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Investigadores del estudio COREPOC, en nombre del grupo de EPOC de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna., [ES] Fundamento y objetivo: Analizar la efectividad de una intervención educativa simple para mejorar el tratamiento de las comorbilidades cardiovasculares en los pacientes hospitalizados por una exacerbación de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC)., Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico con participación de 26 hospitales. Un grupo de expertos elaboró unas recomendaciones para el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de la EPOC y las comorbilidades cardiovasculares (cardiopatía isquémica, fibrilación auricular, insuficiencia cardiaca y diabetes) que se graduaron como imprescindibles, aconsejables y sobresalientes. Se recogió el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones en los informes de alta de los pacientes ingresados en los servicios de Medicina Interna por reagudización de la EPOC. Se realizó una sesión clínica explicando los protocolos de atención a las comorbilidades en la EPOC y al cabo de 6 meses se volvió a observar el cumplimiento de dichas recomendaciones., Resultados: Se recogieron 390 casos antes y después de la intervención. Hubo mejoría significativa en el 53% de los ítems y esta mejoría fue mayor en los referidos al tratamiento general (66,7%) y al tratamiento de la EPOC (76,9%) y menor en los referidos a la cardiopatía isquémica (0,0%) y a la insuficiencia cardiaca (11,1%). Tras la intervención mejoró el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones en general (p = 0,020) y de las imprescindibles (p = 0,017), con una tendencia a la mejoría en las aconsejables (p = 0,058) y las sobresalientes (p = 0,063)., Conclusiones: Una intervención simple puede mejorar la atención a los pacientes con exacerbación de EPOC, especialmente en el tratamiento de la enfermedad pulmonar, con pequeños cambios en el de las comorbilidades., [EN] Background and objective: To determine the effectiveness of a simple educational intervention to improve the management of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)., Material and methods: Multicenter study participated in by 26 hospital centers. A panel of experts elaborated a set of recommendations about diagnostic and therapeutic management of acute exacerbation of COPD and cardiovascular comorbidities (coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and diabetes). The recommendations were graduated as indispensable, advisable and outstanding. Compliance with recommendations were assessed in the discharge letter for COPD patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation in Internal Medicine departments. The protocols to treat the comorbidities in COPD were explained in a clinical session. After 6 months’ compliance with recommendations they were reassessed., Results: A total of 390 cases before and after the intervention were assessed. There was significant progress in 53% of cases. The improvement was greater in cases referred to general management and COPD management (66.7 and 76.9%, respectively), and lower in cases referred to ischemic heart disease (11.1%) and none in those referred to coronary artery disease. After the intervention, the adherence to overall and indispensable recommendations was higher (P = .020 and P = .017, respectively) and a trend to improve was observed in advisable (P = .058) and outstanding recommendations (P = .063)., Conclusions: A simple intervention can improve the management of lung disease in COPD patients with an acute exacerbation, but has less effect on the management of comorbidities.

The isovalent susbstitution of Ti4+ by Zr4+ in BaZrxTi1−xO3 modifies the dielectric character of ferroelectric BaTiO3 yielding different behaviours such as relaxor, polar cluster, etc. The dynamic coupling between BaTiO3 polar nanoregions and BaZrO3 nonpolar ones as well as microstrain between them are thought to be behind such a rich phase diagram. However, these short-range compositonal variations are elusive to detect and this topic is thus rarely addressed. We have grown epitaxial thin films of BaZrxTi1−xO3 on (0 0 1)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition sweeping the entire composition range between BaTiO3 and BaZrO3 in increments of 0.1 in x. Several characterization techniques (AFM, TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy) were used for this research in order to understand the morphological and structural properties of the deposited films. Ellipsometric measurements allowed the calculation of the band gap energy of the films. This work demonstrates the existence of a heterogeneous distribution in the substitution of titanium by zirconium yielding relaxor and polar cluster nanoregions., The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) under Grant Nos. MAT2011-29269-C03, MAT2011-27470-C02, IMAGINE CSD2009-00013, CONSOLIDER INGENIO CSD2009-00013 and MAT2014-56063-C2-2-R.

