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Doxorubicin (Dox) treatment is limited by severe toxicity and frequent episodes of treatment failure. To minimize adverse events and improve drug delivery efficiently and specifically in cancer cells, encapsulation of Dox with naturally obtained galactoxyloglucan polysaccharide (PST001), isolated from Tamarindus indica was attempted. Thus formed PST-Dox nanoparticles induced apoptosis and exhibited significant cytotoxicity in murine ascites cell lines, Dalton’s lymphoma ascites and Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma. The mechanism contributing to the augmented cytotoxicity of nanoconjugates at lower doses was validated by measuring the Dox intracellular uptake in human colon, leukemic and breast cancer cell lines. PST-Dox nanoparticles showed rapid internalization of Dox into cancer cells within a short period of incubation. Further, in vivo efficacy was tested in comparison to the parent counterparts - PST001 and Dox, in ascites and solid tumor syngraft mice models. Treatment of ascites tumors with PST-Dox nanoparticles significantly reduced the tumor volume, viable tumor cell count, and increased survival and percentage life span in the early, established and prophylactic phases of the disease. Administration of nanoparticles through intratumoral route delivered more robust antitumor response than the intraperitoneal route in solid malignancies. Thus, the results indicate that PST-Dox nanoparticles have greater potential compared to the Dox as targeted drug delivery nanocarriers for loco regional cancer chemotherapy applications.

Summary: It is well established in the microbiome field that antibiotic (ATB) use and metabolic disease both impact the structure and function of the gut microbiome. But how host and microbial metabolism interacts with ATB susceptibility to affect the resulting dysbiosis remains poorly understood. In a streptozotocin-induced model of hyperglycemia (HG), we use a combined metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic approach to profile changes in microbiome taxonomic composition, transcriptional activity, and metabolite abundance both pre- and post-ATB challenge. We find that HG impacts both microbiome structure and metabolism, ultimately increasing susceptibility to amoxicillin. HG exacerbates drug-induced dysbiosis and increases both phosphotransferase system activity and energy catabolism compared to controls. Finally, HG and ATB co-treatment increases pathogen susceptibility and reduces survival in a Salmonella enterica infection model. Our data demonstrate that induced HG is sufficient to modify the cecal metabolite pool, worsen the severity of ATB dysbiosis, and decrease colonization resistance.

Case Presentation: A 23-year-old man presented to the ED with a history of respiratory distress, cough, and fever for 10 days. He was evaluated in the ED, where he received a diagnosis of pulmonary edema, secondary to mitral regurgitation with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. He was treated with antibiotics and diuretics and discharged to home. Three months later, he returned to the ED with similar complaints, for which he was treated symptomatically and discharged. After 4 months, the patient once again appeared with worsening respiratory distress and cough with fever. The dyspnea was not accompanied by orthopnea, pedal edema, or palpitation. The patient was admitted to the medical ICU. He had no history of arthralgia, myalgia, skin rash, or other signs of autoimmune disease. He denied any history of smoking, work-related or occupational exposures, drug intake, or recent travel., Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The current definition of lean is based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI is an imperfect surrogate for adiposity and provides no information on central obesity (CO). Hence, we explored the differences in clinical profile and liver disease severity in lean patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with and without CO., Methods: One hundred seventy lean patients with NAFLD (BMI <23 kg/m 2 ) were divided into two groups depending upon the presence or absence of CO (waist circumference ≥80 cm in females and ≥90 cm in males). Noninvasive assessment of steatosis was done by ultrasound and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), while fibrosis was assessed with FIB-4 and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). FibroScan-AST (FAST) score was used for non-invasive prediction of NASH with significant fibrosis., Results: Of 170 patients with lean NAFLD, 96 (56.5%) had CO. Female gender (40.6% vs. 17.6%, P  = 0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (58.3% vs. 39.2%, P  = 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (23.9% vs. 4.1%, P  < 0.001) were more common in the CO group. There was a poor correlation between BMI and waist circumference (r = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.09-0.38). Grade 2-3 steatosis on ultrasound was significantly more common in CO patients (30% vs. 12.3%, P  = 0.007). CAP [312.5 (289.8-341) dB/m vs. 275 (248-305.1) dB/m, P  = 0.002], FAST score [0.42 (0.15-0.66) vs. 0.26 (0.11-0.39), P  = 0.04], FIB-4 and LSM were higher in those with CO. Advanced fibrosis was more prevalent among CO patients using FIB-4 (19.8% vs 8.1%, P  = 0.03) and LSM (9.5% vs. 0, P  = 0.04). CO was independently associated with advanced fibrosis after adjusting for BMI and metabolic risk factors (aOR: 3.11 (1.10-8.96), P  = 0.03). Among these 170 patients, 142 fulfilled metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) criteria. CO was also an independent risk factor for advanced fibrosis in MASLD (3.32 (1.23-8.5), P  = 0.02)., Conclusion: Lean patients with NAFLD or MASLD and CO have more severe liver disease compared to those without CO., Competing Interests: None, (© 2024 Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

An eleven year old male reported a ten-day history of unilateral pain, redness, and sudden loss of vision. Ophthalmic examination revealed panophthalmitis that did not respond to conventional intravenous antibiotics, and systemic deterioration raised suspicion of a fungal aetiology. However, the worsening of the ocular condition from panophthalmitis to orbital cellulitis upon commencement of amphotericin B suggests the presence of a fastidious microorganism. Aspergillus terreus was isolated from a vitreous tap sample and responded well to intravenous voriconazole, exhibiting a distinct antimicrobial susceptibility spectrum and emphasising its possible involvement in relatively healthy early adolescence. To the author's knowledge, panophthalmitis with orbital cellulitis in early adolescence, without prior ocular insult, paranasal sinus involvement, or immunocompromised status, has not been reported previously., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, and Japanese Society for Infection Prevention and Control. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pharmaceutical companies increasingly use medicinal plants because they are cheaper and have fewer side effects than conventional drugs. Accurate identification and classification of medicinal plants is critical for guaranteeing scientific evidence-based usage of herbal treatments in traditional medicine, upholding pharmaceutical safety requirements, and contributing to biodiversity conservation efforts. However, conventional manual classification methods are time-consuming, error-prone, and necessitate specialized knowledge. As a result, many researchers are very interested in studying the automatic classification of therapeutic plants. Current state-of-the-art techniques rely primarily on leaf or plant imagery, restricting their application to certain scenarios. This study combines a large dataset of medicinal plants and their accompanying leaves to create a more generalizable approach for classifying medicinal plants efficiently. The first phase uses contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) to highlight important features in medicinal plant and leaf images. The proposed deep learning architecture, Attention-based Enhanced Local and Global Features Network (AELGNet), utilizes these images to extract and classify prominent features. Three MBConv modules in the AELGNet extract base features, subsequently dividing them into four non-overlapping patches for local feature extraction. Additionally, the AELGNet examines base features for global feature extraction. We simultaneously apply residual channel-wise and spatial attention to each patch and global feature to extract more conspicuous information pertinent to the medicinal plant or leaves. The experiment employs a dataset of Indian medicinal plants to assess the efficacy of ALEGNet. AELGNet has a 99.71% accuracy, a 99.80% precision, a 99.75% recall, and a 99.77% F1 score. The suggested AELGNet outperforms 14 current methods with an accuracy range of 2%-10%. The findings confirm AELGNet in medical and industrial settings, providing a strong tool for accurately and quickly identifying medicinal plants and leaves., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Effects of preeclampsia (PE) on fetal renal development are unknown. We hypothesized that the circulating factors causing endothelial dysfunction and impaired renal function in mothers with PE adversely affect fetal kidneys., Objective: To compare urinary biomarkers in infants born to mothers with and without PE., Methods: Sixty-eight mothers and their newborns with gestational age ≥ 32 weeks were enrolled. We collected bag urine samples from infants during the first 48 h of life. Urine samples were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min. Supernatant after excluding the bottom 1 mL of urine was stored at -70 °C until assayed. Urinary creatinine, protein, cystatin C, nephrin, kidney injury molecule - 1, and klotho were measured., Results: Sixteen mothers in the PE group had severe features of PE. The PE group infants had lower body length compared to the control group (46.4 ± 3.4 vs 48.6 ± 3.4 cm; p = 0.007). Urine protein and creatinine were significantly higher in the PE group infants [protein 37.1 (14.4, 53.5) vs 20.3 (7.5, 