jayant P. Shenai, Colin P. Sibley, Gary C. Sieck, Theresa M. Siler-Khodr, Faye S. Silverstein, Rebecca A. Simmons, Emidio M. Sivieri, Harold C. Slavkin, Evan Y. Snyder, Jeanne M. Snyder, Michael J. Solhaug, Kevin W. Southern, Adrian Spitzer, Alan R. Spitzer, Charles A. Stanley, F. Bruder Stapleton, Dennis Styne, William E. Sweeney, Norman S. Talner, Paul S. Thornton, William Edward Truog, Reginald C. Tsang, Alda Tufro, Nicole J. Ullrich, Socheata Un, John E. Van Aerde, Carmella van de Ven, Johannes B. van Goudoever, Robert C. Vannucci, Susan J. Vannucci, Minke van Tuyl, Joseph J. Volpe, Reidar Wallin, David Warburton, Robert M. Ward, Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp, Steven L. Werlin, Lynne A. Werner, Susan E. Wert, Lars Grabow Westergaard, Jeffrey A. Whitsett, Michaelann Wilke, John V. Williams, Dermot H. Williamson, Jerry A. Winkelstein, Jeremy S.D. Winter, Douglas A. Woelkers, Marla R. Wolfson, Robert P. Woroniecki, Walid K. Yassir, Stephen Yip, Mervin C. Yoder, Sharla Young, Stephen L. Young, and Dan Zhou

Published
2004
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6. Cell biology of cardiac development

Author

Michael Farrell and Margaret L. Kirby

Subjects
Embryonic heart, Heart development, Myogenic regulatory factors, Neural crest, Biology, Signal transduction, Embryonic Induction, Transcription factor, Endocardium, Cell biology
Abstract

Building a vertebrate heart is a complex task and involves several tissues, including the myocardium, endocardium, neural crest, and epicardium. Interactions between these tissues result in the changes in function and morphology (and also in the extracellular matrix, which serves as a substrate for morphological change) that are requisite for development of the heart. Some of the signaling pathways that mediate these changes have now been identified and several investigators are now filling in the missing pieces in these pathways in hopes of ultimately understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern healthy heart development. In addition, transcription factors that regulate various aspects of heart development have been identified. Transcription factors of the GATA and Nkx2 families are of particular importance for early specification of the heart field and for regulating expression of genes that encode proteins of the contractile apparatus. This chapter highlights some of the most significant discoveries made in the rapidly expanding field of heart development.

Published
2001
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7. Contribution of Neural Crest to Heart and Vessel Morphology

Author

Margaret L. Kirby

Subjects
Phenocopy, Cardiac neural crest cells, Persistent truncus arteriosus, Neural crest, Anatomy, Gene mutation, Biology, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Great vessels, Double outlet right ventricle, DiGeorge syndrome, embryonic structures, cardiovascular system, medicine
Abstract

Publisher Summary The neural crest ablation model provides a valuable framework for beginning to understand the actions of various teratogens and gene mutations in cardiac and great vessel development. The primary signs of neural crest malfunction are persistent truncus arteriosus and aortic arch anomalies with or without anomalous development of the glands derived from the caudal pharynx. The best phenocopy of cardiac neural crest ablation is in human DiGeorge syndrome, and the gene or genes that underlie these anomalies will be very informative about the function of cardiac neural crest cells. On the other hand, double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is most likely associated with myocardial dysfunction during the critical period of looping, convergence, and wedging. The myocardium is affected through myocardial receptors, circulating factors, or hemodynamic alterations. Much confusion has been generated recently by referring to DORV as a neural crest-related defect without sufficient evidence that this is indeed the case. It is essential in analyzing new cardiovascular phenotypes in mutant and transgenically altered animals to make the distinction between neural crest and myocardially generated alterations in outflow tract development.

Published
1999
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