32 páginas, 4 tablas, 7 figuras, The Atlantic Galician rias show the effect of natural eutrophication during ENACW upwelling episodes when large amounts of nutrients are injected. However, the Cantabrian Galician rias do not appear to be disturbed by upwelling events and it can be hypothesized that eutrophy is not inherent to the Galician rias. This question was tackled regarding the biogeochemical and phytoplankton characteristic in the Ria of Barqueiro, located on the western boundary of the Cantabrian Sea, from January 2008 to January 2009. Thermohaline, PAR and fluorescence profiles, dissolved oxygen, nutrient salts, DOC, DON and chlorophyll concentrations, phytoplankton abundances and primary production were monthly determined in a monitoring station (43°45.509′N-07°39.493′W); moreover, the daily upwelling index information and fluvial contributions from Sor River were considered. Throughout the year only four annual oceanographic periods were observed: spring, summer stratification, autumn and winter, unlike the Atlantic rias, where a long upwelling period occurs with usually outstanding upwelling processes. Nutrient concentrations (a maximum of 6.2 μM of nitrate, 0.5 μM of nitrite, 2.8 μM of ammonium, 0.4 μM of phosphate and 5.7 μM of silicate), organic matter (98 μM of DOC, 14 μM of DON, 16.4 μM of POC and 2.0 μM of PON), Chl-a (1.1 μg L−1), primary production (280 gC m−2 yr−1) and phytoplankton abundance were clearly lower (about half) when compared to those reported for the other rias during upwelling. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton assemblages especially during spring and autumn blooms. In summer, although the wind conditions were favorable, upwelling was not observed in the Ria and a mixing of diatoms and dinoflagellates co-dominated the phytoplankton community with a lower contribution of diatoms in comparison to the Atlantic rias. The paradigm of natural eutrophication reported for the Galician rias was not observed in the Ria of Barqueiro, which may be classified as an oligo-mesotrophic ria-type, according to its environmental patterns, CICYT ref. CTM2007-62546-C03/ MAR, MINECO ref. CTM2011-28792-C02

11 páginas, 8 figuras, 1 tabla, Four mesocosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of episodic oil spills on coastal marine phytoplankton assemblages. The experimental design was selected to simulate the Prestige oil spill, which occurred in Galician coastal waters (NW Iberia) in November 2002. The empirical results indicate that no significant direct effects of the water soluble fraction of oil (20–60 μg l−1 of chrysene equivalents) on phytoplankton biomass and production were observed immediately after oil additions. Despite this, subtle negative effects on primary production were detected using a modelling approach, being the impact lower on phytoplankton communities dominated by diatoms. Consistent with the reduced direct effect of oil additions on phytoplankton biomass and photosynthesis-related variables, no indirect trophic cascading effects, previously reported in microcosm experiments, were detected. This shows that the effect of punctual inputs of the water accommodated fraction of oil on natural phytoplankton communities was very subtle, undetectable on some occasions, and of much lower magnitude than the effects recorded in microcosm experiments. This suggests that the initial composition of the phytoplankton community determines the degree of response and that the experimental approach adopted could explain the different, and sometimes contradictory, reported responses of the planktonic community to the input of oil into the marine environment., This research was funded by the project IMPRESION (VEM2003-20021) of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. J. G. was supported by a FPU fellowship of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

7 páginas, 1 tabla, 4 figuras, Recent characterizations of atmospheric conditions favorable to upwelling events in the Western Cantabrian Sea have stressed the need to analyze the significance of the orientation of the coast on the phenomenon of upwelling. Surface-wind fields for the northwestern Galician marine area were provided by the QuikSCAT satellite and an SST map was elaborated using the NASA GHRSST satellite data. A cruise was conducted aboard the RV Lura in June 2009 during northern prevailing winds. Data of thermohaline variables, concentration of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, chlorophyll, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen and phytoplankton abundances were obtained. When the upwelling developed west of the Cape Ortegal was strong, the Eastern North Atlantic Central Water mixed with coastal water eastward of the Cape and the upwelled seawater reached the westernmost of the Northern Galician Rias, the Ria of Ortigueira. Incoming seawater was poor in nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations when compared to that of the upwelling events in the Western Galician Rias. The phytoplankton assemblages were typical of summer upwelling blooms in the latter Rias but phytoplankton biomass was lower in the Ria of Ortigueira and the species were indicatives of initial (inner ria under continental influence) and advanced (outer ria under upwelling inputs) stages of phytoplankton succession. The observed process arose when the upwelling edge-zone reaches a change of coastal orientation as may also occur in other upwelling regions., This work was CICYT-FEDER financed (CTM2007-62546-C03/MAR).