30.0) mg/dl, p = 0.04; creatinine 63.4 (25.2, 96.6) vs 24.8 (19.8, 44.2) mg/dl, p = 0.008]. There were no statistically significant differences in the urinary concentrations of the remaining four biomarkers. The urinary protein, creatinine and nephrin concentrations had significant negative correlation with gestational age (p values 0.07, 0.0003 and 0.0008 respectively)., Conclusions: The findings of higher urinary protein and the observed trends in the levels of urinary nephrin and klotho are suggestive of glomerular immaturity and/or impaired function in infants born to mothers with PE., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: With robotic technology's rapid growth and integration, an urgent need to bridge the educational gap in thoracic surgical training has emerged. This document, a result of consensus among a group of experts in the practice and training of robotic surgery from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), aims to provide a framework for a standardized national robotic curriculum for thoracic surgery trainees., Methods: The STS Task Force on Robotic Thoracic Surgery and Workforce on E-learning and Educational Innovation assembled an expert group with the input of the Thoracic Surgery Director's Association (TSDA). A focused literature review was performed, and expert consensus statements were developed using a modified Delphi process to address three major themes: (1) Program expectations, (2) Components of training, and (3) Assessment and feedback., Results: A consensus was reached on 12 recommendations. These consensus statements reflect updated insights on developing a standardized robotics curriculum based on the latest literature and current educational experience, focusing on program expectations and educational guidelines to develop an optimal training curriculum., Conclusions: The expert panel provides several key recommendations to provide a framework for developing a standardized national robotic thoracic curriculum, which would improve resident education and abridge any educational disparity that may exist among programs., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: In India, oral cavity cancer rates are the highest, largely due to tobacco and areca nut use. The primary goal of oncologic surgery is complete tumor resection with adequate margins, yet no accepted guidelines exist margin identification. NBI enhances mucosal lesion detection and may improve margin assessment in OSCC., Aims: This study aims to evaluate the proportion of negative superficial resection margins using NBI and to compare these results with margins assessed using white light (WL) examination., Materials and Methods: The study at AIIMS, Rishikesh, included 38 patients with T1-T3 biopsy-proven OSCC. Surgical margins were marked using WL and NBI. Histopathology classified margins as clear (>5mm), close (1-5 mm), or involved. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of NBI were calculated., Results: The average NBI examination duration was 227 s. Negative margins were achieved in 68.42 % (>5mm) and 78.94 % (>3mm) of NBI cases, compared to 71.05 % and 84.21 % for WL. NBI had a sensitivity of 12.50 %, specificity of 96.67 %, and overall accuracy of 78.95 %., Discussion: NBI showed high specificity but low sensitivity. This could be due to the smaller number of patients in NBI positive group. In the present study, the single positive margin identified with NBI could also have been detected with the combined approach of white light and palpation, ensuring that no positive margins were missed., Conclusion: NBI can complement WL for margin assessment in oral SCC but requires a long learning curve and a dedicated team. Integrating NBI into standard protocols could improve surgical outcomes and reduce recurrence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Microplastics (MPs) constitute the predominant plastic type in marine environments. Since they occupy the same size fraction of sediment particles and planktonic organisms they are potentially bioavailable to a broad scope of organisms, such as filter feeders, which are particularly vulnerable to MP ingestion. To understand the potential impact of MPs in filter feeders it is essential to clarify the uptake, accumulation patterns and elimination rates with time of MPs. The aim of this study was to determine the depuration dynamics and accumulation in tissues of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed during 24 h to different size polystyrene MPs (1 μm and 10 μm), and depurated for a maximum of 7 days (T = 24 h, T = 48 h and T = 7 d). Mussels were chemically digested with KOH 10% and filtered to quantify the number of MP ingested, and they were cryostat sliced for MP localization in tissues. Both MP sizes were quantified in all depuration times, but mussels accumulated significantly higher quantities of 10 μm MP throughout depuration compared to 1 μm MP. A significant decrease was observed after 7 d depuration in mussels exposed to 10 μm. Mussels removed the same amount of 1 and 10 μm MP after 7 days depuration. However, the depuration dynamics differed for