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Although phenology and growth traits of leaves or woods have been the focus of research on growth-climate relationships, more is needed regarding whether there is a consistent growth response of different organs to environmental change. However, such work is crucial to accurately assess the impact of climate change on tree growth. Here, the growth timing, duration, rate, and increment of Picea meyeri needles, shoots, and stems were examined, and the corresponding environmental effects were revealed along an altitudinal gradient (2040–2740 m a.s.l.) in North-Central China during 2016 and 2017. The three organs showed a consistent altitudinal variation in growth onset timing, but a different variation in other traits; the growth duration, rate, and increment of needles changed slightly while those of shoots and stems dropped markedly with altitude. The air temperature was the key environmental factor driving the altitudinal variation. For each 1 °C increase in air temperature, the onset timing of needle and shoot elongation and xylem cell production was synchronously advanced by 3.3–3.7 ± 0.2 days; the peak timing was advanced by 3.4 ± 0.2 days, 2.2 ± 0.1 days, and 0 days; and the cessation timing was delayed by −3.8 ± 0.0 days, 2.1 ± 0.3 days, and 2.4 ± 0.1 days. Meanwhile, the duration was lengthened by 0 days, 5.6 ± 0.3 days, and 6.4 ± 0.2 days, respectively; the average rate was improved by 0%, 7.0 ± 1.2%, and 6.5 ± 0.5%, respectively; the increment was increased by 1.3 ± 0.1%, 8.2 ± 0.4%, and 11.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. These findings suggested that the aboveground vegetative growth of P. meyeri exhibits different temperature sensitivities; stem growth will benefit more from future warming than shoot and needle growth. It adds a new clue to conducting growth-climate relationship studies, and the response difference of organ growth to temperature should be considered in revealing future climate warming on tree growth.