13 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 tabla, Modern diatom distribution patterns in the surface sediment of the Ferrol Ría and their relationship to the hydrography and diatom patterns in the water column were studied to determine the hydrographic influence on the record of these biogenic components. Diatom abundance in the water column was assessed for different oceanographic periods and compared with the biosiliceous sedimentary record. Very low abundances were found in the water column during the winter, whereas in spring and summer, diatoms proliferated. Chaetoceros spp. formed the bulk of the water column community during spring and summer, followed by Thalassionema nitzschioides and Rhizosolenia spp. Nitzschia longissima represented a significant portion of the winter assemblage, together with Paralia sulcata and benthic taxa. Leptocylindrus danicus, N. longissima and Skeletonema costatum characterized the autumn campaign, when stratification of the waters occurs, with L. danicus being especially abundant in the outer ría. Seasonal hydrographic and associated productivity patterns govern the abundance and assemblage of the diatoms preserved in surface sediments. Samples located in the inner ría area and its margins exhibited the highest abundances of diatoms, and were primarily dominated by benthic species. The freshwater group, crysophycean cysts and phytoliths were present in the landward stations influenced by river runoff. The middlería was characterized by P. sulcata and Thalassiosira spp., with minor occurrences of the benthic and freshwater group. Chaetoceros R.S., L. danicus R.S. and T. nitzschioides typified the outer ría, an assemblage that corresponds to nutrient-rich coastal areas of high productivity influenced by oceanic waters, demonstrating the impact of oceanic waters flowing into the embayment due to enhanced tidal mixing through the narrow channel. Therefore, sediment diatom assemblages reflect diatom production patterns in the water column of the Ría. However, we must proceed with caution when interpreting the paleorecord in the inner area due to the high contribution of allochthonous taxa, which is indicative of low water depths. This paper contributes to a better understanding of diatom thanatocoenosis in the Galician Rías, where very few studies of this kind have been done to date, This work was supported by FEDER-CICYT under the project ‘Biogeochemical Processes in the Ferrol Ría: Fertilization by Nutrients and Spatio- temporal Variation of Metals in the Sediment’, ref. 1FD97-0479-C03-02. Patricia Bernárdez thanks the Spanish Government (FPU program) and Xunta de Galicia for financial support.

11 páginas, 2 tablas, 9 figuras, An unusual intrusion of low-salinity water coming from the Min˜o River (40 km south of the Ria of Pontevedra) was observed in the Ria of Pontevedra (NW Spain) on 12e13 May, 1998. The abnormally high discharge was due to the sudden release of water from the dams that control the Min˜o River run-off. This release results in a strong cross-axis salinity gradient: salinity decreases seawards, giving rise to a two-layered circulation pattern, with water near the riverbed moving seawards and water near the surface moving landwards. In addition, a clear gradient of chemical and biological variables was observed in the ria, with decreasing values being evident towards the middle zone. The nutrient salts, the oxygen, the chlorophyll and the phytoplankton patterns suggest the existence of a bloom that penetrates the ria, embedded in a water mass that is fresher than the estuarine one. The high concentration of the phytoplankton Skeletonema costatum was observed as late as May, which also supports the idea that this bloom exhibits the features of a typical early spring bloom in the Rias Baixas and that this is linked to haline stratification that is caused by an important supply of continental water., This work was partially supported by CICYT under projects MAR96-1782 and REN2003-04106-C03 and by ‘‘Xunta de Galicia’’ under project PGIDIT02PXJA38301PR.

18 páginas, 9 figuras, 4 tablas, The Rias of Galicia are commonly divided into the Rias Altas and the Rias Bajas, the former being north, and the latter south of Cape Finisterre (NW Iberian Peninsula). The di¤erence in their sediments and biological characteristics justiÞes a chemical study of the inßuence of nutrients in the Galician coastal zone. Data from 1977 to 1992, obtained from research cruises on the continental shelf and in the Rias are considered. The sources of nutrient salts, such as from land, remineralization, oceanic ßuxes, and winter mixing have been taken into account. It is concluded that the Rias Bajas are richer in nutrient salts than the Rias Altas. This di¤erence is not due to the river input since this is low and similar in both groups of Rias. Neither is it due to winter mixing, which is comparatively more beneÞcial to spring blooms in the Rias Altas than in the Rias Bajas. Instead, it is caused by summer processes, when nutrient salt remineralize and new nutrient salts become available in the euphotic zone, due to upwelling: these processes exert a far greater inßuence in the Rias Bajas than in the Rias Altas. Also the presence of depleted, nutrient-poor coastal waters in front of the Rias Altas impedes the penetration of upwelled seawater into these Rias, whereas south of Cape Finisterre, upwelled seawater can penetrate directly into the Rias Bajas. Hence the Rias Bajas receives more new nutrients in summer than the Rias Altas.