each size-MPs and showed to be size-dependent. Most of both size MPs were eliminated in the first 24 h, but 1 μm MP showed to pass faster through the digestive tract than 10 μm MP. MPs of 1 μm and 10 μm were localized mainly in the lumen and a few in the epithelium of the digestive tract (stomach, intestine and digestive gland) during the depuration and in the gills after the exposure; as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The usage of chemical digestion and histological analysis as complementary techniques show to be suitable to infer the depuration dynamics of MPs in mussels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Manu Soto reports financial support was provided by Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation. Nagore Blasco reports a relationship with Basque Government that includes: funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cardiothoracic surgical trainees perceive a need for more instruction and exposure to robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery during their training. We sought to assess use and trainee exposure to robotic surgery in thoracic residency programs to identify areas for improvement., Methods: A voluntary electronic survey of 10 questions was distributed to surgeons working in all thoracic surgery residency programs in the United States. The survey asked respondents to provide the size of the residency, the availability and use of robots, and the trainee's adoption of robotic surgery in their practice after graduation. Multivariable logistic regression was performed., Results: Of a total of 76 cardiothoracic surgery training programs, surgeons from 69 training programs (90.8%) completed the survey. Most pulmonary lobectomy was performed using robotic surgery (55%). Approximately half of the training programs (35 of 69) have a formal robotic curriculum for the residents. Of 121 thoracic track trainees, 118 (97.5%) performed robotic surgery as part of their practice, whereas 62 of 110 (56.4%) cardiothoracic track and 16 of 158 (10.1%) cardiac track trainees performed robotic surgery. In a multivariate analysis, the adoption of robotic surgery was associated with having an established robotic training curriculum (odds ratio, 5.82; 95% CI, 1.32-35.7) and a larger training program (odds ratio, 3.78; 95% CI, 1.34-10.6)., Conclusions: A disparity exists in robotic surgical training among the training programs. A standardized curriculum and formal case requirements may be needed to ensure optimal preparation for future graduates., Competing Interests: Disclosures Samuel Kim reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees and with Intuitive Foundation that includes: speaking. Brian Mitzman reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Natalie Lui reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees; and with Centese that includes: research support. Natalie S. Lui and Samuel S. Kim disclose research support from the Intuitive Foundation. Stephen Yang reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Manu Sancheti reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Desmond D’Souza reports a relationship with Intuitive Surgical Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The disorder can be classified into early- and late-onset subtypes, both of which evolve in two stages. The first stage comprises the development of pre-clinical, utero-placental malperfusion. Early and late utero-placental malperfusion have different causes and time courses. Early-onset preeclampsia (20 % of cases) is driven by dysfunctional placentation in the first half of pregnancy. In late-onset preeclampsia (80 % of cases), malperfusion is a consequence of placental compression within the confines of a limited uterine cavity. In both subtypes, the malperfused placenta releases stress signals into the maternal circulation. These stress signals trigger onset of the clinical syndrome (the second stage). Small RNA molecules, which are implicated in cellular stress responses in general, may be involved at different stages. Micro RNAs contribute to abnormal trophoblast invasion, immune dysregulation, angiogenic imbalance, and syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicle signalling in preeclampsia. Transfer RNA fragments are placental signals known to be specifically involved in cell stress responses. Disorder-specific differences in small nucleolar RNAs and piwi-interacting RNAs have also been reported. Here, we summarise key small RNA advances in preeclampsia pathogenesis. We propose that existing small RNA classifications are unhelpful and that non-biased assessment of RNA expression, incorporation of non-annotated molecules and consideration of chemical modifications to RNAs may be important in elucidating preeclampsia pathogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: William Cooke reports financial support was provided by Wellcome Trust. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Biological effects of aqueous fractions of a crude oil, alone or in combination with dispersant, were investigated in mussels, Mytilus edulis, exposed at three temperatures (5, 10 and 15 °C). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) tissue concentrations were determined, together with genotoxicity, oxidative stress and general stress biomarkers and the Integrated Biological Response (IBR) index. The bioaccumulation of individual PAHs varied depending on the exposure temperature, with relevant bioaccumulation of phenantrene and fluoranthene at 5 °C and heavier (e.g. 5-rings) PAHs at 15 °C. The values and response profiles of each particular biomarker varied with exposure time, concentration of the oil aqueous fraction and dispersant addition, as well as with exposure temperature. Indeed, PAH bioaccumulation and biomarker responsiveness exhibited specific recognizable patterns in mussels exposed at low temperatures. Thus, genotoxicity was recorded early and transient at 5 °C and delayed but unremitting at 10-15 °C. Catalase activity presented a temperature-dependent response profile similar to the genotoxicity biomarker; however, glutathione-S-transferase responsiveness was more intricate. Lysosomal membrane stability in digestive cells decreased more markedly at 5 °C than at higher temperatures and the histological appearance of the digestive gland tissue was temperature-specific, which was interpreted as the combined effects of PAH toxicity and cold stress. It can be concluded that the profile and level of the biological effects are definitely different at low temperatures naturally occurring in the Arctic/Subarctic region (e.g. 5 °C) than at higher temperatures closer to the thermal optimum of this species (10-15 °C)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Classification of protein families from their sequences is an enduring task in Proteomics and related studies. Numerous deep-learning models have been moulded to tackle this challenge, but due to the black-box character, they still fall short in reliability. Here, we present a novel explainability pipeline that explains the pivotal decisions of the deep learning model on the classification of the Eukaryotic kinome. Based on a comparative and experimental analysis of the most cutting-edge deep learning algorithms, the best deep learning model CNN-BLSTM was chosen to classify the eight eukaryotic kinase sequences to their corresponding families. As a substitution for the conventional class activation map-based interpretation of CNN-based models in the domain, we have cascaded the GRAD CAM and Integrated Gradient (IG) explainability modus operandi for improved and responsible results. To ensure the trustworthiness of the classifier, we have masked the kinase domain traces, identified from the explainability pipeline and observed a class-specific drop in F1-score from 0.96 to 0.76. In compliance with the Explainable AI paradigm, our results are promising and contribute to enhancing the trustworthiness of deep learning models for biological sequence-associated studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. No funding applicable., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: AB declares that she receives funding from the Wellcome Innovations Flagship Collaboration for Implementation and Training in Critical Care in Asia and Africa (224048/Z/21/Z). MS-H declares that he received a National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award (NIHR-CS-2016–16–011) between February, 2017, and January, 2023, to study health-care burden among sepsis survivors; is a Director of Research for the Intensive Care Society, member of the Medical Research Council (MRC) and NIHR Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (EME), Chair of the EME-NIHR Advanced Fellowship Committee, council member of the International Sepsis Forum; receives funding from the NIHR, Wellcome Trust, and MRC; and has served on advisory boards (either directly or indirectly through the International Sepsis Forum) for Biotest, Endpoint Health, Janssen, Pfizer, Aurobac, GSK, and Santersus, with payments received to the institutional research funds. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy metabolic disorder and is strongly linked with obesity. Kisspeptin is a hormone that increases several thousand-fold in the maternal circulation during human pregnancy, with placenta as its main source. Studies have suggested that kisspeptin regulates trophoblast invasion and promotes pancreatic insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity., Methods: In a well-characterized cohort of pregnant South African women and molecular and histological techniques, this study explored the impact and interaction of maternal obesity and GDM on kisspeptin (KISS1) signalling in relation to placental morphology and maternal and neonatal parameters., Results: We found that GDM had no effect on placental KISS1 and KISS1R (KISS1 receptor) mRNA and/or protein expression. However, obesity reduced placental KISS1R mRNA expression even though overall KISS1 protein abundance or localization was not different from the non-obese group. Maternal and cord circulating KISS1 concentrations did not vary with obesity or GDM, but maternal circulating KISS1 was positively