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Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease that widely neglected. Schistosoma mansoni reproduce asexually within the freshwater snail, Biomphlaria alexandrina. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a widely used disinfectant, so its effect against gainst B. alexandrina snails was evaluated. The present results showed that NaOCl has a molluscicidal activity against adult B. alexandrina snails at LC50 1.25 ppm. Hemocytes displayed varied morphological forms after being exposed to the LC10 and LC25 concentrations of NaOCl in B. alexandrina snails, and the phagocytic index of B. alexandrina snail's hemocytes significantly increased. The phagocytic potency of exposed hemocytes to charcoal showed ruptured plasma membrane, engulfed particles, vacuolation in the cytoplasm and degeneration of nuclei. When B. alexandrina snails were treated with sublethal concentrations of NaOCl, transaminases (AST & ALT), alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were significantly increased. In contrast, the total protein, albumin concentrations, Testosterone (T) and 17β Estradiol (E) showed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) as compared to the control groups. The molecular docking interaction showed high efficiency for the ligand, NaOCl against the receptor binding sites of the acid phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, estrogen and testosterone. The present results showed that NaOCl could be used as an effective molluscicide against B. alexandrina snails but more attention should be paid to investigate the side effects on the non-target organisms living in the freshwater environment.

The present study centered around the prospect of bio fabricating nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf and investigating their therapeutic potential with an assessment of the antioxidant status. Synthesis of stable ‘green’ nanoparticles of Moringa leaf extract is successfully reported with an extensive characterization. The average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles obtained by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were 141.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.32 respectively. The UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) revealed a strong red absorbance peak at 664 nm,characteristic of chlorophyll. Electron micrographs confirmed that particles were in the nano range and were spherical with minimal agglomeration. The constituent functional groups were assessed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The X-ray diffractograms of reflected both the amorphous and crystalline domains.Furthermore, the phytochemical screening showed a higher phenolic/ flavonoid content of the Moringa nanoparticles (NMo) in comparison to the bulk Moringa leaf extract(Mo). These results corresponded to a potent antioxidant status of the NMo which was assessed by three complementary antioxidant assays. The therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles was evaluated based on in vitro anti-diabetic assays and cytotoxicity assay on human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2). The key findings suggest a more profound therapeutic efficacy of NMo than the Moringa leaf extract.

Despite previous studies showing that Helicobacter pylori influences iron consumption, it is unknown what causes iron deficiency anemia in response to H. pylori infection. The goal of the study was to find out whether having an infection with H. pylori was linked to a drop-in serum iron level. Detection of H. pylori infection presented by serological test to detect titers of IgG and IgA in blood serum. The determination of iron serum level was performed by using biochemistry spectrophotometry test. Additionally, a full blood count was done to assess the haemoglobin concentration and establish whether the patient was anemic. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U test. Approximately 35% of the H. pylori group reported a low serum iron level against a 5% only in the control group. Also, the total bilirubin levels were 2.6-fold more among H. pylori positive cases than controls. H. pylori can cause a decrease in serum iron levels in infected individuals and eventually lead to iron deficiency anemia. Moreover, high total bilirubin levels are recorded among H. pylori-infected patients.

Background: Human brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease in the world. It is common infectious disease in Najran region, south western of Saudi Arabia. Several studies emphasized on the role of biochemical and hematological markers in clinical diagnosis of brucellosis, however to the best of our knowledge this is the first study that has been carried out in Najran city. Aim: This study aimed to assess the utility of peripheral blood biochemical and hematological in early diagnosis of brucellosis in infected patients. As well as, determine the contributing value of biochemical and hematological markers in differential diagnosis of brucellosis. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study (October 2019 to May 2020) had been carried out. The study was designed to compare between two groups (100 each), control group (healthy) and patient group (brucellosis). We considered here the liver function Test (Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, and Alkaline phosphatase), the Renal Function Test (Urea, Creatinine and Albumin) and the Full Blood Count. Both brucellosis and healthy groups compared together using different settings of statistical analysis. Results: Significant variations in hematology and biochemistry parameters were observed in patients infected with brucellosis. There was a significantly increased in Alanine aminotransferase and Monocytes level compared to healthy group while other indices of Albumin, Eosinophils, Platelet distribution width, and Mean platelet volume were significantly decreased compared to healthy group. Furthermore, demographically age factor was not significantly differed in both groups. However, there was priority for gender while, males were most vulnerable. Conclusion: Brucella infection may be associated with monocytosis, eosinopenia, thrombocytopenia and low level of albumin and elevated level of alanine aminotransferase. The study emphasized the importance of Biochemical and hematological parameters as simple, feasible and rapid tests as well as they are very indicative particularly in differential diagnosis.

Arsenic is a potent neurotoxic xenobiotic found in drinking water, and food. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an abundant polyphenol in coffee, potentially has a wide range of therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to explore the mechanism in detail the neuroprotection provided by CGA against arsenite-induced toxicity in mice and the underlying mechanisms involved. The mice were randomly divided into five groups; control, CGA (200 mg/kg), arsenite (5 mg/kg), CGA (100 mg/kg) + arsenite, and CGA (200 mg/kg) + arsenite. All animals were treated daily for four weeks. Arsenite exposure significantly lowered all brain functions (neurochemicals, AChE, and BDNF) as well as cellular antioxidant activities, increased inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and the antiapoptotic Bcl2 gene, and upregulated apoptotic Bax and Casp3 genes. Fortunately, CGA reversed all arsenite-induced brain alterations in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, CGA is recommended for practice use as a natural safeguarding food additive.