correlated with placenta weight in non-GDM obese women, and negatively correlated with placental intervillous space volume in non-GDM non-obese women. Cord serum KISS1 was positively correlated with infant weight in GDM obese women, but negatively correlated with maternal BMI in the non-obese GDM group. Placental syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles exhibited detectable KISS1 and its abundance was ∼50 % lower in those from obese GDM compared to non-GDM women., Discussion: This study shows maternal obesity and GDM can modulate placental kisspeptin signalling and placental morphological development with potential pathophysiological implications for clinically-relevant pregnancy and perinatal outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts, including financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The double burden of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a major public health challenge that demands urgent and integrated approaches. The interplay between these two chronic conditions presents unique clinical and public health management challenges, as well as social and economic implications. We explored the bidirectional relationship between TB and DM, emphasizing how DM increases susceptibility to TB and complicates its management, while TB may exacerbate glycemic control in diabetic patients. This review underscores the challenges associated with the management of both diseases, obstacles in screening TB patients for DM and TB preventive therapy for DM since inadequate glycemic control can impact treatment outcomes. Several studies have investigated the disease interplay; however, the results have been equivocal, and this may be exerting negative impacts on the disease prevention and treatment. TB-diabetes comorbidity has been linked to poor treatment outcomes whereas TB prevention in people with DM at present is a dilemma. In addition to highlighting how urgent it is to address this comorbidity, this review offers a road map for better prevention, treatment, and control of several factors underlying the TB-diabetes syndemic interaction., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States, with a lifetime risk of approximately 2.8%. Precise histologic evaluation and molecular classification of endometrial cancer are important for effective patient management and determining the best treatment options. This study introduces EndoNet, which uses convolutional neural networks for extracting histologic features and a vision transformer for aggregating these features and classifying slides into high- and low-grade cases. The model was trained on 929 digitized hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole-slide images of endometrial cancer from hysterectomy cases at Dartmouth-Health. It classifies these slides into low-grade (endometrioid grades 1 and 2) and high-grade (endometrioid carcinoma International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade 3, uterine serous carcinoma, or carcinosarcoma) categories. EndoNet was evaluated on an internal test set of 110 patients and an external test set of 100 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The model achieved a weighted average F1 score of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86 to 0.95) and an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.99) on the internal test, and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.94) for F1 score and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.93) for area under the curve on the external test. Pending further validation, EndoNet has the potential to support pathologists without the need of manual annotations in classifying the grades of gynecologic pathology tumors., Competing Interests: Disclosure Statement None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Whether optical computed tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are associated with final visual acuity in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) optic neuritis is unclear., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients with MOGAD optic neuritis seen at St. Louis Children's Hospital/Barnes Jewish Hospital since 2016., Results: In the 12 patients in this study, presenting visual acuity was worse in the optic neuritis-affected eyes but significantly improved from presentation to follow-up, such that, at last follow-up, there was no longer a statistical difference between the affected and unaffected eyes. The number of affected eyes with nerve enhancement and the amount of optic nerve affected, as well as thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and macula, decreased from presentation to follow-up. Ultimately, none of these variables were associated with final visual acuity., Conclusion: In this cohort, pediatric MOGAD optic neuritis patients had positive visual outcomes despite significant RNFL thinning and involvement of the optic nerve on MRI, leading to a lack of correlation between follow-up visual acuity and OCT and MRI measures of disease severity, respectively., (Copyright © 2024 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.